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Antifungal effects of Metformin against Candida albicans by autophagy regulation
Xiao Zhao, Yang Wang, Qinqin Zhang, Yun Huang, Xin Wei, Daming Wu
J. Microbiol. 2025;63(4):e2411008.   Published online April 29, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2411008
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AbstractAbstract PDF

Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a common opportunistic fungal pathogen that can cause infections ranging from superficial to severe systemic diseases. This study investigates the antifungal effects of metformin on C. albicans and explores its underlying mechanisms. Growth inhibition was assessed via XTT assays, and hyphal formation and morphological changes were observed by light microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured with JC-1 and DCFH-DA probes, respectively. Gene expression related to ROS and autophagy was quantified by RT-qPCR, and autophagosomes were visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Metformin significantly inhibited C. albicans growth and hyphal formation, altered cell morphology, reduced MMP, and increased ROS levels. It activated autophagy in planktonic C. albicans but suppressed it in biofilm forms. Additionally, metformin exhibited synergistic effects with amphotericin B against planktonic C. albicans and with caspofungin against biofilms. The findings suggest that metformin exerts antifungal activity by modulating MMP, ROS levels, and autophagy-related pathways, and enhances the efficacy of specific antifungal drugs.

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  • Chloroquine Alone and Combined with Antifungal Drug Against Candida albicans Biofilms In Vitro and In Vivo via Autophagy Inhibition
    Xiao Zhao, Qiaochu Wu, Chenyu Weng, Shuangbo Xu, Yufei Wang, Weiyu Yuan, Xuening Xiong, Wanjing Chen, Xin Wei
    Mycopathologia.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Updates on Candida albicans infections: pathogenesis, resistance, and emerging nanopharmaceutical strategies
    Marilena Pariano, Matteo Puccetti, Consuelo Fabi, Emilia Nunzi, Sarah Balucchi, Luana Perioli, Maurizio Ricci, Stefano Giovagnoli, Enrico Garaci, Luigina Romani
    Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy.2025; 23(10): 951.     CrossRef
Journal Articles
Inhibition of Virulence Associated Traits by β-Sitosterol Isolated from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Flowers Against Candida albicans: Mechanistic Insight and Molecular Docking Studies
Pallvi Mohana, Atamjit Singh, Farhana Rashid, Sharabjit Singh, Kirandeep Kaur, Rupali Rana, Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi, Neena Bedi, Rajinder Kaur, Saroj Arora
J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1165-1175.   Published online November 6, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00174-5
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The emerging drug resistance and lack of safer and more potent antifungal agents make Candida infections another hot topic in the healthcare system. At the same time, the potential of plant products in developing novel antifungal drugs is also in the limelight. Considering these facts, we have investigated the different extracts of the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis of the Malvaceae family for their antifungal efficacy against five different pathogenic Candida strains. Among the various extracts, the chloroform extract showed the maximum zone of inhibition (26.6 ± 0.5 mm) against the Candida albicans strain. Furthermore, the chloroform fraction was isolated, and a sterol compound was identified as β-sitosterol. Mechanistic studies were conducted to understand the mechanism of action, and the results showed that β-sitosterol has significant antifungal activity and is capable of interrupting biofilm formation and acts by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans cells. Microscopic and molecular docking studies confirmed these findings. Overall, the study validates the antifungal efficacy of Candida albicans due to the presence of β-sitosterol which can act as an effective constituent for antifungal drug development individually or in combination.

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  • Extraction of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Flower
    Shubham Porte, Vinayak Kaushik, Geetanjali Sahu, Sharang Bali
    Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.2025; : 339.     CrossRef
Fleagrass (Adenosma buchneroides Bonati) Acts as a Fungicide Against Candida albicans by Damaging Its Cell Wall
Youwei Wu, Hongxia Zhang, Hongjie Chen, Zhizhi Du, Qin Li, Ruirui Wang
J. Microbiol. 2024;62(8):661-670.   Published online July 3, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00146-9
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Fleagrass, a herb known for its pleasant aroma, is widely used as a mosquito repellent, antibacterial agent, and for treating colds, reducing swelling, and alleviating pain. The antifungal effects of the essential oils of fleagrass and carvacrol against Candida albicans were investigated by evaluating the growth and the mycelial and biofilm development of C. albicans. Transmission electron microscopy was used to evaluate the integrity of the cell membrane and cell wall of C. albicans. Fleagrass exhibited high fungicidal activity against C. albicans at concentrations of 0.5% v/v (via the Ras1/cAMP/PKA pathway). Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy revealed damage to the cell wall and membrane after treatment with the essential oil, which was further confirmed by the increased levels of β-1,3-glucan and chitin in the cell wall. This study showed that fleagrass exerts good fungicidal and hyphal growth inhibition activity against C. albicans by disrupting its cell wall, and thus, fleagrass may be a potential antifungal drug.
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Allium cepa and Zingiber officinale Against the Milk‑Borne Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes
Abirami Arasu , Nagaram Prabha , Durga Devi , Praveen Kumar Issac , Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani , Dunia A. Al Farraj , Reem A. Aljeidi , Dina S. Hussein , Magesh Mohan , Jehad Zuhair Tayyeb , Ajay Guru , Jesu Arockiaraj
J. Microbiol. 2023;61(11):993-1011.   Published online December 4, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00086-w
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Listeria monocytogenes is an important food-borne pathogen that causes listeriosis and has a high case fatality rate despite its low incidence. Medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites have been identified as potential antibacterial substances, serving as replacements for synthetic chemical compounds. The present studies emphasize two significant medicinal plants, Allium cepa and Zingiber officinale, and their efficacy against L. monocytogenes. Firstly, a bacterial isolate was obtained from milk and identified through morphology and biochemical reactions. The species of the isolate were further confirmed through 16S rRNA analysis. Furthermore, polar solvents such as methanol and ethanol were used for the extraction of secondary metabolites from A. cepa and Z. officinale. Crude phytochemical components were identified using phytochemical tests, FTIR, and GC–MS. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of the crude extract and its various concentrations were tested against L. monocytogenes. Among all, A. cepa in methanolic extracts showed significant inhibitory activity. Since, the A. cepa for methanolic crude extract was used to perform autography to assess its bactericidal activity. Subsequently, molecular docking was performed to determine the specific compound inhibition. The docking results revealed that four compounds displayed strong binding affinity with the virulence factor Listeriolysin-O of L. monocytogenes. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the medicinal plant A. cepa has potential antibacterial effects against L. monocytogenes, particularly targeting its virulence.

