Journal of Microbiology

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Development of an RT-LAMP−CRISPR/Cas12a assay for rapid and specific detection of Bandavirus dabieense: Bo Seung Song, Yun Hee Baek, Eun-Ha Kim, Hyeok-Il Kwon, Ah-Hyeon Kim, Si-Hyun Lee, Yu-Bin Son, Soo-Hyeon Kim, Min-Suk Song, Young Ki Choi, Su-Jin Park; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(11):e2506013. Published online November 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2506013

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Abstract PDF: Bandavirus dabieense, a single-stranded RNA virus, is the causative agent of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), a disease associated with high fatality rates. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for improving clinical outcomes, particularly given the limited therapeutic options and high mortality rates associated with SFTS. However, while highly sensitive, conventional diagnostic methods such as PCR and qRT-PCR require specialized laboratory facilities and trained personnel, making them impractical for rapid detection in resource-limited settings. To address these challenges, we developed a rapid and highly sensitive assay for Bandavirus dabieense detection by integrating reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) with CRISPR/Cas12a technology. LAMP primers and guide RNA sequences were designed to target the L gene, ensuring broad detection across viral genotypes. The optimized assay demonstrated a detection limit of 5 RNA copies per reaction, showing more sensitivity than qRT-PCR, and exhibited 100% concordance with qRT-PCR results in clinical samples. Given its speed, accuracy, and field applicability, this LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a-based assay represents a promising diagnostic tool for early SFTSV detection, particularly in resource-constrained environments where conventional molecular diagnostics are not readily available.

Journal Article

Efficacy of A/H1N1/2009 split inactivated influenza A vaccine (GC1115) in mice and ferrets: Hae Jung Han , Min-Suk Song , Su-Jin Park , Han Yeul Byun , Norbert John C. Robles , Suk-Hoon Ha , Young Ki Choi; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(2):163-169. Published online January 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8504-1

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To evaluate the efficacy of a non-adjuvant A/H1N1/2009 influenza A vaccine (GC1115), we demonstrated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of GC1115 in mouse and ferret models. The immunogenicity of GC1115 was confirmed after intramuscular administration of 1.875, 3.75, 7.5, and 15 μg hemagglutinin antigen (HA) in mice and 7.5, 15, and 30 μg HA in ferrets at 3-week intervals. A single immunization with GC1115 at HA doses > 7.5 μg induced detectable seroconversion in most mice, and all mice given a second dose exhibited high antibody responses in a dose-dependent manner. The mice in the mock (PBS) and 1.875 μg HA immunized groups succumbed by 13 days following A/California/ 04/09 infection, while all mice in groups given more than 3.75 μg HA were protected from lethal challenge with the A/California/04/09 virus. In ferrets, although immunization with even a single dose of 15 or 30 μg of HA induced detectable HI antibodies, all ferrets given two doses of vaccine seroconverted and exhibited HI titers greater than 80 units. Following challenge with A/California/04/09, the mock (PBS) immunized ferrets showed influenza-like clinical symptoms, such as increased numbers of coughs, elevated body temperature, and body weight loss, for 7 days, while GC1115- immunized ferrets showed attenuated clinical symptoms only for short time period (3–4 days). Further, GC1115-immunized ferrets displayed significantly lower viral titers in the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity) than the mock vaccinated group in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, this study demonstrates the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of GC1115 as a non-adjuvanted vaccine.

