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Safety evaluation and hypolipidemic ability of water-soluble blue pigment extracted by HPD-400 resin from Quambalaria cyanescens
Ruobing Shi, Chengzhong Wang, Nianping Xue, Zhiguo Zhang
J. Microbiol. 2025;63(11):e2412011.   Published online November 30, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2412011
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  • 1 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF

The oral administration of synthetic drugs can effectively reduce blood lipid levels, but adverse reactions may occur. Because of this, the hypolipidemic ability of natural products has been increasingly investigated. We evaluate the safety and hypolipidemic characteristics of a water-soluble blue pigment extracted using HPD-400 resin from the fungus Quambalaria cyanescens. Hypolipidemic ability was examined by constructing a hyperlipidemia model with different doses of blue pigment (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. mouse body weight) for 28 d. Blue pigment purity increased from 20.32% to 70.70% following treatment with HPD-400 resin. Acute toxicity tests revealed blue pigment sourced from Q. cyanescens to have no toxic effects on mouse body weight, mortality, or behavioral characteristics. Subacute toxicity tests revealed no significant differences in food intake, body weight, or organ weights between treatment groups and controls. Histopathological examination of the liver and kidney tissues of mice administered blue pigment were normal, and serum enzyme activities and blood constituents were also within normal ranges. Blue pigment can significantly reduce the weight of mice, reduce liver and kidney damage and fat accumulation. It can also reduce total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum and liver tissue, and increase the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Reduce the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, urea and uric acid in serum. Increase the activities of total superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in serum and liver tissue, reduce the content of malondialdehyde, and up-regulate liver lipase and lipoprotein lipase. Our work proves that blue pigment is nontoxic, has the function of reducing blood lipid, and can alleviate obesity-related symptoms by regulating lipid metabolism and oxidative stress.

Review
CRISPR-Cas technologies: Emerging tools from research to clinical application
Hana Hyeon, Soonhye Hwang, Yongyang Luo, Eunkyoung Shin, Ji-Hyun Yeom, Hong-Man Kim, Minkyung Ryu, Kangseok Lee
J. Microbiol. 2025;63(8):e2504012.   Published online August 31, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2504012
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AbstractAbstract PDF

CRISPR-Cas technologies have emerged as powerful and versatile tools in gene therapy. In addition to the widely used SpCas9 system, alternative platforms including modified amino acid sequences, size-optimized variants, and other Cas enzymes from diverse bacterial species have been developed to apply this technology in various genetic contexts. In addition, base editors and prime editors for precise gene editing, the Cas13 system targeting RNA, and CRISPRa/i systems have enabled diverse and adaptable approaches for genome and RNA editing, as well as for regulating gene expression. Typically, CRISPR-Cas components are transported to the target in the form of DNA, RNA, or ribonucleoprotein complexes using various delivery methods, such as electroporation, adeno-associated viruses, and lipid nanoparticles. To amplify therapeutic efficiency, continued developments in targeted delivery technologies are required, with increased safety and stability of therapeutic biomolecules. CRISPR-based therapeutics hold an inexhaustible potential for the treatment of many diseases, including rare congenital diseases, by making permanent corrections at the genomic DNA level. In this review, we present various CRISPR-based tools, their delivery systems, and clinical progress in the CRISPR-Cas technology, highlighting its innovative prospects for gene therapy.