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  • Enhancing raw trout fillet quality with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum postbiotics and potassium sorbate
    Amin Abbasi, Hadi Pourjafar, Mahdi Asghari Ozma, Mansoureh Taghizadeh, Hedayat Hosseini
    Letters in Applied Microbiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cultural Perspectives on the Sustainable Use and Added Value of Plant-Based Food Dyes—A Case Study from Bulgaria
    Mihail Chervenkov, Teodora Ivanova, Yulia Bosseva, Dessislava Dimitrova
    Sustainability.2024; 16(20): 9049.     CrossRef
Identification and Functional Analysis of Acyl‑Acyl Carrier Protein Δ9 Desaturase from Nannochloropsis oceanica
Ruigang Yang , Hui Wang , Lingyun Zhu , Lvyun Zhu , Tianzhong Liu , Dongyi Zhang
J. Microbiol. 2023;61(1):95-107.   Published online January 31, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-00001-9
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The oleaginous marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica strain IMET1 has attracted increasing attention as a promising photosynthetic cell factory due to its unique excellent capacity to accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerols and eicosapentaenoic acid. To complete the genomic annotation for genes in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway of N. oceanica, we conducted the present study to identify a novel candidate gene encoding the archetypical chloroplast stromal acyl-acyl carrier protein Δ9 desaturase. The full-length cDNA was generated using rapid-amplification of cDNA ends, and the structure of the coding region interrupted by four introns was determined. The RT-qPCR results demonstrated the upregulated transcriptional abundance of this gene under nitrogen starvation condition. Fluorescence localization studies using EGFP-fused protein revealed that the translated protein was localized in chloroplast stroma. The catalytic activity of the translated protein was characterized by inducible expression in Escherichia coli and a mutant yeast strain BY4389, indicating its potential desaturated capacity for palmitoyl-ACP (C16:0-ACP) and stearoyl-ACP (C18:0-ACP). Further functional complementation assay using BY4839 on plate demonstrated that the expressed enzyme restored the biosynthesis of oleic acid. These results support the desaturated activity of the expressed protein in chloroplast stroma to fulfill the biosynthesis and accumulation of monounsaturated fatty acids in N. oceanica strain IMET1.

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  • Function Characterization and Transcription Analysis of Two Δ9 Fatty Acid Desaturases from Isochrysis zhanjiangensis Under Different Conditions
    Xinyue Lu, Lin Zhang, Jichang Han, Jiaojiao Tian, Yumeng Wang, Jiansen Luo, Lingzhi Ye, Suping Hua, Zhen Huang, Jilin Xu
    Journal of Ocean University of China.2025; 24(3): 763.     CrossRef
Direct current exerts electricidal and bioelectric effects on Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms partially via promoting oxidative stress and antibiotic transport
Peihui Zou , Peng Li , Jia Liu , Pei Cao , Qingxian Luan
J. Microbiol. 2022;60(1):70-78.   Published online November 26, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1238-5
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Low electric current can inhibit certain microbial biofilms and enhance the efficacy of antimicrobials against them. This study investigated the electricidal and bioelectric effects of direct current (DC) against Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms as well as the underlying mechanisms. Here, we firstly showed that DC significantly suppressed biofilm formation of P. gingivalis in time- and intensity-dependent manners, and markedly inhibited preformed P. gingivalis biofilms. Moreover, DC enhanced the killing efficacy of metronidazole (MTZ) and amoxicillin with clavulanate potassium (AMC) against the biofilms. Notably, DC-treated biofilms displayed upregulated intracellular ROS and expression of ROS related genes (sod, feoB, and oxyR) as well as porin gene. Interestingly, DC-induced killing of biofilms was partially reversed by ROS scavenger N-dimethylthiourea (DMTU), and the synergistic effect of DC with MTZ/AMC was weakened by small interfering RNA of porin gene (si-Porin). In conclusion, DC can exert electricidal and bioelectric effects against P. gingivalis biofilms partially via promotion of oxidative stress and antibiotic transport, which offers a promising approach for effective management of periodontitis.