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Dose sparing enabled by immunization with influenza vaccine using orally dissolving film
Keon-Woong Yoon, Ki Back Chu, Gi-Deok Eom, Jie Mao, Su In Heo, Fu-Shi Quan
International Journal of Pharmaceutics.2024; 667: 124945. CrossRef
Ferrets as a model for tuberculosis transmission
Tuhina Gupta, Naveen Somanna, Thomas Rowe, Monica LaGatta, Shelly Helms, Simon Odera Owino, Tomislav Jelesijevic, Stephen Harvey, Wayne Jacobs, Thomas Voss, Kaori Sakamoto, Cheryl Day, Christopher Whalen, Russell Karls, Biao He, S. Mark Tompkins, Abhijeet
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
AddaVax Formulated with PolyI:C as a Potential Adjuvant of MDCK-based Influenza Vaccine Enhances Local, Cellular, and Antibody Protective Immune Response in Mice
Xuanxuan Nian, Jiayou Zhang, Tao Deng, Jing Liu, Zheng Gong, Chuanshuo Lv, Luyao Yao, Junying Li, Shihe Huang, Xiaoming Yang
AAPS PharmSciTech.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The Intersection of Age and Influenza Severity: Utility of Ferrets for Dissecting the Age-Dependent Immune Responses and Relevance to Age-Specific Vaccine Development
Melissa Rioux, Magen E. Francis, Cynthia L. Swan, Anni Ge, Andrea Kroeker, Alyson A. Kelvin
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Molecular characterization of mammalian-adapted Korean-type avian H9N2 virus and evaluation of its virulence in mice: Kuk Jin Park , Min-Suk Song , Eun-Ha Kim , Hyeok-il Kwon , Yun Hee Baek , Eun-hye Choi , Su-Jin Park , Se Mi Kim , Young-il Kim , Won-Suk Choi , Dae-Won Yoo , Chul-Joong Kim , Young Ki Choi; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(8):570-577. Published online July 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5329-4

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Abstract

Avian influenza A virus (AIV) is commonly isolated from domestic poultry and wild migratory birds, and the H9N2 subtype is the most prevalent and the major cause of severe disease in poultry in Korea. In addition to the veterinary concerns regarding the H9N2 subtype, it is also considered to be the next potential human pandemic strain due to its rapid evolution and interspecies transmission. In this study, we utilize serial lung-to-lung passage of a low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAI) H9N2 (A/Ck/Korea/163/04, WT163) (Y439-lineage) in mice to increase pathogenicity and investigate the potential virulence marker. Mouse-adapted H9N2 virus obtained high virulence (100% mortality) in mice after 98 serial passages. Sequence results show that the mouse adaptation (ma163) possesses several mutations within seven gene segments (PB2, PA, HA, NP, NA, M, and NS) relative to the wild-type strain. The HA gene showed the most mutations (at least 11) with one resulting in the loss of an N-glycosylation site (at amino acid 166). Moreover, reverse genetic studies established that an E627K substitution in PB2 and the loss of the N-glycosylation site in the HA protein (aa166) are critical virulence markers in the mouse-adapted H9N2 virus. Thus, these results add to the increasing body of mutational analysis data defining the function of the viral polymerase and HA genes and their roles in mammalian host adaptation. To our knowledge, this is first report of the generation of a mammalian-adapted Korea H9N2 virus (Y493-lineages). Therefore, this study offers valuable insights into the molecular evolution of the LPAI Korean H9N2 in a new host and adds to the current knowledge of the molecular markers associated with increased virulence.

