Stratified Distribution of Nutrients and Extremophile Biota within Freshwater Ice Covering the Surface of Lake Baikal

Nina A. Bondarenko; Olga I. Belykh; Ludmila P. Golobokova; Olga V. Artemyeva; Natalia F. Logacheva; Irina V. Tikhonova; Irina A. Lipko; Tatyana Ya. Kostornova; Valentina V. Parfenova; Tamara V. Khodzher; Young-Gun Zo

doi:10.1007/s12275-012-1251-1

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Stratified Distribution of Nutrients and Extremophile Biota within Freshwater Ice Covering the Surface of Lake Baikal: Nina A. Bondarenko ¹, Olga I. Belykh ¹, Ludmila P. Golobokova ¹, Olga V. Artemyeva ¹, Natalia F. Logacheva ¹, Irina V. Tikhonova ¹, Irina A. Lipko ¹, Tatyana Ya. Kostornova ¹, Valentina V. Parfenova ¹, Tamara V. Khodzher ², Young-Gun Zo ³; Journal of Microbiology 2012;50(1):8-16.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1251-1
Published online: February 27, 2012

¹Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya, 3, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia, ²Depatment of Environmental Science Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Republic of Korea, ³Depatment of Biology, Kyungsung University, Busan 608-736, Republic of Korea

Corresponding author: Nina A. Bondarenko , Tel: +7-3952-426504,

Received: 18 May 2011 • Accepted: 1 September 2011

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Abstract

Biological entities and gradients of selected chemicals within the seemingly barren ice layers covering Lake Baikal were investigated. Ice cores 40–68 cm long were obtained from inshore and offshore sites of Southern Lake Baikal during the cold period of a year (March-April) in 2007 and 2008. In microscopic observations of the melted ice, both algae and bacteria were found in considerable numbers (>103 cells/L and >104 cells/ml, respectively). Among all organisms found, diatom was generally the most predominant taxon in the ice. Interestingly, both planktonic and benthic algae were present in considerable numbers (2–4×104 cells/L). Dominant phototrophic picoplankton were comprised of small green algae of various taxa and cyanobacteria of Synechococcus and Cyanobium. The bacterial community consisted mostly of short rod and cocci cells, either freeliving or aggregated. Large numbers of yeast-like cells and actinomycete mycelium were also observed. Concentrations of silica, phosphorus, and nitrate were low by an order of magnitude where biota was abundant. The profile of the ice could be interpreted as vertical stratification of nutrients and biomass due to biological activities. Therefore, the organisms in the ice were regarded to maintain high activity while thriving under freezing conditions. Based on the results, it was concluded that the freshwater ice covering the surface of Lake Baikal is considerably populated by extremophilic microorganisms that actively metabolize and form a detritus food chain in the unique large freshwater ecosystem of Lake Baikal.

Keywords: freshwater ice;chemical composition;ice organisms;picoplankton;actinomycetes;diatoms

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Stratified Distribution of Nutrients and Extremophile Biota within Freshwater Ice Covering the Surface of Lake Baikal

J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):8-16. Published online February 27, 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1251-1

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