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    Xiaofei Xie, Chenhui Zhu, Jing Zhao, Yanru Fan, Huan Lei, Daidi Fan
    Advances in Colloid and Interface Science.2025; 341: 103477.     CrossRef
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    Karthikeyani Ramesh, Sasirekha Venkidusamy, Monica Ramasamy, Rajeswari Murugesan, Arunkumar Chandrasekhar, Jeyanthinath Mayandi
    Chemical Engineering Journal.2025; 519: 164810.     CrossRef
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    Jianpeng Sun, Jingang Jiang, Zhiyuan Huang, Xuefeng Ma, Tao Shen, Jie Pan, Zhuming Bi
    Materials Today Bio.2025; 35: 102349.     CrossRef
  • Antifungal Activity, Synergism with Fluconazole or Amphotericin B and Potential Mechanism of Direct Current against Candida albicans Biofilms and Persisters
    Peihui Zou, Jia Liu, Peng Li, Qingxian Luan
    Antibiotics.2024; 13(6): 521.     CrossRef
  • Smart dental materials for antimicrobial applications
    Carolina Montoya, Lina Roldan, Michelle Yu, Sara Valliani, Christina Ta, Maobin Yang, Santiago Orrego
    Bioactive Materials.2023; 24: 1.     CrossRef
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    Zhraa F. Faruq, Sami Khalaf Jabar
    Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology.2023; 17(6): 663.     CrossRef
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    Tao Wang, Erik Jan Cornel, Chang Li, Jianzhong Du
    Journal of Controlled Release.2023; 353: 350.     CrossRef
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    Peihui Zou, Yanfeng Wang, Pei Cao, Peng Li, Jia Liu, Qingxian Luan
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    Jihyun Lee, Young Wook Kim
    Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Biofilm characterization of Fusarium solani keratitis isolate: increased resistance to antifungals and UV light
Itzel Margarita Córdova-Alcántara , Diana Laura Venegas-Cortés , María Ángeles Martínez-Rivera , Néstor Octavio Pérez , Aida Verónica Rodriguez-Tovar
J. Microbiol. 2019;57(6):485-497.   Published online May 27, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8637-2
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  • 49 Web of Science
  • 48 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Fusarium solani has drawn phytopathogenic, biotechnological, and medical interest. In humans, it is associated with localized infections, such as onychomycosis and keratomycosis, as well as invasive infections in immunocompromised patients. One pathogenicity factor of filamentous fungi is biofilm formation. There is still only scarce information about the in vitro mechanism of the formation and composition of F. solani biofilm. In this work, we describe the biofilm formed by a clinical keratomycosis isolate in terms of its development, composition and susceptibility to different antifungals and ultraviolet light (UV) at different biofilm formation stages. We found five biofilm formation stages using scanning electron microscopy: adherence, germination, hyphal development, maturation, and cell detachment. Using epifluorescence microscopy with specific fluorochromes, it was elucidated that the extracellular matrix consists of carbohydrates, proteins, and extracellular DNA. Specific inhibitors for these molecules showed significant biofilm reductions. The antifungal susceptibility against natamycin, voriconazole, caspofungin, and amphotericin B was evaluated by metabolic activity and crystal violet assay, with the F. solani biofilm preformation to 24 h increased in resistance to natamycin, voriconazole, and caspofungin, while the biofilm preformation to 48 h increased in resistance to amphotericin B. The preformed biofilm at 24 h protected and reduced UV light mortality. F. solani isolate could produce a highly structured extra biofilm; its cellular matrix consists of carbohydrate polymers, proteins, and eDNA. Biofilm confers antifungal resistance and decreases its susceptibility to UV light. The fungal biofilm functions as a survival strategy against antifungals and environmental factors.

