Journal of Microbiology

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The impact of acid mine drainage on nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in rice root zone soil: Shengni Tian, Penghui Zhang, Qin Zhang, Yupeng Chen, Caijuan Sun, Dan Huang, Wenye Zhang, Mingzhu Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2026;64(1):e2505004. Published online January 31, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2505004

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Acid mine drainage (AMD) poses a serious threat to rice paddy ecosystems, yet its impact on the composition and dynamics of soil nitrogen-fixing microorganisms remains poorly understood. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted using paddy soil collected from a mining area under three pollution treatments, to analyze changes in the structure of the nitrogen-fixing microbial community across different growth stages and treatments. The results showed that AMD irrigation led to soil acidification, sulfate accumulation, and a significant reduction in the diversity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in the root zone. Compared to the control, the Shannon index decreased by 11.65–24.79% in contaminated soil. LEfSe analysis indicated that AMD enriched metal-tolerant and sulfate-resistant microbial taxa. Irrigation with clean water was insufficient to fully restore the soil environment. The assembly process of the AMD soil community was governed solely by stochastic processes, indicating structural instability of the community. This study suggests that remediation strategies should prioritize neutralizing acidity and restoring nutrient balance to support the stability and recovery of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. These findings provide new insight into how AMD disrupts diazotrophic community assembly, with direct implications for paddy soil restoration.

Antifungal effects of Metformin against Candida albicans by autophagy regulation: Xiao Zhao, Yang Wang, Qinqin Zhang, Yun Huang, Xin Wei, Daming Wu; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(4):e2411008. Published online April 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2411008

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Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a common opportunistic fungal pathogen that can cause infections ranging from superficial to severe systemic diseases. This study investigates the antifungal effects of metformin on C. albicans and explores its underlying mechanisms. Growth inhibition was assessed via XTT assays, and hyphal formation and morphological changes were observed by light microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured with JC-1 and DCFH-DA probes, respectively. Gene expression related to ROS and autophagy was quantified by RT-qPCR, and autophagosomes were visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Metformin significantly inhibited C. albicans growth and hyphal formation, altered cell morphology, reduced MMP, and increased ROS levels. It activated autophagy in planktonic C. albicans but suppressed it in biofilm forms. Additionally, metformin exhibited synergistic effects with amphotericin B against planktonic C. albicans and with caspofungin against biofilms. The findings suggest that metformin exerts antifungal activity by modulating MMP, ROS levels, and autophagy-related pathways, and enhances the efficacy of specific antifungal drugs.

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Chloroquine Alone and Combined with Antifungal Drug Against Candida albicans Biofilms In Vitro and In Vivo via Autophagy Inhibition
Xiao Zhao, Qiaochu Wu, Chenyu Weng, Shuangbo Xu, Yufei Wang, Weiyu Yuan, Xuening Xiong, Wanjing Chen, Xin Wei
Mycopathologia.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Updates on Candida albicans infections: pathogenesis, resistance, and emerging nanopharmaceutical strategies
Marilena Pariano, Matteo Puccetti, Consuelo Fabi, Emilia Nunzi, Sarah Balucchi, Luana Perioli, Maurizio Ricci, Stefano Giovagnoli, Enrico Garaci, Luigina Romani
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy.2025; 23(10): 951. CrossRef

Journal Article

The NADPH oxidase AoNoxA in Arthrobotrys oligospora functions as an initial factor in the infection of Caenorhabditis elegans: Xin Li , Ying-Qian Kang , Yan-Lu Luo , Ke-Qin Zhang , Cheng-Gang Zou , Lian-Ming Liang; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(11):885-891. Published online October 27, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7169-x

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidases can serve as signaling molecules to regulate a variety of physiological processes in multi-cellular organisms. In the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora, we found that ROS were produced during conidial germination, hyphal extension, and trap formation in the presence of nematodes. Generation of an AoNoxA knockout strain demonstrated the crucial role of NADPH oxidase in the production of ROS in A. oligospora, with trap formation impaired in the AoNoxA mutant, even in the presence of the nematode host. In addition, the expression of virulence factor serine protease P186 was up-regulated in the wild-type strain, but not in the mutant strain, in the presence of Caenorhabditis elegans. These results indicate that ROS derived from AoNoxA are essential for full virulence of A. oligospora in nematodes.