Research Article
Synbiotic combination of fructooligosaccharides and probiotics ameliorates the metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
Sang Yoon Lee, Su-Been Lee, Goo-Hyun Kwon, Seol Hee Song, Jeong Ha Park, Min Ju Kim, Jung A Eom, Kyeong Jin Lee, Sang Jun Yoon, Hyunjoon Park, Sung-Min Won, Jin-Ju Jeong, Ki-Kwang Oh, Young Lim Ham, Gwang Ho Baik, Dong Joon Kim, Satya Priya Sharma, Ki Tae Suk
J. Microbiol. 2025;63(2):e2411002.   Published online February 27, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2411002
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  • 95 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF

Synbiotics have become a new-age treatment tool for limiting the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; however, inclusive comparisons of various synbiotic treatments are still lacking. Here, we have explored and evaluated multiple synbiotic combinations incorporating three distinctive prebiotics, lactitol, lactulose and fructooligosaccharides. Of the synbiotic treatments evaluated, a combination of fructooligosaccharides and probiotics (FOS+Pro) exhibited superior protection against western diet-induced liver degeneration. This synbiotic (FOS+Pro) combination resulted in the lowest body weight gains, liver weights and liver/body weight ratios. The FOS+Pro synbiotic combination substantially alleviated liver histopathological markers and reduced serum AST and cholesterol levels. FOS+Pro ameliorated hepatic inflammation by lowering expression of proinflammatory markers including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL2. FOS+Pro significantly improved steatosis by restricting the expression of lipid metabolic regulators (ACC1, FAS) and lipid transporters (CD36) in the liver. These findings are critical in suggesting that synbiotic treatments are capable of restraining western diet-induced metabolic dysfunction in the liver. Additionally, this study demonstrated that adding probiotic strains amplified the effectiveness of fructooligosaccharides but not all prebiotics.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Therapeutic Potential of Probiotics in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis: A Comprehensive Review
    Xueying Wang, Zhiying Wei, Qing Xiang, Lijie Tang, Weichun Xie
    Microorganisms.2025; 13(8): 1894.     CrossRef
  • Profiling oligosaccharide components in Polygonatum kingianum with potential anti-NAFLD activity using UPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS technology
    Hong Guo, Rui Yao, Jing Fan, Ying Wang, Lingzhi Zhang, Hua Sun, Xiaohan Guo, Jianbo Yang, Jingzhe Pu, Yazhong Zhang, Baozhong Duan, Jia Chen, Wenguang Jing, Xianlong Cheng, Feng Wei
    Food Hydrocolloids for Health.2025; 8: 100248.     CrossRef
  • Probiotics and cholesterol metabolism: new frontiers in science from intestinal microecology to cardiovascular health
    Yue Li, Dayong Ren
    Food Science of Animal Products.2025; 4(1): 9240146.     CrossRef
Journal Articles
Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 and Limosilactobacillus fermentum ABF21069 Ameliorate High Sucrose-Induced Obesity and Fatty Liver via Exopolysaccharide Production and β-oxidation
Yu Mi Jo, Yoon Ji Son, Seul-Ah Kim, Gyu Min Lee, Chang Won Ahn, Han-Oh Park, Ji-Hyun Yun
J. Microbiol. 2024;62(10):907-918.   Published online October 17, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00173-6
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  • 5 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) are prevalent metabolic disorders with substantial global health implications that are often inadequately addressed by current treatments and may have side effects. Probiotics have emerged as promising therapeutic agents owing to their beneficial effects on gut health and metabolism. This study investigated the synergistic effects of a probiotic combination of BNR17 and ABF21069 on obesity and MAFLD in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-sucrose diet. The probiotic combination significantly reduced body weight and fat accumulation compared with the high-sucrose diet. It also alleviated elevated serum leptin levels induced by a high-sucrose diet. Histological analysis revealed a significant reduction in white adipose tissue and fatty liver in the mice treated with the probiotic combination. Furthermore, increased expression of genes related to β-oxidation, thermogenesis, and lipolysis suggested enhanced metabolic activity. The probiotic groups, particularly the BNR17 group, showed