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Genetic Characterization of Kazakhstan Isolates: Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses Demonstrate Their Potential to Infect Mammals
Barshagul Baikara, Kobey Karamendin, Yermukhammet Kassymbekov, Klara Daulbayeva, Temirlan Sabyrzhan, Sardor Nuralibekov, Yelizaveta Khan, Nurlan Sandybayev, Sasan Fereidouni, Aidyn Kydyrmanov
Viruses.2025; 17(5): 685. CrossRef
An Influenza A virus can evolve to use human ANP32E through altering polymerase dimerization
Carol M. Sheppard, Daniel H. Goldhill, Olivia C. Swann, Ecco Staller, Rebecca Penn, Olivia K. Platt, Ksenia Sukhova, Laury Baillon, Rebecca Frise, Thomas P. Peacock, Ervin Fodor, Wendy S. Barclay
Nature Communications.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Current situation and control strategies of H9N2 avian influenza in South Korea
Mingeun Sagong, Kwang-Nyeong Lee, Eun-Kyoung Lee, Hyunmi Kang, Young Ki Choi, Youn-Jeong Lee
Journal of Veterinary Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Antigenic Evolution Characteristics and Immunological Evaluation of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses from 1994–2019 in China
Qingzheng Liu, Lingcai Zhao, Yanna Guo, Yongzhen Zhao, Yingfei Li, Na Chen, Yuanlu Lu, Mengqi Yu, Lulu Deng, Jihui Ping
Viruses.2022; 14(4): 726. CrossRef
Molecular epidemiology and pathogenicity of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses in clinically affected chickens on farms in Bangladesh
Ripatun Nahar Ripa, Joshua E. Sealy, Jayna Raghwani, Tridip Das, Himel Barua, Md. Masuduzzaman, A. K. M. Saifuddin, Md. Reajul Huq, Mohammad Inkeyas Uddin, Munir Iqbal, Ian Brown, Nicola S. Lewis, Dirk Pfeiffer, Guillaume Fournie, Paritosh Kumar Biswas
Emerging Microbes & Infections.2021; 10(1): 2223. CrossRef
Mouse adaptation of the H9N2 avian influenza virus causes the downregulation of genes related to innate immune responses and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in mice
Jing Guo, Xinxin Gao, Baotao Liu, Yubao Li, Wenqiang Liu, Jianbiao Lu, Cheng Liu, Rui Xue, Xuyong Li
Medical Microbiology and Immunology.2020; 209(2): 151. CrossRef
H9 Influenza Viruses: An Emerging Challenge
Silvia Carnaccini, Daniel R. Perez
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine.2020; 10(6): a038588. CrossRef
Adaptive amino acid substitutions enable transmission of an H9N2 avian influenza virus in guinea pigs
Liu Lina, Chen Saijuan, Wang Chengyu, Lu Yuefeng, Dong Shishan, Chen Ligong, Guo Kangkang, Guo Zhendong, Li Jiakai, Zhang Jianhui, Luo Qingping, Zhang Wenting, Shang Yu, Wang Honglin, Zhang Tengfei, Wen Guoyuan, Zhu Jiping, Zhang Chunmao, Jin Meilin, Gao
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
A PB1-K577E Mutation in H9N2 Influenza Virus Increases Polymerase Activity and Pathogenicity in Mice
Haruhiko Kamiki, Hiromichi Matsugo, Tomoya Kobayashi, Hiroho Ishida, Akiko Takenaka-Uema, Shin Murakami, Taisuke Horimoto
Viruses.2018; 10(11): 653. CrossRef
Genetics and biological property analysis of Korea lineage of influenza A H9N2 viruses
Min Kang, Hyung-Kwan Jang
Veterinary Microbiology.2017; 204: 96. CrossRef
The significance of avian influenza virus mouse-adaptation and its application in characterizing the efficacy of new vaccines and therapeutic agents
Won-Suk Choi, Khristine Kaith S. Lloren, Yun Hee Baek, Min-Suk Song
Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research.2017; 6(2): 83. CrossRef
Rapid acquisition of polymorphic virulence markers during adaptation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus in the mouse
Won-Suk Choi, Yun Hee Baek, Jin Jung Kwon, Ju Hwan Jeong, Su-Jin Park, Young-il Kim, Sun-Woo Yoon, Jungwon Hwang, Myung Hee Kim, Chul-Joong Kim, Richard J. Webby, Young Ki Choi, Min-Suk Song
Scientific Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Vaccine Efficacy of Inactivated, Chimeric Hemagglutinin H9/H5N2 Avian Influenza Virus and Its Suitability for the Marker Vaccine Strategy
Se Mi Kim, Young-Il Kim, Su-Jin Park, Eun-Ha Kim, Hyeok-il Kwon, Young-Jae Si, In-Won Lee, Min-Suk Song, Young Ki Choi, Jae U. Jung
Journal of Virology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence and diversity of H9N2 avian influenza in chickens of Northern Vietnam, 2014
Duong Mai Thuy, Thomas P. Peacock, Vu Thi Ngoc Bich, Thomas Fabrizio, Dang Nguyen Hoang, Nguyen Dang Tho, Nguyen Thi Diep, Minh Nguyen, Le Nguyen Minh Hoa, Hau Thi Thu Trang, Marc Choisy, Ken Inui, Scott Newman, Nguyen vu Trung, Rogier van Doorn, Thanh Lo
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2016; 44: 530. CrossRef
PB2 subunit of avian influenza virus subtype H9N2: a pandemic risk factor
Hanna Sediri, Swantje Thiele, Folker Schwalm, Gülsah Gabriel, Hans-Dieter Klenk
Journal of General Virology.2016; 97(1): 39. CrossRef