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AoPrdx2 Regulates Oxidative Stress, Reactive Oxygen Species, Trap Formation, and Secondary Metabolism in Arthrobotrys oligospora
Na Zhao, Meichen Zhu, Qianqian Liu, Yanmei Shen, Shipeng Duan, Lirong Zhu, Jinkui Yang
Journal of Fungi.2024; 10(2): 110. CrossRef
Tools and basic procedures of gene manipulation in nematode-trapping fungi
Shunxian Wang, Xingzhong Liu
Mycology.2023; 14(2): 75. CrossRef
Caenorhabditis elegansLIN‐24, a homolog of bacterial pore‐forming toxin, protects the host from microbial infection
Huijie Zhang, Weirong Zeng, Ming‐Ming Zhao, Jiali Wang, Qiquan Wang, Ting Chen, Yuyan Zhang, Wenhui Lee, Shenghan Chen, Yun Zhang, Xinqiang Lan, Yang Xiang
The FASEB Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Key processes required for the different stages of fungal carnivory by a nematode-trapping fungus
Hung-Che Lin, Guillermo Vidal-Diez de Ulzurrun, Sheng-An Chen, Ching-Ting Yang, Rebecca J. Tay, Tomoyo Iizuka, Tsung-Yu Huang, Chih-Yen Kuo, A. Pedro Gonçalves, Siou-Ying Lin, Yu-Chu Chang, Jason E. Stajich, Erich M. Schwarz, Yen-Ping Hsueh, Aaron P. Mitc
PLOS Biology.2023; 21(11): e3002400. CrossRef
Recent Advances in Life History Transition with Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora and Its Application in Sustainable Agriculture
Da Wang, Nan Ma, Wanqin Rao, Ying Zhang
Pathogens.2023; 12(3): 367. CrossRef
Aolatg1 and Aolatg13 Regulate Autophagy and Play Different Roles in Conidiation, Trap Formation, and Pathogenicity in the Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora
Duanxu Zhou, Yingmei Zhu, Na Bai, Meihua Xie, Ke-Qin Zhang, Jinkui Yang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Regulatory Mechanism of Trap Formation in the Nematode-Trapping Fungi
Mei-Chen Zhu, Xue-Mei Li, Na Zhao, Le Yang, Ke-Qin Zhang, Jin-Kui Yang
Journal of Fungi.2022; 8(4): 406. CrossRef
Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals That Rho GTPases Regulate Trap Development and Lifestyle Transition of the Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora
Le Yang, Xuemei Li, Na Bai, Xuewei Yang, Ke-Qin Zhang, Jinkui Yang, Christina A. Cuomo
Microbiology Spectrum.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Prey sensing and response in a nematode-trapping fungus is governed by the MAPK pheromone response pathway
Sheng-An Chen, Hung-Che Lin, Frank C Schroeder, Yen-Ping Hsueh, A Gladfelter
Genetics.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Forward genetic screens identified mutants with defects in trap morphogenesis in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora
Tsung-Yu Huang, Yi-Yun Lee, Guillermo Vidal-Diez de Ulzurrun, Yen-Ping Hsueh, J Dunlap
G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The NADPH Oxidase A of Verticillium dahliae Is Essential for Pathogenicity, Normal Development, and Stress Tolerance, and It Interacts with Yap1 to Regulate Redox Homeostasis
Vasileios Vangalis, Ioannis A. Papaioannou, Emmanouil A. Markakis, Michael Knop, Milton A. Typas
Journal of Fungi.2021; 7(9): 740. CrossRef
DdaSTE12 is involved in trap formation, ring inflation, conidiation, and vegetative growth in the nematode-trapping fungus Drechslerella dactyloides
Yani Fan, Weiwei Zhang, Yue Chen, Meichun Xiang, Xingzhong Liu
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2021; 105(19): 7379. CrossRef
Azaphilones biosynthesis complements the defence mechanism of Trichoderma guizhouense against oxidative stress
Guan Pang, Tingting Sun, Zhenzhong Yu, Tao Yuan, Wei Liu, Hong Zhu, Qi Gao, Dongqing Yang, Christian P. Kubicek, Jian Zhang, Qirong Shen
Environmental Microbiology.2020; 22(11): 4808. CrossRef
Natural diversity in the predatory behavior facilitates the establishment of a robust model strain for nematode-trapping fungi
Ching-Ting Yang, Guillermo Vidal-Diez de Ulzurrun, A. Pedro Gonçalves, Hung-Che Lin, Ching-Wen Chang, Tsung-Yu Huang, Sheng-An Chen, Cheng-Kuo Lai, Isheng J. Tsai, Frank C. Schroeder, Jason E. Stajich, Yen-Ping Hsueh
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2020; 117(12): 6762. CrossRef
Guttation capsules containing hydrogen peroxide: an evolutionarily conserved NADPH oxidase gains a role in wars between related fungi
Jian Zhang, Youzhi Miao, Mohammad Javad Rahimi, Hong Zhu, Andrei Steindorff, Sabine Schiessler, Feng Cai, Guan Pang, Komal Chenthamara, Yu Xu, Christian P. Kubicek, Qirong Shen, Irina S. Druzhinina
Environmental Microbiology.2019; 21(8): 2644. CrossRef