an increase in fecal exopolysaccharides, along with a tendency toward a lower expression of intestinal sugar transport genes, indicating reduced sugar absorption. Additionally, inflammatory markers in the liver tissue exhibited lower expression in the ABF21069 group than in the HSD group. Despite each strain in the combination group having distinct characteristics and functions, their combined effect demonstrated synergy in mitigating obesity and MAFLD, likely through the modulation of fecal exopolysaccharides content and improvement in lipid metabolism. These findings underscore the potential of probiotic supplementation as a promising assistant therapy for managing obesity and MAFLD and provide valuable insights into its therapeutic mechanisms in metabolic disorders.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • A unique tetrasaccharide-containing anchor glycolipid of lipoteichoic acid is commonly found in Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus paragasseri
    Tsukasa Shiraishi, Ryosuke Kutomi, Yamaha Sato, Akihito Endo, Satoru Fukiya, Satoshi Takahashi, Atsushi Yokota, Shin-ichi Yokota
    Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry.2025; 89(9): 1382.     CrossRef
Genome information of the cellulolytic soil actinobacterium Isoptericola dokdonensis DS-3 and comparative genomic analysis of the genus Isoptericola
Yurim Bae , Sujin Lee , Kitae Kim , Hyun-Kwon Lee , Soon-Kyeong Kwon , Jihyun F. Kim
J. Microbiol. 2021;59(11):1010-1018.   Published online November 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1452-6
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  • 4 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
The actinobacterial group is regarded as a reservoir of biologically active natural products and hydrolytic enzymes with the potential for biomedical and industrial applications. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of Isoptericola dokdonensis DS-3 isolated from soil in Dokdo, small islets in the East Sea of Korea. This actinomycete harbors a large number of genes encoding carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, and its activity to degrade carboxymethyl cellulose into glucose was experimentally evaluated. Since the genus Isoptericola was proposed after reclassification based on phylogenetic analysis, strains of Isoptericola have been continuously isolated from diverse environments and the importance of this genus in the ecosystem has been suggested by recent culturomic or metagenomic studies. The phylogenic relationships of the genus tended to be closer among strains that had been isolated from similar habitats. By analyzing the properties of published genome sequences of seven defined species in the genus, a large number of genes for carbohydrate hydrolysis and utilization, as well as several biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites, were identified. Genomic information of I. dokdonensis DS-3 together with comparative analysis of the genomes of Isoptericola provides insights into understanding this actinobacterial group with a potential for industrial applications.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Genomic analysis of Isoptericola halotolerans SM2308 reveals its potential involved in fucoidan degradation
    Yu-Qi Zhang, Qi Yuan, Ji-Qing Liu, Xiao-Chen Liang, Jing-Ping Wang, Wen-Xin Jiang, Ping-Yi Li
    Marine Genomics.2025; 79: 101165.     CrossRef
  • Assessing hydrocarbon degradation capacity of Isoptericola peretonis sp. nov. and related species: a comparative study
    Àngela Vidal-Verdú, Adriel Latorre-Pérez, Javier Pascual, Ruth Mañes-Collado, Aitana Nevot-Terraes, Manuel Porcar
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • From lignocellulosic biomass to single cell oil for sustainable biomanufacturing: Current advances and prospects
    Yu Duan, Limei Chen, Longxue Ma, Farrukh Raza Amin, Yida Zhai, Guofu Chen, Demao Li
    Biotechnology Advances.2024; 77: 108460.     CrossRef
  • A comprehensive review on strategic study of cellulase producing marine actinobacteria for biofuel applications
    Ashwini John J, Melvin S. Samuel, Muthusamy Govarthanan, Ethiraj Selvarajan
    Environmental Research.2022; 214: 114018.     CrossRef
Limiting the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium with berry phenolic extracts and linoleic acid overproducing Lactobacillus casei
Zajeba Tabashsum , Mengfei Peng , Cassendra Bernhardt , Puja Patel , Michael Carrion , Shaik O. Rahaman , Debabrata Biswas