Adjuvant Efficacy of mOMV against Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Mice: Byeong-Jae Lee , Sang-Ho Lee , Min-Suk Song , Philippe Noriel Q. Pascua , Hyeok-il Kwon , Su-Jin Park , Eun-Ha Kim , Arun Decano , Se Mi Kim , Gyo Jin Lim , Doo-Jin Kim , Kyu-Tae Chang , Sang-Hyun Kim , Young Ki Choi; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(5):682-688. Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3411-3

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Abstract PDF: Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses are found chiefly in birds and have caused severe disease and death in infected humans. Development of influenza vaccines capable of inducing heterosubtypic immunity against a broad range of influenza viruses is the best option for the preparedness, since vaccination remains the principal method in controlling influenza viral infections. Here, a mOMV-adjuvanted recombinant H5N2 (rH5N2) whole virus antigen vaccine with A/Environment/Korea/W149/06(H5N1)-derived H5 HA and A/Chicken/Korea/ma116/04(H9N2)-derived N2 NA in the backbone of A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1) was prepared and generated by reverse genetics. Groups of mice were vaccinated by a prime-boost regime with the rH5N2 vaccine (1.75 μg of HA with/without 10 μg mOMV or aluminum hydroxide adjuvant for comparison). At two weeks post-immunizations, vaccinated mice were challenged with lethal doses of 103.5 EID50/ml of H5N1 or H9N2 avian influenza viruses, and were monitored for 15 days. Both mOMV- and alum-adjuvant vaccine groups had high survival rates after H5N1 infection and low levels of body weight changes compared to control groups. Interestingly, the mOMV-adjuvanted group induced better cross-reactive antibody responses serologically and promoted cross-protectivity against H5N1 and H9N2 virus challenges. Our results suggest that mOMV could be used as a vaccine adjuvant in the development of effective vaccines used to control influenza A virus transmission.

Sublingual Administration of Bacteria-Expressed Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin 1 (HA1) Induces Protection against Infection with 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus: Byoung-Shik Shim , Jung-ah Choi , Ho-Hyun Song , Sung-Moo Park , In Su Cheon , Ji-Eun Jang , Sun Je Woo , Chung Hwan Cho , Min-Suk Song , Hyemi Kim , Kyung Joo Song , Jae Myun Lee , Suhng Wook Kim , Dae Sub Song , Young Ki Choi , Jae-Ouk Kim , Huan Huu Nguyen , Dong Wook Kim , Young Yil Bahk , Cheol-Heui Yun , Man Ki Song; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(1):130-135. Published online March 2, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2399-z

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Abstract PDF

Influenza viruses are respiratory pathogens that continue to pose a significantly high risk of morbidity and mortality of humans worldwide. Vaccination is one of the most effective strategies for minimizing damages by influenza outbreaks. In addition, rapid development and production of efficient vaccine with convenient administration is required in case of influenza pandemic. In this study, we generated recombinant influenza virus hemagglutinin protein 1 (sHA1) of 2009 pandemic influenza virus as a vaccine candidate using a wellestablished bacterial expression system and administered it into mice via sublingual (s.l.) route. We found that s.l. immunization with the recombinant sHA1 plus cholera toxin (CT) induced mucosal antibodies as well as systemic antibodies including neutralizing Abs and provided complete protection against infection with pandemic influenza virus A/CA/04/09 (H1N1) in mice. Indeed, the protection efficacy was comparable with that induced by intramuscular (i.m.) immunization route utilized as general administration route of influenza vaccine. These results suggest that s.l. vaccination with the recombinant non-glycosylated HA1 protein offers an alternative strategy to control influenza outbreaks including pandemics.