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Antibacterial metabolites from the Actinomycete Streptomyces sp. P294: Huining Su , Hongwei Shao , Keqin Zhang , Guohong Li; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(2):131-135. Published online February 2, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5311-9

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Abstract PDF

The Actinomycete strain P294 was isolated from soil and identified as Streptomyces sp. based upon the results of 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Three compounds obtained from the solid fermentation products of this strain have been determined by 1D, 2D NMR and HRMS experiments. These compounds include two new compounds angumycinones C (1) and D (2), and the known compound X-14881 E (3). All compounds were assayed for antibacterial and nematicidal activity. The results showed the three compounds had different degrees of inhibitory activity against several target bacteria but no significant toxicity against the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

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Bioactive Angucyclines/Angucyclinones Discovered from 1965 to 2023
Hai-Shan Liu, Hui-Ru Chen, Shan-Shan Huang, Zi-Hao Li, Chun-Ying Wang, Hua Zhang
Marine Drugs.2025; 23(1): 25. CrossRef
Identification, fermentation optimization, and biocontrol efficacy of actinomycete YG-5 for the prevention of Alternaria leaf spot disease in star anise
Jieming Pan, Xiaoshan Geng, Yujing Cai, Ye Yu, Yanrong Hou, Yao Liu, Caina Ya, Qin Liu
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Diverse ansamycin derivatives from the marine-derived Streptomyces sp. ZYX-F-97 and their antibacterial activities
Ke-Xin Yi, Qing-Yi Xie, Qing-Yun Ma, Li Yang, Hao-Fu Dai, You-Xing Zhao, Yu-E Hao
Fitoterapia.2024; 173: 105814. CrossRef
Heterologous Expression of Type II PKS Gene Cluster Leads to Diversified Angucyclines in Streptomyces albus J1074
Xiaoting Zhang, Falei Zhang, Chen Li, Jiayi Li, Xiao Xu, Tianjiao Zhu, Qian Che, Deihai Li, Guojian Zhang
Marine Drugs.2024; 22(11): 480. CrossRef
Streptomyces sp. AN090126 as a Biocontrol Agent against Bacterial and Fungal Plant Diseases
Khanh Duy Le, Nan Hee Yu, Ae Ran Park, Dong-Jin Park, Chang-Jin Kim, Jin-Cheol Kim
Microorganisms.2022; 10(4): 791. CrossRef
Soluble macromolecules from two Streptomyces strains with potent nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita
Qianru Hu, Minmin Yang, Tingting Bo, Yuxin Li, Caimi Wu, Minghe Mo, Yajun Liu
Rhizosphere.2022; 22: 100529. CrossRef