J. Microbiol. 2020;58(6):489-498.   Published online April 22, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9545-1
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  • 7 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
The growing threat of emergent multidrug-resistant enteric bacterial pathogens, and their adopted virulence properties are directing to find alternative antimicrobials and/or development of dietaries that can improve host gut health and/or defense. Recently, we found that modified Lactobacillus casei (Lc + CLA) with increased production of conjugated linoleic acid has antimicrobial and other beneficial properties. Further, prebiotic alike products such as berry pomace extracts (BPEs), increase the growth of probiotics and inhibit the growth of certain bacterial pathogens. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial effect of genetically modified Lc + CLA along with BPEs against major enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST). In mixed culture condition, the growth of ST was significantly reduced in the presence of Lc + CLA and/or BPEs. Bacterial cell-free cultural supernatant (CFCS) collected from wild-type Lc or modified Lc + CLA strains also inhibited the growth and survival of ST, and those inhibitory effects were enhanced in the presence of BPEs. We also found that the interaction of the pathogen with cultured host (HD-11 and INT-407) cells were also altered in the presence of either Lc or Lc + CLA strain or their CFCSs significantly. Furthermore, the relative expression of genes related to ST virulence and physicochemical properties of ST was altered by the effect of CFCSs of either Lc or Lc + CLA. These findings indicate that a diet containing synbiotic, specifically linoleic acid, over-produced Lc + CLA and prebiotic product BPEs, might have the potential to be effective in controlling ST growth and pathogenesis.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Natural anti-adhesive components against pathogenic bacterial adhesion and infection in gastrointestinal tract: case studies of Helicobacter pylori , Salmonella enterica , Clostridiu
    Xiaoyu Bao, Jianping Wu
    Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition.2024; : 1.     CrossRef
  • Combined effect of metabolites produced by a modified Lactobacillus casei and berry phenolic extract on Campylobacter and microbiome in chicken cecum contents
    Zajeba Tabashsum, Zabdiel Alvarado‐Martinez, Matthew J. Wall, Arpita Aditya, Debabrata Biswas
    Journal of Food Science.2023; 88(6): 2583.     CrossRef
  • Intracellular autolytic whole cell Salmonella vaccine prevents colonization of pathogenic Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken
    Mengfei Peng, Jungsoo Joo, Zabdiel Alvarado-Martinez, Zajeba Tabashsum, Arpita Aditya, Debabrata Biswas
    Vaccine.2022; 40(47): 6880.     CrossRef
  • Lactobacilli, a Weapon to Counteract Pathogens through the Inhibition of Their Virulence Factors
    Andrea Colautti, Elisabetta Orecchia, Giuseppe Comi, Lucilla Iacumin, Laurie E. Comstock
    Journal of Bacteriology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Florfenicol Enhances Colonization of a Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis floR Mutant with Major Alterations to the Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolome in Neonatal Chickens
    Xueran Mei, Boheng Ma, Xiwen Zhai, Anyun Zhang, Changwei Lei, Lei Zuo, Xin Yang, Changyu Zhou, Hongning Wang, Johanna Björkroth
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
Reviews
MINIREVIEW] Development of bacteria as diagnostics and therapeutics by genetic engineering
Daejin Lim , Miryoung Song
J. Microbiol. 2019;57(8):637-643.   Published online May 11, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9105-8
  • 349 View
  • 1 Download
  • 16 Web of Science
  • 17 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Bacteria sense and respond to the environment, communicate, and continuously interact with their surroundings, including host bodies. For more than a century, engineers have been trying to harness the natural ability of bacteria as live biotherapeutics for the treatment of diseases. Recent advances in synthetic biology facilitate the enlargement of the repertoire of genetic parts, tools, and devices that serve as a framework for biotherapy. This review describes bacterial species developed for specific diseases shown in in vitro studies and clinical stages. Here, we focus on drug delivery by programing bacteria and discuss the challenges for safety and improvement.