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    Ingrid S. Sousa, Thaís P. Mello, Elaine P. Pereira, Marcela Q. Granato, Celuta S. Alviano, André L. S. Santos, Lucimar F. Kneipp
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    Christopher Donovan, Eduardo Arenas, Ramesh S Ayyala, Curtis E Margo, Edgar M. Espana
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    Rebecca Shay, Aaron A. Wiegand, Frances Trail, Yonglin Wang
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    Shweta Agarwal, Tanveer A Khan, Murugesan Vanathi, Bhaskar Srinivasan, Geetha Iyer, Radhika Tandon
    Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.2022; 70(5): 1475.     CrossRef
  • Biofilm formation in clinically relevant filamentous fungi: a therapeutic challenge
    Maryam Roudbary, Roya Vahedi-Shahandashti, André Luis Souza dos Santos, Shahla Roudbar Mohammadi, Peyman Aslani, Cornelia Lass-Flörl, Célia F. Rodrigues
    Critical Reviews in Microbiology.2022; 48(2): 197.     CrossRef
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    G. D. Sokolova, N. I. Budynkov, E. E. Tselipanova, A. P. Glinushkin
    Doklady Biological Sciences.2022; 507(1): 416.     CrossRef
  • Diagnosis and Management of Invasive Fungal Wound Infections in Burn Patients
    Kaitlin A. Pruskowski, Thomas A. Mitchell, John L. Kiley, Trevor Wellington, Garrett W. Britton, Leopoldo C. Cancio
    European Burn Journal.2021; 2(4): 168.     CrossRef
  • Fusarium Keratitis—Review of Current Treatment Possibilities
    Marek Szaliński, Aleksandra Zgryźniak, Izabela Rubisz, Małgorzata Gajdzis, Radosław Kaczmarek, Joanna Przeździecka-Dołyk
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(23): 5468.     CrossRef
  • Microbial Warfare on Three Fronts: Mixed Biofilm of Aspergillus fumigatus and Staphylococcus aureus on Primary Cultures of Human Limbo-Corneal Fibroblasts
    Adrián Ramírez-Granillo, Luis Antonio Bautista-Hernández, Víctor Manuel Bautista-De Lucío, Fátima Sofía Magaña-Guerrero, Alfredo Domínguez-López, Itzel Margarita Córdova-Alcántara, Néstor O. Pérez, María de los Angeles Martínez-Rivera, Aída Verónica Rodrí
    Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Recent Advances in Photodynamic Therapy against Fungal Keratitis
    Jia-Horung Hung, Chaw-Ning Lee, Huai-Wen Hsu, I-Son Ng, Chi-Jung Wu, Chun-Keung Yu, Nan-Yao Lee, Yun Chang, Tak-Wah Wong
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Antifungal activity of 3-acetylbenzamide produced by actinomycete WA23-4-4 from the intestinal tract of Periplaneta americana
Xia Fang , Juan Shen , Jie Wang , Zhi-li Chen , Pei-bin lin , Zhi-yu Chen , Lin-yan Liu , Huan-xiong Zeng , Xiao-bao Jin
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(7):516-523.   Published online June 28, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-7510-z
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Actinomycetes are well-known for producing numerous bioactive secondary metabolites. In this study, primary screening by antifungal activity assay found one actinomycete strain WA23-4-4 isolated from the intestinal tract of Periplaneta americana that exhibited broad spectrum antifungal activity. 16S rDNA gene analysis of strain WA23-4-4 revealed close similarity to Streptomyces nogalater (AB045886) with 86.6% sequence similarity. Strain WA23-4-4 was considered as a novel Streptomyces and the 16s rDNA sequence has been submitted to GenBank (accession no. KX291006). The maximum antifungal activity of WA23-4-4 was achieved when culture conditions were optimized to pH 8.0, with 12% inoculum concentration and 210 ml ISP2 medium, which remained stable between the 5th and the 9th day. 3-Acetyl benzoyl amide was isolated by ethyl acetate extraction of WA23- 4-4 fermentation broth, and its molecular formula was determined as C9H9NO2 based on MS, IR, 1H, and 13C NMR analyses. The compound showed significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (MIC: 31.25 μg/ml) and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 (MIC: 31.25 μg/ml). However, the compound had higher MIC values against Trichophyton rubrum ATCC 60836 (MIC: 500 μg/ml) and Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 96918 (MIC: 1,000 μg/ml). SEM analysis showed damage to the cell membrane of Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and to the mycelium of Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 after being treatment with 3-acetyl benzoyl amide. In conclusion, this is the first time that 3-acetyl benzoyl amide has been identified from an actinomycete and this compound exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404.

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An in vitro study of the antifungal activity of Trichoderma virens 7b and a profile of its non-polar antifungal components released against Ganoderma boninense
Lee Pei Lee Angel , Mohd Termizi Yusof , Intan Safinar Ismail , Bonnie Tay Yen Ping , Intan Nur Ainni Mohamed Azni , Norman Hj Kamarudin , Shamala Sundram
J. Microbiol. 2016;54(11):732-744.   Published online October 29, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6304-4
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Ganoderma boninense is the causal agent of a devastating disease affecting oil palm in Southeast Asian countries. Basal stem rot (BSR) disease slowly rots the base of palms, which radically reduces productive lifespan of this lucrative crop. Previous reports have indicated the successful use of Trichoderma as biological control agent (BCA) against G. boninense and isolate T. virens 7b was selected based on its initial screening. This study attempts to decipher the mechanisms responsible for the inhibition of G. boninense by identifying and characterizing the chemical compounds as well as the physical mechanisms by T. virens 7b. Hexane extract of the isolate gave 62.60% ± 6.41 inhibition against G. boninense and observation under scanning electron microscope (SEM) detected severe mycelial deformation of the pathogen at the region of inhibition. Similar mycelia deformation of G. boninense was observed with a fungicide treatment, Benlate® indicating comparable fungicidal effect by T. virens 7b. Fraction 4 and 5 of hexane active fractions through preparative thin layer chromatography (P-TLC) was identified giving the best inhibition of the pathogen. These fractions comprised of ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, lactones, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, sulphides, and free fatty acids profiled through gas chromatography mass spectrometry detector (GC/MSD). A novel antifungal compound discovery of phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) by T. virens 7b is reported through this study. T. virens 7b also proved to be an active siderophore producer through chrome azurol S (CAS) agar assay. The study demonstrated the possible mechanisms involved and responsible in the successful inhibition of G. boninense.