Orbilia tianmushanensis sp. nov., a new member of the O. luteorubella group with an unusual asexual morph: Ying Zhang , Yunrun Zhang , Jianyong Dong , Xiaoxia He , Min Qiao , Hans-Otto Baral , Ke-Qin Zhang , Zefen Yu; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(1):9-13. Published online January 5, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5369-4

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A new species of Orbilia related to O. luteorubella is described mainly based on morphological characters of its asexual morph and molecular data. The sexual morph does not significantly differ from O. luteorubella, whereas the asexual morph obtained from its ascospore isolate resembles members of the non-predacious genus Dactylella, because it has fusiform phragmoconidia borne singly at the apex of conidiophores. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this strain clustered with a clade that included available strains of the O. luteorubella aggregate and was distant from all analysed Dactylella species. Within this clade, the new strain fell between species with filiform conidia and those of a Pseudotripoconidium anamorph. By combining morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we conclude that our isolate belongs to a new taxon. Pleomorphism of the new taxon is described and discussed.

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Extensive Genetic Diversity and Widespread Azole Resistance in Greenhouse Populations of Aspergillus fumigatus in Yunnan, China
Duanyong Zhou, Greg A. Korfanty, Meizi Mo, Ruirui Wang, Xiao Li, Haixia Li, Shuoshuo Li, Jin-Yan Wu, Ke-Qin Zhang, Ying Zhang, Jianping Xu, Aaron P. Mitchell
mSphere.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative Analyses of Mitochondrial Genomes Provide Evolutionary Insights Into Nematode-Trapping Fungi
Ying Zhang, Guangzhu Yang, Meiling Fang, Chu Deng, Ke-Qin Zhang, Zefen Yu, Jianping Xu
Frontiers in Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
New species and records of orbiliaceous fungi from Georgia, USA
Yuanyuan Shao, Hans-Otto Baral, Xiaoyun Ou, Hao Wu, Fuchang Huang, Haifu Zheng, Bin Liu
Mycological Progress.2018; 17(11): 1225. CrossRef

Multiple Gene Genealogical Analyses of a Nematophagous Fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus from China: Juan Li , Heng Li , Xiaoxu Bi , Ke-Qin Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(4):423-429. Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2599-6

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Paecilomyces lilacinus is a geographically widespread nematophagous fungus and a promising biological control agent against plant parasitic nematodes. However, relatively little is known about its patterns of genetic variation through its broad geographic and ecological contexts. In this study, we analyzed the genetic variation of 2 virulence-associated genes (PLS and PLC) and 4 housekeeping gene fragments (ITS, RPB1, RPB2, and β-tubulin) among 80 P. lilacinus specimens collected from 7 locations in China. Various degrees of polymorphism and haplotype diversity were observed among the six gene fragments. However, no genetic differentiation was observed among the geographic populations, consistent with extensive gene flow among these geographic populations of P. lilacinus in China. Our analysis also suggested that clonal reproduction was the predominant mode of reproduction in natural populations of P. lilacinus.

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Genome and Transcriptome Sequences Reveal the Specific Parasitism of the Nematophagous Purpureocillium lilacinum 36-1
Jialian Xie, Shaojun Li, Chenmi Mo, Xueqiong Xiao, Deliang Peng, Gaofeng Wang, Yannong Xiao
Frontiers in Microbiology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Conversion of food waste into biofertilizer for the biocontrol of root knot nematode by Paecilomyces lilacinus
Zhen Yu, You-chi Zhang, Xiang Zhang, Yin Wang
Environmental Technology.2015; 36(24): 3148. CrossRef
Heterologous expression of VHb can improve the yield and quality of biocontrol fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus, during submerged fermentation
Shumeng Zhang, Jieping Wang, Yale Wei, Qing Tang, Maria Kanwal Ali, Jin He
Journal of Biotechnology.2014; 187: 147. CrossRef