Citations

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  • Modified probiotics and the related combinatorial therapeutics
    Luo Zhao, Mengya Niu, Zilin Ma, Fengyun He, Xinxin Liu, Xunwei Gong, Zhanfei Chai, Ziqing Wang, Qianhua Feng, Lei Wang
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    Feng Wu, Jinyao Liu
    Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews.2022; 188: 114443.     CrossRef
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    Barbara Macura, Aneta Kiecka, Marian Szczepanik
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    Rafaela García-Álvarez, María Vallet-Regí
    Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery.2022; 19(1): 103.     CrossRef
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    Jeong Eun Han, Woorim Kang, June-Young Lee, Hojun Sung, Dong-Wook Hyun, Hyun Sik Kim, Pil Soo Kim, Euon Jung Tak, Yun-Seok Jeong, Jae-Yun Lee, So-Yeon Lee, Ji-Hyun Yun, Mi-Ja Jung, Na-Ri Shin, Tae Woong Whon, Myung-Suk Kang, Ki-Eun Lee, Byoung-Hee Lee, Ji
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    Laísa M. Tavares, Luís C. L. de Jesus, Tales F. da Silva, Fernanda A. L. Barroso, Viviane L. Batista, Nina D. Coelho-Rocha, Vasco Azevedo, Mariana M. Drumond, Pamela Mancha-Agresti
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[MINIREVIEW] Modulation of gut microbiome in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pro-, pre-, syn-, and antibiotics
Min Seok Cho , Sang Yeol Kim , Ki Tae Suk , Byung-Yong Kim
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(12):855-867.   Published online October 25, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8346-2
  • 321 View
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  • 31 Web of Science
  • 30 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common types of liver diseases worldwide and its incidence continues to increase. NAFLD occurs when the body can no longer effectively store excess energy in the adipose tissue. Despite the increasing prevalence of NAFLD, making lifestyle changes, including increased exercise, is often an elusive goal for patients with NAFLD. The liver directly connects to the gut-gastrointestinal milieu via the portal vein, which are all part of the gut-liver axis. Therefore, the gut-microbiome and microbial products have been actively studied as likely key factors in NAFLD pathophysiology. Hence, dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and therapeutic manipulation of the gut-liver axis are being investigated. Novel therapeutic approaches for modulating gut microbiota through the administration of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and antibiotics have been proposed with numerous promising initial reports on the effectiveness and clinical applications of these approaches. This review delves into the current evidence on novel therapies that modulate gut microbiota and discusses ongoing clinical trials targeting the gut-liver axis for the management and prevention of NAFLD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Schisandra chinensis lignans ameliorate hepatic inflammation and steatosis in methionine choline-deficient diet-fed mice by modulating the gut-liver axis
    Li-Shan Yan, Jian-Ying Kang, Chun-Yu Gu, Xin-Yu Qiu, Jia-Jia Li, Brian Chi-Yan Cheng, Yi-Wei Wang, Gan Luo, Yi Zhang
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  • ACG Clinical Guideline: Malnutrition and Nutritional Recommendations in Liver Disease
    Ashwani K. Singal, Robert J. Wong, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Manal F. Abdelmalek, Brent A. Neuschwander-Tetri, Berkeley N. Limketkai, Jessica Petrey, Craig J. McClain
    American Journal of Gastroenterology.2025; 120(5): 950.     CrossRef
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    Sang Jun Yoon, Seul Ki Han, Tae Suk Kim, Ki Tae Suk, Dae Hee Choi, Young Don Kim, Moon Young Kim, Gab Jin Cheon, Soon Koo Baik, Dong Joon Kim
    Critical Reviews in Microbiology.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
  • Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): emerging insights into gut microbiota interactions and therapeutic perspectives
    Wenchu Qian, Ling He, Chenxue Fu, Tiantian Zeng, Hanyu Wang, Haifang Li
    Exploration of Digestive Diseases.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Ernesto Saenz, Nathally Espinosa Montagut, Baohong Wang, Christoph Stein-Thöringer, Kaicen Wang, Honglei Weng, Matthias Ebert, Kai Markus Schneider, Lanjuan Li, Andreas Teufel
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    Alicia Rodríguez-Pastén, Nury Pérez-Hernández, Javier Añorve-Morga, Rubén Jiménez-Alvarado, Raquel Cariño-Cortés, Teresa Sosa-Lozada, Eduardo Fernández-Martínez
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    Omar Ramos-Lopez
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  • Gut–Liver Axis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: the Impact of the Metagenome, End Products, and the Epithelial and Vascular Barriers
    Antonio Gil-Gómez, Paola Brescia, Maria Rescigno, Manuel Romero-Gómez
    Seminars in Liver Disease.2021; 41(02): 191.     CrossRef
