Abstract
The emergence of oseltamivir-resistant variants of influenza
virus has highlighted the necessity for the development of
more effective novel antiviral drugs. To date, numerous researchers
have focused on developing antiviral drugs using
natural resources, such as traditional herbal medicines. Poncirus
trifoliata is widely used in oriental medicine as a remedy
for gastritis, dysentery, inflammation and digestive ulcers. In
this study, we investigated the potential antiviral effect of the
Poncirus trifoliata orange seed extract against influenza virus.
An ethanol extract of Poncirus trifoliata seeds (PTex) inhibited
the activity of influenza viruses, in particular, oseltamivir-
resistant strains, in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. In
contrast to oseltamivir, PTex exerted a significant inhibitory
effect on the cellular penetration pathway of the virus rather
than HA receptor binding. The potent antiviral effect and novel
working mechanism of PTex support its further development
as an effective natural antiviral drug with a wide spectrum
of activity against influenza and oseltamivir-resistant
viruses.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- A review-plant medicine and its extraction components inhibit influenza virus
Jiejie Lu, Zhenzhen Liu, Ziyan Li, Jiahui Su, Haojie Zhen, Ying Qu, Piet Herdewijn, Hongmin Liu, Ying Liu, Zhenya Wang
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters.2025; 120: 130151. CrossRef - A Comprehensive Study on Natural Products and their Bioactive Constituents
to Cure Respiratory Diseases
Avadh Biharee, Lokesh Chaudhari, Sudha Bhartiya, Shivam Kumar Kori, Anu Chaudhary, Dheeraj Dubey, Arpita Yadav
The Natural Products Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Seed extracts as an effective strategy in the control of plant pathogens: Scalable industry bioactive compounds for sustainable agriculture
Tamara Sánchez-Gómez, Óscar Santamaría, Jorge Martín-García, Jorge Poveda
Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology.2024; 60: 103332. CrossRef - Insights into identifying resistance genes for cold and disease stresses through chromosome-level reference genome analyses of Poncirus polyandra
Shanshan Zhang, Jian Chen, Chuanguang Zhang, Siqi Zhang, Xiaolei Zhang, Lanjing Gao, Wenzhong Yang
Genomics.2023; 115(3): 110617. CrossRef - Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Seed Extract Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in the Androgen Receptor Positive LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells
Francesca Giordano, Stefano Comità, Giulia Venneri, Vittoria Rago, Giuseppina Daniela Naimo, Francesca De Amicis, Anna De Bartolo, Rosa Tundis, Loredana Mauro, Maria Luisa Panno
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(22): 16351. CrossRef - Structural Bioinformatics Used to Predict the Protein Targets of
Remdesivir and Flavones in SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Avram Speranta, Laura Manoliu, Catalina Sogor, Maria Mernea, Corina Duda Seiman, Daniel Duda Seiman, Carmen Chifiriuc
Medicinal Chemistry.2022; 18(3): 382. CrossRef - Bioactive Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Ponciri Fructus
Gopal Lamichhane, Jitendra Pandey, Hari Prasad Devkota
Molecules.2022; 28(1): 255. CrossRef - Plant-Based Natural Products and Extracts: Potential Source to Develop New Antiviral Drug Candidates
Eyana Thomas, Laura E. Stewart, Brien A. Darley, Ashley M. Pham, Isabella Esteban, Siva S. Panda
Molecules.2021; 26(20): 6197. CrossRef - COVID-19 Prophylaxis Efforts Based on Natural Antiviral Plant Extracts and Their Compounds
Oksana Sytar, Marian Brestic, Shokoofeh Hajihashemi, Milan Skalicky, Jan Kubeš, Laura Lamilla-Tamayo, Ulkar Ibrahimova, Sayyara Ibadullayeva, Marco Landi
Molecules.2021; 26(3): 727. CrossRef - KIF11 inhibition decreases cytopathogenesis and replication of influenza A virus
Dong-In Kim, Ji-Hun Kang, Eui-Ho Kim, Young-Jin Seo
Molecular & Cellular Toxicology.2021; 17(2): 201. CrossRef - Chios mastic gum inhibits influenza A virus replication and viral pathogenicity
Dong-In Kim, Yong-Bin Cho, Younghyun Lim, So-Hee Hong, Bumsuk Hahm, Sang-Myeong Lee, Se Chan Kang, Young-Jin Seo
Journal of General Virology
.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Hesperidin Is a Potential Inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Fang-Ju Cheng, Thanh-Kieu Huynh, Chia-Shin Yang, Dai-Wei Hu, Yi-Cheng Shen, Chih-Yen Tu, Yang-Chang Wu, Chih-Hsin Tang, Wei-Chien Huang, Yeh Chen, Chien-Yi Ho
Nutrients.2021; 13(8): 2800. CrossRef - Selective and ATP‐competitive kinesin KIF18A inhibitor suppresses the replication of influenza A virus
Yong‐Bin Cho, Sungguan Hong, Kyung‐Won Kang, Ji‐Hun Kang, Sang‐Myeong Lee, Young‐Jin Seo
Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.2020; 24(10): 5463. CrossRef - Natural products against acute respiratory infections: Strategies and lessons learned
Julia Langeder, Ulrike Grienke, Ya Chen, Johannes Kirchmair, Michaela Schmidtke, Judith M. Rollinger
Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2020; 248: 112298. CrossRef - Retracted: Phytotherapeutic options for the treatment of COVID‐19: A concise viewpoint
Misbahud Din, Fawad Ali, Abdul Waris, Fatima Zia, Muhammad Ali
Phytotherapy Research.2020; 34(10): 2431. CrossRef - Chung Hun Wha Dam Tang attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice via the NF-κB pathway
Yeonsoo Joe, Md Jamal Uddin, Jeongmin Park, Jinhyun Ryu, Gyeong Jae Cho, Jeong Woo Park, Hye-Seon Choi, Min Ho Cha, Stefan W. Ryter, Hun Taeg Chung
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2019; 120: 109524. CrossRef