Diversity of Thermophilic Fungi in Tengchong Rehai National Park Revealed by ITS Nucleotide Sequence Analyses: Wen-Zheng Pan , Xiao-Wei Huang , Kang-Bi Wei , Chun-Mei Zhang , Dong-Mei Yang , Jun-Mei Ding , Ke-Qin Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2010;48(2):146-152. Published online May 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-9157-2

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The geothermal sites near neutral and alkalescent thermal springs in Tengchong Rehai National Park were examined through cultivation-dependent approach to determine the diversity of thermophilic fungi in these environments. Here, we collected soils samples in this area, plated on agar media conducive for fungal growth, obtained pure cultures, and then employed the method of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing combined with morphological analysis for identification of thermophilic fungi to the species level. In total, 102 strains were isolated and identified as Rhizomucor miehei, Chaetomium sp., Talaromyces thermophilus, Talaromyces byssochlamydoides, Thermoascus aurantiacus Miehe var. levisporus, Thermomyces lanuginosus, Scytalidium thermophilum, Malbranchea flava, Myceliophthora sp. 1, Myceliophthora sp. 2, Myceliophthora sp. 3, and Coprinopsis sp. Two species, T. lanuginosus and S. thermophilum were the dominant species, representing 34.78% and 28.26% of the sample, respectively. Our results indicated a greater diversity of thermophilic fungi in neutral and alkaline geothermal sites than acidic sites around hot springs reported in previous studies. Most of our strains thrived at alkaline growth conditions.

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Derya Berikten, Merih Kivanc
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Alan Omar Granados-Casas, Ana Fernández-Bravo, Alberto Miguel Stchigel, José Francisco Cano-Lira
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MARCIO ANDRÉ ANTONELLI, ANDRÉ LUIZ GAGLIOTI, PAULO ROBERTO DA SILVA, ADRIANA KNOB
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Journal Article

Nematicidal Activity of Paecilomyces spp. and Isolation of a Novel Active Compound: Ya-Jun Liu , Chong-Yan Zhai , Yi Liu , Ke-Qin Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2009;47(3):248-252. Published online June 26, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-009-0012-2

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Many species of Paecilomyces are entomogenous fungi and several are efficacious toward nematodes. To study the potential of Paecilomyces species in controlling nematodes, fungal extracts of 40 Paecilomyces spp. were evaluated for their nematicidal activity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Panagrellus redivivus. The extracts of six Paecilomyces spp. exhibited the nematicidal activity against P. redivivus, and 11 species exhibited the nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus. The methanol extract of strain 1.01761 incubating on Czapek solid medium killed more than 95% P. redivivus in 24 h at 5 mg/ml, and the filtrate of strain 1.01788 cultured in Sabouraud''s broth medium resulted in 90% mortality of B. xylophilus in 24 h at 5 mg/ml. A novel nematicidal compound, 4-(4’-carboxy-2’-ethyl-hydroxypentyl)-5,6-dihydro-6-methylcyclobuta[b]pyridine-3,6-dicarboxylic acid, was isolated from Paecilomyces sp. YMF1.01761. The LD50 value of the compound within 24 h against P. redivivus was 50.86 mg/L, against Meloidogyne incognita was 47.1 mg/L, and against B. xylophilus was 167.7 mg/L.

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Chemo-profiling of Purpureocillium lilacinum and Paecilomyces variotii isolates using GC-MS analysis, and evaluation of their metabolites against M. incognita
Prashant Patidar, Lakshman Prasad, Sushma Sagar, Anil Sirohi, Mahender Singh Saharan, Mukesh Kumar Dhillon, Vaibhav Kumar Singh, Tusar Kanti Bag, Ebrahim Shokoohi
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Secondary Metabolites and Their Bioactivities Produced by Paecilomyces
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A New Dactylella Species from Orbilia alba: ZeFen Yu , YanJie Kong , Ying Zhang , Min Qiao , JianWei Guo , Ke-Qin Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2009;47(3):265-269. Published online June 26, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0301-1

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A new Dactylella species, Dactylella alba was isolated from the ascospores of Orbilia alba collected in Wen- shan County, Yunnan Province, China. Conidiophores were either not branched or occasionally branched, bearing divergent sterigmata on the tip with single conidium on each. Conidia were elongated ellipsoids, 1-2 septate, mostly 1 septate. By combining the ITS sequence with morphological characteristics, a new anamorphic species is described and illustrated together with its teleomorph.