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Review
Minireview] The molecular mechanism of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: from bedside to bench and back
Xiaolei Wei , Yuanwei Zhang Zhang , Ling Lu
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(2):91-99.   Published online January 28, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5014-7
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AbstractAbstract
The growing use of immunosuppressive therapies has resulted in a dramatic increased incidence of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, a common pathogen, and is also associated with a high mortality rate. Azoles are the primary guideline-recommended therapy agents for first-line treatment and prevention of IFIs. However, increased azole usage in medicinal and agricultural settings has caused azole-resistant isolates to repeatedly emerge in the environment, resulting in a significant threat to human health. In this review, we present and summarize current research on the resistance mechanisms of azoles in A. fumigatus as well as efficient susceptibility testing methods. Moreover, we analyze and discuss the putative clinical (bedside) indication of these findings from bench work.

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Journal Articles
Optimization of Antifungal Lipopeptide Production from Bacillus sp. BH072 by Response Surface Methodology
Xin Zhao , Ye Han , Xi-qian Tan , Jin Wang , Zhi-jiang Zhou
J. Microbiol. 2014;52(4):324-332.   Published online February 17, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3354-3
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Antifungal lipopeptide produced by Bacillus sp. BH072 was extracted from fermentation liquor and determined as iturin A by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). For industrial-scale production, the yield of iturin A was improved by optimizing medium components and fermentation conditions. A one-factor test was conducted; fermentation conditions were then optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) to obtain the following: temperature, 29.5°C; pH 6.45; inoculation quantity, 6.7%; loading volume, 100 ml (in 500 ml flasks); and rotary speed, 150 rpm. Under these conditions, the mass concentration of iturin A was increased from 45.30 mg/ml to 47.87 mg/ml. The following components of the medium were determined: carbon sources (glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose, rhamnose, and soluble starch); nitrogen sources (peptone, soybean meal, NH4Cl, urea, and ammonium citrate); and metal ions (Zn2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, and K+). The effects of these components on iturin A production were observed in LB medium. We selected sucrose, soybean meal, and Mg2+ for RSM to optimize the conditions because of several advantages, including maximum iturin A production, high antifungal activity, and low cost. The optimum concentrations of these components were 0.98% sucrose, 0.94% soybean meal, and 0.93% Mg2+. After iturin A production was optimized by RSM, the mass concentration reached 52.21 mg/ml. The antifungal specific activity was enhanced from 350.11 AU/mg to 513.92 AU/mg, which was 46.8% higher than the previous result. The present study provides an important experimental basis for the industrial-scale production of iturin A and the agricultural applications of Bacillus sp. BH072.

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Note] Antifungal Chitinase against Human Pathogenic Yeasts from Coprinellus congregatus
Yeeun Yoo Hyoung T. Choi
J. Microbiol. 2014;52(5):441-443.   Published online February 17, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3257-3
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The inky cap, Coprinellus congregatus, produces mushrooms which become autolyzed rapidly to generate black liquid droplets, in which no cell wall is detected by microscopy. A chitinase (Chi2) which is synthesized during the autolytic phase of C. congregatus inhibits the growths of Candida al-bicans and Cryptococcus neoformans up to 10% at the con-centration of 10 μg/ml, about 50% at concentration of 20 μg/ml, and up to 95% at the concentration of 70 μg/ml. Upon treatment these yeast cells are observed to be severely de-formed, with the formation of large holes in the cell wall. The two yeast species show no growth inhibition at the concen-tration of 5 μg/ml, which means the minimum inhibitory concentrations for both yeast species are 10 μg/ml under these experimental conditions.