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Mehran Mahooti, Elahe Abdolalipour, Behrokh Farahmand, Sadegh Shirian, Amir Ghaemi
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Xilong Kang, Yun Yang, Yang Jiao, Hongqin Song, Li Song, Dan Xiong, Lili Wu, Zhiming Pan, Xinan Jiao
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Ji In Ryu, Shin Ae Park, Seo Ri Wui, Ara Ko, Ji Eun Han, Jung Ah Choi, Man Ki Song, Kwang Sung Kim, Yang Je Cho, Na Gyong Lee
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A Lipopolysaccharide from Pantoea Agglomerans Is a Promising Adjuvant for Sublingual Vaccines to Induce Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses in Mice via TLR4 Pathway
Masahiro Fukasaka, Daisuke Asari, Eiji Kiyotoh, Arimichi Okazaki, Yasuyuki Gomi, Takeshi Tanimoto, Osamu Takeuchi, Shizuo Akira, Mitsuhiko Hori, John S Tregoning
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Methylglycol chitosan and a synthetic TLR4 agonist enhance immune responses to influenza vaccine administered sublingually
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Comparative analysis of antibody induction and protection against influenza virus infection by DNA immunization with HA, HAe, and HA1 in mice
Jianjun Chen, Qian Liu, Quanjiao Chen, Chaochao Xiong, Yanfeng Yao, Huadong Wang, Hanzhong Wang, Ze Chen
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Sublingual Delivery of Vaccines for the Induction of Mucosal Immunity
Byoung-Shik Shim, Youngjoo Choi, In Su Cheon, Man Ki Song
Immune Network.2013; 13(3): 81. CrossRef
Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinant Adenovirus Encoding Nucleoprotein Provides Potent Protection against Influenza Virus Infection
So-Hee Kim, Joo Young Kim, Youngjoo Choi, Huan H. Nguyen, Man Ki Song, Jun Chang, Eui-Cheol Shin
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Immunogenicity and safety of H1N1 influenza hemagglutinin protein expressed in a baculovirus system
Ha‐Na Na, Kyung Hyun Kim, Man Ki Song, Hye‐lim Park, Eun‐young Lee, Seung‐Hyun Shim, Sooho Park, Jae‐Hwan Nam
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Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of H3N2 Human Influenza A Viruses in Cheongju, South Korea: Yun Hee Baek , Jeung Hyun Park , Young Jun Song , Min-Suk Song , Philippe Noriel Q. Pascua , Yoon-Soo Hahn , Heon-Seok Han , Ok-Jun Lee , Ki-Soon Kim , Chun Kang , Young-Ki Choi; J. Microbiol. 2009;47(1):91-100. Published online February 20, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0207-y

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Abstract PDF

To investigate the genetic characteristics of human influenza viruses circulating in Chungbuk province, we tested 510 clinical samples of nasopharyngeal suction from pediatric patients diagnosed with respiratory illness between June 2007 and June 2008. Genetic characterization of the HA genes of H3N2 isolates indicated the relative higher similarity to A/Virginia/04/07 (99.6%) rather than that of A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (98.4%), a Northern Hemisphere 2007~2008 vaccine strain, based on amino acid sequences. We found several altered amino acids at the H3 HA1 antigenic sites compared with the vaccine strain; K140I at site A, K158R at site B, and K173N (H471) or K173Q, and S262N at site E, but there was no antigenic shift among the H3N2 viruses. Interestingly, A/Cheongju/H383/08 and A/Cheongju/H407/08 isolates had single amino acid substitution at D151G on the catalytic site of the N2 NA while A/Cheongju/H412/08 and A/Cheongju/H398/07 isolates had one amino acid deletion at residue 146. Furthermore, we found that 25% (3 out of 12 isolates) of the H3N2 subtype viruses had the amino acid substitution at position 31 on the M2 protein (Aspartic acid to Asparagine) and confirmed their drug-resistance by biological assays. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrated continuous evolutions of human H3N2 viruses by antigenic drift and also highlighted the need to closely monitor antigenic drug resistance in influenza A viruses to aid in the early detection of potentially pandemic strains, as well as underscore the need for new therapeutics.