  • Promising diagnostic biomarkers of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: From clinical proteomics to microbiome
    Carolina Castillo-Castro, Alexandro José Martagón-Rosado, Rocio Ortiz-Lopez, Luis Felipe Garrido-Treviño, Melissa Villegas-Albo, Francisco Javier Bosques-Padilla
    World Journal of Hepatology.2021; 13(11): 1494.     CrossRef
  • Increased Prevalence of Liver Fibrosis in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Without Viral Hepatitis Compared to Population Controls
    Ditte Marie Kirkegaard-Klitbo, Flemming Bendtsen, Jens Lundgren, Robert J de Knegt, Klaus Fuglsang Kofoed, Susanne Dam Nielsen, Thomas Benfield
    The Journal of Infectious Diseases.2021; 224(3): 443.     CrossRef
  • Citrulline supplementation attenuates the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in female mice through mechanisms involving intestinal arginase
    Dragana Rajcic, Anja Baumann, Angélica Hernández-Arriaga, Annette Brandt, Anika Nier, Cheng Jun Jin, Victor Sánchez, Finn Jung, Amélia Camarinha-Silva, Ina Bergheim
    Redox Biology.2021; 41: 101879.     CrossRef
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    Xiongfeng Pan, Shi Wu Wen, Atipatsa C. Kaminga, Aizhong Liu
    Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Therapeutic advances in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A microbiota-centered view
    Hui-Ting Chen, Hong-Li Huang, Yong-Qiang Li, Hao-Ming Xu, Yong-Jian Zhou
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Journal Article
Hepatitis C virus infection stimulates transforming growth factor-β1 expression through up-regulating miR-192
Ji Hyun Kim , Chang Ho Lee , Seong-Wook Lee
J. Microbiol. 2016;54(7):520-526.   Published online June 28, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6240-3
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The objective of this study was to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying chronic liver injury and fibrosis caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). This study revealed that miR-192 expression was induced by HCV infection without affecting viral replication. However, viral-induced miR-192 up-regulated transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression in liver cells at transcriptional level. TGF-β1 stimulation by HCV-induced miR-192 was caused through ZEB1 down-regulation and TGF-β1 increased miR-192 level via positive feedback pathway. Increase in miR-192 expression by HCV infection was due to HCV core protein released and/or expressed by viral infection. TGF-β1 promoter activity was also increased by HCV core protein in liver cells. Taken together, HCV infection resulted in increased TGF-β1 transcription in hepatocytes through ZEB1 down-regulation by HCV core-mediated miR-192 stimulation. Importantly, miR-192 inhibition with anti-miR-192 rescued ZEB1 expression down-regulated by HCV infection, thus reducing the level of TGF-β1 expression increased by HCV infection in hepatocytes. These results suggest a novel mechanism of HCV-mediated liver fibrogenesis with miR-192 being a potential molecular target to ameliorate viral pathogenesis.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Lactobacillus rhamnosus CCFM1107 treatment ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury in a mouse model of chronic alcohol feeding
Fengwei Tian , Feifei Chi , Gang Wang , Xiaoming Liu , Qiuxiang Zhang , Yongquan Chen , Hao Zhang , Wei Chen
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(12):856-863.   Published online December 2, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5239-5
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AbstractAbstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus CCFM1107 was screened for high antioxidative activity from 55 lactobacilli. The present study attempted to explore the protective properties of L. rhamnosus CCFM1107 in alcoholic liver injury. A mouse model was induced by orally feeding alcohol when simultaneously treated with L. rhamnosus CCFM1107, the drug Hu-Gan- Pian (HGP), L. rhamnosus GG (LGG), and L. plantarum CCFM1112 for 3 months. Biochemical analysis was performed for both serum and liver homogenate. Detailed intestinal flora and histological analyses were also carried out. Our results indicated that the administration of L. rhamnosus CCFM1107 significantly inhibited the increase in the levels of serum aminotransferase and endotoxin, as well as the levels of triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CHO) in the serum and in the liver. Glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were elevated while the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were decreased. The enteric dysbiosis caused by alcohol was restored by increasing the numbers of both lactobacilli and bifidobacteria and decreasing the numbers of both enterococci and enterobacter. Histological analysis confirmed the protective effect of L. rhamnosus CCFM1107. Compared with the other lactobacilli and to the drug Hu-Gan-Pian, there is a high chance that L. rhamnosus CCFM1107 provides protective effects on alcoholic liver injury by reducing oxidative stress and restoring the intestinal flora.