Citations

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts
NOTE] Construction and Characterisation of an Antifungal Recombinant Bacillus thuringiensis with an Expanded Host Spectrum
Qin Liu , Jong Yul Roh , Yong Wang , Jae Young Choi , Xue Ying Tao , Jae Su Kim , Yeon Ho Je
J. Microbiol. 2012;50(5):874-877.   Published online November 4, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2201-7
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AbstractAbstract
A novel antifungal Bacillus thuringiensis strain 19–22, ssp. kurstaki (H3a3b3c), was characterised. This strain included cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, and cry1D, which have high insecticidal activities against lepidopteran larvae other than Spodoptera exigua. To expand the host spectrum, a cry1E gene whose product is active against S. exigua was introduced into the isolate. The transformant successfully expressed the Cry1E protein without any loss of its original antifungal activities. These results indicate that this recombinant strain exhibits dual activities and may be used as an integrated control agent to control plant diseases and insect pests.
Antifungal Activity of Leuconostoc citreum and Weissella confusa in Rice Cakes
Eunjong Baek , Hyojin Kim , Hyejung Choi , Sun Yoon , Jeongho Kim
J. Microbiol. 2012;50(5):842-848.   Published online November 4, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2153-y
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AbstractAbstract
The antifungal activity of organic acids greatly improves the shelf life of bread and bakery products. However, little is known about the effect of lactic acid fermentation on fungal contamination in rice cakes. Here, we show that lactic acid fermentation in rice dough can greatly retard the growth of three fungal species when present in rice cakes, namely Cladosporium sp. YS1, Neurospora sp. YS3, and Penicillium crustosum YS2. The antifungal activity of the lactic acid bacteria against these fungi was much better than that of 0.3% calcium propionate. We found that organic acids including lactic and acetic acid, which are byproducts of lactic fermentation or can be artificially added, were the main antifungal substances. We also found that some Leuconostoc citreum and Weissella confusa strains could be good starter species for rice dough fermentation. These results imply that these lactic acid bacteria can be applicable to improve the preservation of rice cakes.

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NOTE] Antifungal Activity of Extracellular Hydrolases Produced by Autolysing Aspergillus nidulans Cultures
Melinda Szilágyi , Fruzsina Anton , Katalin Forgács , Jae-Hyuk Yu , István Pócsi , Tamás Emri
J. Microbiol. 2012;50(5):849-854.   Published online November 4, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2001-0
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AbstractAbstract
Carbon-starving Aspergillus nidulans cultures produce high activities of versatile hydrolytic enzymes and, among these, ChiB endochitinase and EngA β-1,3-endoglucanase showed significant antifungal activity against various fungal species. Double deletion of engA and chiB diminished the antifungal activity of the fermentation broths and increased conidiogenesis and long-term viability of A. nidulans, but decreased the growth rate on culture media containing weak carbon sources. Production of ChiB and EngA can influence fungal communities either directly due to their antifungal properties or indirectly through their effects on vegetative growth. Our data suggest saprophytic fungi as promising future candidates to develop novel biocontrol technologies.

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Antifungal Activity and Mechanism of Fengycin in the Presence and Absence of Commercial Surfactin Against Rhizopus stolonifer
Yang Tao , Xiao-mei Bie , Feng-xia Lv , Hai-zhen Zhao , Zhao-xin Lu
J. Microbiol. 2011;49(1):146-150.   Published online March 3, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0171-9
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The antifungal activity and mechanism of fengycin in the presence and absence of commercial surfactin against Rhizopus stolonifer were investigated. The MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) of fengycin without commercial surfactin added was 0.4 mg/ml while the MIC of fengycin with commercial surfactin added was 2.0 mg/ml. Fengycin acted on cell membrane and cellular organs and inhibited DNA synthesis. The antifungal effect of fengycin was reduced after commercial surfactin was added. All these results suggest that the fungal cell membrane may be the primary target of fengycin action and commercial surfactin may reduce the antifungal activity of fengycin.
Endophytic Fungus Trichothecium roseum LZ93 Antagonizing Pathogenic Fungi In Vitro and Its Secondary Metabolites
XiaoMei Zhang , GuoHong Li , Juan Ma , Ying Zeng , WeiGuang Ma , PeiJi Zhao
J. Microbiol. 2010;48(6):784-790.   Published online January 9, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0173-z
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The endophytic fungus Trichothecium roseum LZ93 from Maytenus hookeri was found to antagonize other pathogenic fungi in vitro. To identify which compound contributed substantially to the antagonism, we fermented the strain and purified its fermentation products. Eleven compounds were obtained, including two trichothecenes, five rosenonolactones, two cardiotonic cyclodepsipeptides, and two sterols. Compound 11β-hydroxyrosenonolactone (1) was assigned according to 1D and 2D-NMR data for the first time. At the same time, the 1H and 13C-NMR assignments for 6β-hydroxyrosenonolactone (2) were revised. Of all of them, only trichothecin (6) showed strong antifungal activity. Based on our observations of the antagonistic activity and the other experimental results, we suggest that the antifungal compound trichothecin was the main contributor to the antagonistic action of T. roseum LZ93.

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Isolation and Characterization of Antifungal Peptides Produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LBM5006
Lisianne Brittes Benitez , Renata Voltolini Velho , Marcia Pagno Lisboa , Luis Fernando da Costa Medina , Adriano Brandelli
J. Microbiol. 2010;48(6):791-797.   Published online January 9, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0164-0
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LBM 5006 produces antagonistic activity against pathogenic bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi, including Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and Bipolaris sorokiniana. PCR analysis revealed the presence of ituD, but not sfp genes, coding for iturin and surfactin, respectively. The antimicrobial substance produced by this strain was isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration chromatography and 1-butanol extraction. The ultraviolet spectrum was typical of a polypeptide and the infrared spectrum indicates the presence of peptide bonds and acyl group(s). The antimicrobial substance was resistant to proteolytic enzymes and heat treatment, and was reactive with ninhydrin. Mass spectroscopy analysis indicated that B. amyloliquefaciens LBM 5006 produces two antimicrobial peptides, with main peaks at m/z 1,058 Da and 1,464 Da, corresponding to iturin-like and fengycin-like peptides, respectively. B. amyloliquefaciens LBM 5006 showed significant activity against phytopatogenic fungi, showing potential for use as a biocontrol agent or production of antifungal preparations.