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Full Genome Characterization of Human Influenza A/H3N2 Isolates from Asian Countries Reveals a Rare Amantadine Resistance-Conferring Mutation and Novel PB1-F2 Polymorphisms
Hassan Zaraket, Hiroki Kondo, Akinobu Hibino, Ren Yagami, Takashi Odagiri, Nobuhiro Takemae, Ryota Tsunekuni, Takehiko Saito, Yi Yi Myint, Yadanar Kyaw, Khin Yi Oo, Htay Htay Tin, Nay Lin, Nguyen Phuong Anh, Nguyen Le Khanh Hang, Le Quynh Mai, Mohd R. Has
Frontiers in Microbiology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Phylogenetic, molecular and drug-sensitivity analysis of HA and NA genes of human H3N2 influenza A viruses in Guangdong, China, 2007–2011
P. HUANG, L.-J. LIANG, N.-M. HOU, X. ZHANG, W.-Z. SU, S.-Y. YU, Y.-H. ZHANG, J. WU, W. Q. CHEN
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Seroprevalence of subtype H3 influenza A virus in South Korean cats
Hye-Young Jeoung, Bo-Hye Shin, Won-Ha Lee, Dae-Sub Song, Young-Ki Choi, WooSeog Jeong, Jae-Young Song, Dong-Jun An
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Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Pre-pandemic H5N1 Vaccine (MG1109) in Mouse and Ferret Models: Min-Suk Song , Ho-Jin Moon , Hyeok-il Kwon , Philippe Noriel Q. Pascua , Jun Han Lee , Yun Hee Baek , Kyu-Jin Woo , Juhee Choi , Sangho Lee , Hyunseung Yoo , In gyeong Oh , Yeup Yoon , Jong-Bok Rho , Moon-Hee Sung , Seung-Pyo Hong , Chul-Joong Kim , Young Ki Choi; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):487-488.

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Abstract PDF: The threat of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus causing the next pandemic remains a major concern. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of an inactivated whole-virus H5N1 pre-pandemic vaccine (MG1109) formulated by Green Cross Co., Ltd containing the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of the clade 1 A/Vietnam/1194/04 virus in the backbone of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (RgVietNam/04xPR8/34). Administration of the MG1109 vaccine (2-doses) in mice and ferrets elicited high HI and SN titers in a dose-dependent manner against the homologous (RgVietNam/04xPR8/34) and various heterologous H5N1 strains, (RgKor/W149/06xPR8/34, RgCambodia/04xPR8/34, RgGuangxi/05xPR8/34), including a heterosubtypic H5N2 (A/Aquatic bird/orea/W81/05) virus. However, efficient cross-reactivity was not observed against heterosubtypic H9N2 (A/Ck/Korea/H0802/08) and H1N1 (PR/8/34) viruses. Mice immunized with 1.9 μg HA/dose of MG1109 were completely protected from lethal challenge with heterologous wild-type HPAI H5N1 A/EM/Korea/W149/06 (clade 2.2) and mouse-adapted H5N2 viruses. Furthermore, ferrets administered at least 3.8 μg HA/dose efficiently suppressed virus growth in the upper respiratory tract and lungs. Vaccinated mice and ferrets also demonstrated attenuation of clinical disease signs and limited virus spread to other organs. Thus, this vaccine provided immunogenic responses in mouse and ferret models even against challenge with heterologous HPAI H5N1 and H5N2 viruses. Since the specific strain of HPAI H5N1 virus that would potentially cause the next outbreak is unknown, pre-pandemic vaccine preparation that could provide crossprotection against various H5 strains could be a useful approach in the selection of promising candidate vaccines in the future.

ERRATUM] Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Pre-pandemic H5N1 Vaccine (MG1109) in Mouse and Ferret Models: Min-Suk Song , Ho-Jin Moon , Hyeok-il Kwon , Philippe Noriel Q. Pascua , Jun Han Lee , Yun Hee Baek , Kyu-Jin Woo , Juhee Choi , Sangho Lee , Hyunseung Yoo , In gyeong Oh , Yeup Yoon , Jong-Bok Rho , Moon-Hee Sung , Seung-Pyo Hong , Chul-Joong Kim , Young Ki Choi; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(4):715-715.

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Abstract PDF: In the article by Song et al. that appears in the Journal of Microbiology 2012; 50, 478-488. Page 478, the name of 7th author, Kyu-Jin Woo, should read as Gyu-Jin Woo.

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