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Morphological and molecular characterization of Orbilia pseudopolybrocha and O. tonghaiensis, two new species of Orbiliaceae from China
Ying Zhang, Min Qiao, H.O. Baral, Jianping Xu, Ke-Qin Zhang, Ze-Fen Yu
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2020; 70(4): 2664. CrossRef
Generic names in the Orbiliaceae (Orbiliomycetes) and recommendations on which names should be protected or suppressed
Hans-Otto Baral, Evi Weber, Walter Gams, Gregor Hagedorn, Bin Liu, Xingzhong Liu, Guy Marson, Ludmila Marvanová, Marc Stadler, Michael Weiß
Mycological Progress.2018; 17(1-2): 5. CrossRef
Orbilia yuanensis sp. nov. and its anamorph
Min Qiao, Jian-Ying Li, Hans-Otto Baral, Ying Zhang, Wen-Yun Qian, Hong-yan Su, Ze-Fen Yu
Mycological Progress.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
New records and new distribution of known species in the family Orbiliaceae from China
Guo Jianwei, Li Shifu, Yang Lifen, Yang Jian, Ye Taizhen, Yang Li
African Journal of Microbiology Research.2014; 8(34): 3178. CrossRef

Characterization of a Baculovirus Newly Isolated from the Tea Slug Moth, Iragoidae fasciata: Li-Rong Yang , Xiao Qiang , Bao-Qin Zhang , Mei-Jun Tang , Chuan-Xi Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2009;47(2):208-213. Published online May 2, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0253-5

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The tea slug moth Iragoidae fasciata (Lepidoptera, Eucleidae) is one of the main insect pests that attack tea bushes. A new nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) called Iragoidae fasciata NPV (IrfaNPV) was recently isolated from diseased larvae. An 11,626 bp fragment of the viral genomic DNA containing the polyhedrin gene and other 12 genes was cloned and sequenced. Gene comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed that IrfaNPV is a member of the Group I NPVs. However, the genomic organization of IrfaNPV is highly distinct. In addition, electron microscopy analysis showed that IrfaNPV is a single nucleocapsid NPV (SNPV). An inoculation assay showed that IrfaNPV is semi-permissive in the Trichoplusia ni cell line Tn-5B1-4. Bioassays on lethal concentration (LC50) and lethal time (LT50) were conducted to test the susceptibility of I. fasciata larvae to the virus.

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Xiangyang Liu, Wei Fang, Rui Fan, Linna Zhang, Chengfeng Lei, Jingjing Zhang, Wenkai Nian, Tao Dou, Shiheng An, Lin Zhou, Xiulian Sun
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Tong Lin, Li Liu, Runlei Chang, Guojun Lang, Wen Xu
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Taxonomic Revision of the Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys multisecundaria: Juan Li , Jinkui Yang , Lianming Liang , Ke-Qin Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(5):513-518. Published online October 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0115-6

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The gene encoding an extracellular serine protease was cloned from Arthrobotrys multisecundaria using degenerate primers. The gene was highly similar (99.26%) to protease Mlx from Monacrosporium microscaphoides. To clarify the taxonomic relationship between these species, genes encoding the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and β-tubulin were also cloned and sequenced from A. multisecundaria and M. microscaphoides, respectively. Homologous analysis of the nuclear (ITS) and protein (β-tubulin) encoding genes showed that the two species of nematode-trapping fungi also shared extensive identity (99.82 and 99.63%, respectively), although they exhibited obvious differences in secondary conidia morphology. Accordingly, a taxonomic revision is recommended, with A. multisecundaria being revised as A. microscaphoides var. multisecundaria. In addition, the identified mutation may better facilitate the study of the sporulation of nematode-trapping fungi.