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Endophytic Fungi Diversity of Aquatic/Riparian Plants and Their Antifungal Activity In Vitro
Hai-Yan Li , Chun-An Zhao , Chen-Jian Liu , Xiao-Fei Xu
J. Microbiol. 2010;48(1):1-6.   Published online March 11, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-009-0163-1
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Two hundred and fourteen endophytic fungi were isolated from 500 segments of aquatic/riparian plants Ottelia acuminata, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Equisetum arvense, Cardamine multijuga, and Impatiens chinensis. They were identified to 31 taxa in which Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Geotrichum were the dominant genera. Among all isolates, 169 (79%) were anamorphic fungi, 1 (0.5%) was an teleomorphic ascomycete and 44 (21%) were sterile mycelia. There were significant differences in the colonization frequency of endophytes between the five plant species (X~2=51.128, P<0.001, Chi-square test). The riparian plants harboured more endophytes than the submerged plants. The antifungal activity of these isolates against Fusarium solani and Phytophthora nicotianae in vitro were tested and 28 (13.1%) isolates showed antifungal activities with more than 30% growth inhibition rate against the two pathogens.

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Antifungal Activities of the Essential Oils in Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. Et Perry and Leptospermum petersonii Bailey and their Constituents against Various Dermatophytes
Mi-Jin Park , Ki-Seob Gwak , In Yang , Won-Sil Choi , Hyun-Jin Jo , Je-Won Chang , Eui-Bae Jeung , In-Gyu Choi
J. Microbiol. 2007;45(5):460-465.
DOI: https://doi.org/2589 [pii]
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AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was carried out in order to investigate the potential of using plant oils derived from Leptospermum petersonii Bailey and Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. Et Perry as natural antifungal agents. The antifungal effects of essential oils at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mg/ml on the dermatophytes Microsporum canis (KCTC 6591), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (KCTC 6077), Trichophyton rubrum (KCCM 60443), Epidermophyton floccosum (KCCM 11667), and Microsporum gypseum were evaluated using the agar diffusion method. The major constituents of the active fraction against the dermatophytes were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The antifungal activities of S. aromaticum oil (clove oil) against the dermatophytes tested were highest at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml, with an effectiveness of more than 60%. Hyphal growth was completely inhibited in T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, and M. gypseum by treatment with clove oil at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. Eugenol was the most effective antifungal constituent of clove oil against the dermatophytes T. mentagrophytes and M. canis. Morphological changes in the hyphae of T. mentagrophytes, such as damage to the cell wall and cell membrane and the expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum, after treatment with 0.11 mg/ml eugenol were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml, L. petersonii oil (LPO) was more than 90% effective against all of the dermatophytes tested, with the exception of T. rubrum. Geranial was determined to be the most active antifungal constituent of L. petersonii oil. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that clove and tea tree oils exhibited significant antifungal activities against the dermatophytes tested in this study.
Journal Article
A Putative Early Response of Antifungal Bacillus lentimorbus WJ5 Against the Plant Pathogenic Fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Analyzed by a DNA Microarray
Young-Keun Lee , Yu-Sin Jang , Hwa-Hyoung Chang , Hye-Young Chung , Seok Won Hyung , Hye-Young Chung
J. Microbiol. 2005;43(3):308-312.
DOI: https://doi.org/2208 [pii]
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The global RNA transcription profiles of Bacillus lentimorbus WJ5 under an in vitro co-culture with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were analyzed in order to study the antagonistic bacteria-fungi interactions. Using a filter membrane system, B. lentimorbus WJ5 was exposed to the spores of C. gloeosporioides at the late exponential stage. The transcription profiles of the B. lentimorbus WJ5, both with and without a challenge from C. gloeosporioides, were analyzed using custom DNA chips containing 2,000 genome fragments. A total of 337 genes were expressed, with 87 and 47 up- and down-regulated, respectively. Of these, 12 genes, which were involved in central carbon metabolisms, and 7 from minor catabolism were relatively highly up-regulated (> 10 fold) and down-regulated (< 0.2 fold), respectively. Nine genes, which were thought to be related to the antifungal activity, were also up-regulated, but their levels were not so high (2.0 - 9.7 folds). From the results, during the early stage of the co-culture of B. lentimorbus WJ5 and C. gloeosporioides, nutrient competition seemed to occur; therefore, the genes from central carbon metabolisms could be up-regulated, while those from minor catabolism could be down-regulated.
Antifungal activities of peptides with the sequence 10-17 of magainin 2 at the N-termini against aspergillus fumigatus
Lee, Myung Kyu , Lee, Dong Gun , Shin, Song Yub , Lee, Sung Gu , Kang, Joo Hyun , Hahm, Kyung Soo