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Review
MINIREVIEW] The Role of MicroRNAs in Hepatitis C Virus Replication and Related Liver Diseases
Chang Ho Lee , Ji Hyun Kim , Seong-Wook Lee
J. Microbiol. 2014;52(6):445-451.   Published online May 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4267-x
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide health problem and is one of the main causes of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, only limited therapeutic options and no vaccines are currently available against HCV infection. Recent studies of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are able to regulate HCV replication and its related liver diseases by directly interacting with the HCV genome or indirectly controlling virus-associated host pathways, have broadened our understanding of the HCV life cycle. HCV utilizes host cellular miRNAs and modulates expression of miRNAs in infected hepatocytes for its infection and propagation. Moreover, such miRNAs directly or indirectly alter HCV replication efficiency and induce liver diseases including liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, or HCC. Representatively, miR-122 directly modulates the HCV life cycle by increasing HCV translation and genomic RNA stability. Recently, a phase IIa clinical trial with miravirsen, an LNA form of antimiR-122 oligonucleotides, showed significant reduction in serum HCV levels in patients chronically infected with HCV with no detectible evidence of resistance. In addition to miR-122, other miRNAs involved in the regulation of HCV propagation could be targeted in strategies to modulate HCV replication and pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the features of miRNAs critical for HCV replication and HCV-mediated liver abnormalities and briefly discuss their potential application as therapeutic reagents for the treatment of HCV infection and its related diseases.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Profiling of the Bacteria Responsible for Pyogenic Liver Abscess by 16S rRNA Gene Pyrosequencing
Yun Gyu Song , Sang Gun Shim , Kwang Min Kim , Dong-Hae Lee , Dae-Soo Kim , Sang-Haeng Choi , Jae-Young Song , Hyung-Lyun Kang , Seung-Chul Baik , Woo-Kon Lee , Myung-Je Cho , Kwang-Ho Rhee
J. Microbiol. 2014;52(6):504-509.   Published online May 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4241-7
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) is a severe disease with considerable mortality and is often polymicrobial. Understanding the pathogens that cause PLA is the basis for PLA treatment. Here, we profiled the bacterial composition in PLA fluid by pyrosequencing the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to identify etiological agents of PLA and to provide information of their 16S rRNA sequences for application to DNA-based techniques in the hospital. Twenty patients with PLA who underwent percutaneous catheter drainage, abscess culture, and blood culture for isolates were included. Genomic DNAs from abscess fluids were subjected to polymerase chain reaction and pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene with a 454 GS Junior System. The abscess and blood cultures were positive in nine (45%) and four (20%) patients, respectively. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene showed that 90% of the PLA fluid samples contained single or multiple genera of known bacteria such as Klebsiella, Fusobacterium, Streptococcus, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus, unassigned Enterobacteriaceae, and Dialister. Klebsiella was predominantly found in the PLA fluid samples. All samples that carried unassigned bacteria had 26.8% reads on average. We demonstrated that the occurrence of PLA was associated with eight known bacterial genera as well as unassigned bacteria and that 16S rRNA gene sequencing was more useful than conventional culture methods for accurate identification of bacterial pathogens from PLA.

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