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High Infectivity of an Endoparasitic Fungus Strain, Esteya vermicola, against Nematodes: Chun Yan Wang , Zhe Ming Fang , Bai Shen Sun , Li Juan Gu , Ke Qin Zhang , Chang-Keun Sung; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(4):380-389. Published online August 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0122-7

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Esteya vermicola, as the first recorded endoparasitic fungus of pinewood nematodes, exhibits great potential as a biological agent against nematodes. However, only two strains of this species have been described so far. In this study, we identified a novel endoparasitic fungal strain, CNU 120806, isolated from infected nematodes in forest soil samples during a survey of nematophagous fungi in Korea. This strain showed similar morphological characteristics and infection mode with the two previously described strains of E. vermicola. All strains are characterized by the ability to produce two types of conidiogenous cells and conidia, and to parasitize nematodes with lunate adhesive conidia. Moreover, the CNU 120806 strain showed 100% identity with E. vermicola CBS 115803 when their partial sequences of 28S rRNA gene were compared. Molecular phylogenetic analysis further identified CNU 120806 as a strain of E. vermicola, by clustering CNU 120806 and E. vermicola CBS 115803 into a single subclade. Culture medium influenced the proportion of dimorphic CNU 120806 conidia, and further changed the adhesive and mortality rates of nematodes. The CNU 120806 strain exhibits high infection activity against nematodes on nutrient-rich PDA medium. Almost all tested nematodes were killed within 8~10 days after inoculation. This study provides justification for further research of E. vermicola, and the application and formulation of this fungus as a bio-control agent against nematodes.

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Phylogenetic Analysis on the Bacteria Producing Non-Volatile Fungistatic Substances: ZhiFang Li , ChangSong Zou , YueQiu He , MingHe Mo , KeQin Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(3):250-256. Published online July 5, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0003-8

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This study characterized the soil bacteria producing non-volatile fungistatic substances. Among the 2,100 colonies of soil bacteria randomly isolated from seven agricultural soil samples, 518 isolates (24.67% of total) showed fungistatic activity toward nematophagous fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus and Trichoderma viride by producing non-volatile substances. A phylogenetic analysis based on amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and 16S rDNA sequence placed the 518 bacteria in three groups of the domain Bacteria: Actinomycetales, Bacillales, and Gammaproteobacteria. Three genera, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas, were the most frequently encountered groups.

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Tong Liu, Xi Long, Jia-Peng Zhou, Dong-Wei Tian, Yun-He Yang, Cheng-Gang Zou, Jian-Ping Xu, Ming-He Mo, Ke-Qin Zhang, Christopher W. Schadt
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Li Zhi Fang, Xu Chuan Kun, Zou Chang Song, Xi Jia Qin, He Yue Qiu, Duan Chang Qun, Mo Ming He
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Cloning and Expression Analysis of a Chitinase Gene Crchi1 from the Mycoparasitic Fungus Clonostachys rosea (syn. Gliocladium roseum): Zhongwei Gan , Jinkui Yang , Nan Tao , Zefen Yu , Ke-Qin Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(5):422-430.; DOI: https://doi.org/2594 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: Clonostachys rosea (syn. Gliocladium roseum) is a well-known biocontrol agent and widely distributed around the world. In this study, an endochitinase gene Crchi1 was isolated from the mycoparasitic fungus C. rosea using the DNA walking strategy. The Crchi1 ORF is 1,746 bp long and interrupted by three introns. The cloned gene Crchi1 encodes 426 amino acid residues and shares a high degree of similarity with other chitinases from entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi. Several putative binding sites for transcriptional regulation of Crchi1 in response to carbon (5''-SYGGRG-3'') and nitrogen (5''-GATA-3'') were identified in the upstream of Crchi1. Expression of Crchi1 gene in different carbon sources was analyzed using real-time PCR (RT-PCR). We found that the Crchi1 expression was suppressed by glucose but strongly stimulated by chitin or solubilized components of the cell wall from Rhizoctonia solani. Phylogenetic analysis of chitinases from entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi suggests that these chitinases have probably evolved from a common ancestor.

