Journal of Microbiology

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Revealing genetic variation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Korean isolates using whole genome sequence analysis: Eun-Seo Lee, Su Min Kyung, Jun Ho Lee, Xi-Rui Xiang, Han Sang Yoo; Received December 16, 2025 Accepted March 3, 2026 Published online April 21, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2512010 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumoniae (PP), a high contagious respiratory disease with significant impact on the swine industry in both clinically and economically. Despite of the several attempts to control APP, the emergence of novel serotypes and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) strains highlights the importance of monitoring the genetic characteristics of APP at single nucleotide level. Despite the importance of genomic surveillance of APP to develop effective control strategies, genetic information on the recent Korean isolates of APP is not available at whole genome level. Therefore, in this study, six APP strains were isolated from porcine lungs with characteristic lesions of PP from 2022 to 2024. And their whole genomic sequences, serotypes, virulence factors, and AMR traits were investigated using combined short- and long-read sequencing methods. In silico PCR serotyping identified the isolates as serotype 1, 7, and 15, while one isolate was non-typeable. Multiple AMR genes including Hinf_PBP3_BLA, Ecol_EFTu_PLV, tet(B), tet(O), tetR, sul2, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, and aph(3')-Ia were detected. Also, these genes were located with adjacent to mobile genetic elements, suggesting the possibility of horizontal gene transfer. Phylogenetic comparison with 40 global APP complete genomes, presented that Korean isolates were closely related with China and Switzerland strains. This study provides the whole genome sequences based genetic characterization on the recent Korean isolates of APP, and this study emphasizes that continuous monitoring of APP genomic variation to support effective control of porcine pleuropneumoniae.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Genes and PFGE-profiling of Escherichia coli Isolates from South Korean Cattle Farms: Seung Won Shin , Jae-Won Byun , Myounghwan Jung , Min-Kyoung Shin , Han Sang Yoo; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(9):785-793. Published online July 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4166-1

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To estimate the prevalence of Escherichia coli with potential pathogenicity in cattle farm in South Korea, a total of 290 E. coli isolates were isolated from cattle farms over a period of 2 years in South Korea. These were examined for phenotypic and genotypic characteristics including antimicrobial susceptibility, serotype, and gene profiles of virulence and antimicrobial resistance. The most dominant virulence gene was f17 (26.2%), followed by stx2 (15.9%), ehxA (11.0%), stx1 (8.3%), eae (5.2%), and sta (4.1%). Some shiga-toxin producing E. coli isolates possessed eae (15.9%). All isolates except for one showed resistance to one or more antimicrobials, with 152 isolates exhibiting multidrug-resistance. The most prevalent resistance phenotype detected was streptomycin (63.1%), followed by tetracycline (54.5%), neomycin (40.3%), cephalothin (32.8%), amoxicillin (30.0%), ampicillin (29.7%), and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (16.6%). The associated resistance determinants detected were strAstrB (39.0%), tet(E) (80.0%), tet(A) (27.6%), aac(3)-IV (33.1%), aphA1 (21.4%), blaTEM (23.8%), and sul2 (22.1%). When investigated by O serotyping and PFGE molecular subtyping, the high degree of diversity was exhibited in E. coli isolates. These results suggest that E. coli isolates from South Korean cattle farms are significantly diverse in terms of virulence and antimicrobial resistance. In conclusion, the gastroinstestinal flora of cattle could be a significant reservoir of diverse virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants, which is potentially hazardous to public health.

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Predicting Genetic Traits and Epitope Analysis of apxIVA in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: Min-Kyoung Shin , Seung-Bin Cha , Won-Jung Lee , Han Sang Yoo; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(3):462-468. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0449-y

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Abstract PDF

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes a severe hemorrhagic pneumonia in pigs. Fifteen serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae express four different Apx toxins that belong to the pore-forming repeats-in-toxin (RTX) group of toxins. ApxIV, which is conserved and up-regulated in vivo, could be an excellent candidate for the development of a protective cross-serotype immunity vaccine, and could aid in the differential diagnosis of diseases caused by A. pleuropneumoniae. We identified and sequenced apxIVA from A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 isolated in Korea (Kor-ApxIVA). The Kor-ApxIVA was closely related to Switzerland (AF021919), China (CP000687), and China (GQ332268), showing 98.6%, 98.4%, and 97.2% amino acid homology, respectively. The level of amino acid homology, however, was higher than the nucleotide homology. The structural characteristics of ApxIVA showed RTX proteins, including N-terminal hydrophobic domains, signature sequences for potential acylation sites, and repeated glycine-rich nonapeptides in the C-terminal region of the protein. Thirty glycine-rich nonapeptides with the consensus sequence, L/V-X-G-G-X-G-N/D-D-X, were found in the C-terminus of the Kor-ApxIVA. In addition, the Kor-ApxIVA was predicted for the linear B-cell epitopes and conserved domains with determined peptide sequences. This genetic analysis of the Kor-ApxIVA might be an important foundation for future biological and functional research on ApxIVA.

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Abstract PDF

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a well-used probiotics for health improvements in both humans and animals. Despite of several benefits, non-host-specific LAB showed poor probiotics effects due to difficulty in colonization and competition with normal flora. Therefore, the feasibility of porcine LAB isolates was evaluated as a probiotics. Ten of 49 Lactobacillus spp. isolates harbored 2~10 kb plasmid DNA. Seven strains were selected based on the safety test, such as hemolytic activity, ammonia, indole, and phenylalanine production. After safety test, five strains were selected again by several tests, such as epithelial adherence, antimicrobial activity, tolerance against acid, bile, heat, and cold-drying, and production of acid and hydrogen peroxide. Then, enzyme profiles (ZYM test) and antibiotics resistance were analyzed for further characterization. Five Lactobacillus reuteri isolates from pig feces were selected by safety and functional tests. The plasmid DNA which was able to develop vector system was detected in the isolates. Together with these approaches, pig-specific Lactobacillus spp. originated from pigs were selected. These strains may be useful tools to develop oral delivery system.

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