Transformation and Mutagenesis of the Nematode-trapping Fungus Monacrosporium sphaeroides by Restriction Enzyme-mediated Integration (REMI): Xu Jin , Ming-He Mo , Zhou Wei , Xiao-Wei Huang , Ke-Qin Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2005;43(5):417-423.; DOI: https://doi.org/2281 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: In this study, the nematode-trapping fungus, Monacrosporium sphaeroides, was transformed with a plasmid harboring the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene, via restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI). Frequencies of up to 94 transformants g-1 per linearized plasmid DNA were obtained by optimizing the PEG concentration, as well as the category and quantity of the added restriction enzyme. 90% of the transformants were determined to be stable for drug resistance when 20 randomly selected transformants were tested. Southern analyses revealed that the transforming DNA was integrated into the M. sphaeroides genome either with or without rearrangement. Five mitotic stable mutant strains were obtained using this approach, all of which had been altered with regard to sporulation capacity and pathogenicity toward nematodes. Southern blot analyses of the five mutants revealed that foreign plasmid DNA had integrated into the genome. Three of the mutants, Tms2316, Tms3583 and Tms1536, exhibited integration at a single location, whereas the remaining two, Tms32 and Tms1913, manifested integration at double or multiple locations. Our results suggest that the transformation of M. sphaeroides via REMI will facilitate insertional mutagenesis, the functional analysis of a variety of genes, and the tagging or cloning of genes of interest.

Nematicidal Activity and Chemical Component of Poria cocos: Guo Hong Li , Yue Mao Shen , Ke Qin Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2005;43(1):17-20.; DOI: https://doi.org/2144 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: Poria cocos, a famous traditional Chinese medicine, was found to have nematicidal activity in experiments searching for nematicidal fungi. The experiment showed it could kill 94.9% of the saprophytic nematode, Panagrellus redivivue, 92.6% of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria, and 93.5% of the pine nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, on PDA plate within 12 hours. According to the nematicidal activity, three new compounds, 2, 4, 6-triacetylenic octane diacid, 2, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydroxyhexanoic acid and 3, 4-dihydroxy-2-keto-n-butyl 2,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanate, were isolated from submerged cultures of Poria cocos. Of these, 2, 4, 6-triacetylenic octane diacid could kill 83.9% Meloidogyne arenaria and 73.4% Panagrellus redivivus at 500 ppm within 12 hours. Here, it is reported for the first time that Poria cocos has nematicidal activity.

Diversity and Metal Tolerance of Nematode-Trapping Fungi in Pb-Polluted Soils: Ming-He Mo , Wei-Min Chen , Hao-Ran Yang , Ke-Qin Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(1):16-22.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0174-8

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The diversity of nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) in two lead (Pb) mines in Yunnan Province, China was investigated in 2004. In total, 20 species belonging to five genera were identified from 500 samples collected at the Lanping and the Huize mines. Pb concentrations ranged from 216~7,150 mg/kg for the former and 132~13,380 mg/kg for the latter, respectively. The fungi were divided into five groups based on different trapping mechanisms. The trapping-net producer group contained the largest number of species, with nine. Two predators, Dactylellina ellipsosporum and Arthrobotrys oligospora, were found at frequencies of 32.85% and 15.41%, respectively. The diversity indexes of NTF were positively correlated with Pb pollution levels in both the Lanping Mine (r=0.66) and the Huize Mine (r=0.72), suggesting that the distribution of NTF was not negatively affected by Pb contamination. For most strains of a given species, there was no significant difference (P>0.01) in the Pb tolerance between the strains isolated from habitats with low or high Pb concentrations. However, Pb toxicity exerted adverse effects on trap formation and predacious capability of fungi. We discuss the possible metal tolerance mechanisms and their relationships to the survival strategy of NTF in Pb-polluted environments.

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