J. Microbiol. 1996;34(3):274-278.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Two peptides, MA-inv AND MA-ME, with the sequence 10-17 of maganin 2 at their-N-termini were designed and synthesized. The peptides had higher antifungal activities against Aspergilus fumigatus without hemolytic activities. The minimal inhibition concentratory (MIC) values of both peptides against A. fumigatus were 5 ㎍/ml, whereas those of the native peptides, magainin 2 and melittin, were 10㎍/ml. At 3 ㎍/ml, MA-inv and MA-ME inhibited the mycelium growth of A. fumigatus by 94.6% and 97.3% respectively, whereas magainin 2 and melittin inhibited by 62.2% and 32.4, respectively. MA-inv showed up to 80% inhibition of (1, 3)-β-D-glucan synthase activity of A. fumigatus. The peptides also showed up to 80% inhibition of (1, 3)-β-D glucan synthase activity of A. fumigatus. The peptides also showed antifungal activities for other fungi of Aspergillus sp. However, the antibiotic activities of MA-ME against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Fusarium oxysporum were more effective than those of MA-inv, suggesting that the C-terminal sequences of MA-inv and MA-ME may also influence their antibiotic activities. These results suggest that the N-terminal sequence of the designed peptides, KKFGKAFV, is important for their antifungal activities against A. fumigatus and their C- terminal sequences are related to the organism selectivity.
Fungal-sporulation suppressing substances produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa KMCS-1
Min, Bu Yong , Shim, Jae Young , Kim, Kun Woo , Lee, Jong Kyu , Yoon, Kwon Sang
J. Microbiol. 1996;34(3):284-288.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Among the bacteria isolated form compost piles of cattle excretion in a pasture located at the suburbs of Chunchon city, Pseudomonas aeruginosa KMCS-1 was selected for the test of antifungal substances produced. Six fractions were separated by silica gel column chromatography, and then the antifungal activity of each fraction was assayed against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus nidulans, Coprinus cinereus, and Pyricularia oryzae by paper disc method. Two fractions showed significant suppressive activities against A. nidulans, C. cinereus, and P. oryzae; however, their mycelial growth was not affected by neither of these fractions. Inhibitory activities of these fractions to sporulation was assayed at the concentration of 50. 25, 12. 5, and 6.25 ㎍/ml and the average inhibition rates against sporulation of A. nidulans, C. cinereus, and P. oryzae were 94.0, 98.3, and 77.9%, respectively. Further purification and analysis of active substances are now being conducted.
Structure-antifungal activity relationships of cecropin a hybrid peptides against trichoderma sp.
Shin, Song Yub , Lee, Dong Gun , Lee, Sung gu , Kim, Kil Lyong , Lee, Myung Kyu , Hahm, Kyung Soo
J. Microbiol. 1997;35(1):21-24.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The hybrid peptides, CA-ME, CA-MA and CA-BO, with the N-terminal sequence 1-8 of cecropin A and the N-terminal sequences 1-12 of melittin, magainin 2 and bombinin, respectively, have more improved antibacterial activities. CA-MA was found to have stronger antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp than other hybrid peptides and their parental peptides. In order to elucidate the relationships between the peptide structure and antifungal activity, several analogues of CA-MA or CA-BO were also designed and synthesized by the solid phase method. Antifungal activity was measured against T. reesei and T. viride, and hemolytic activity was measured by a solution method against human red blood cells. The residue 16 of CA-MA, Ser, was found to be important for antifungal activity. When the residue was substituted with Leu, showed powerful antifungal activity was dramatically decreased. CA-MA, P1, P4 and P5 designed in this study showed powerful antifungal activity against T. reesei and T. viride with low hemolytic activity against human red blood cells. These hybrid peptides will be potentially useful model to further design peptides with powerful antifungal activity for the effective therepy of fungal infection and understand the mechanisms of antifungal actions of hybrid peptides.
Microscopic Examination of the Suppressive Action of Antifungal Substances from Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Asexual Sporulation of Fungi
Yoon, Kwon S. , Min, Bu Y. , Choi, Hyoung T. , Lee, Jong K. , Kim, Kun W.
J. Microbiol. 1999;37(1):27-34.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Two fractions with unusual antifungal activity that suppress asexual sporulation of several fungi were obtained from culture filtrate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and were partially purified through the repeated silicagel flash column chromatographies. The sporulation-suppressive actions of these fractions in Aspergillus nidulans, Rhizopus stolonifer, and Coprinus cinereus, were analyzed by light and electron microscopes. The germination ability of the spores produced in the presence of these fractions were also checked to determine the persistent effects of these antifungal substances on the next generation. Light microscopic observation of developing sporangia of R. stolonifer grown in the presence of both fractions revealed that the significant number of sporangia failed to reach maturity, and frequently, uncontrolled growths of hyphae and rhizoids from the sporangiophores were found. In A. nidulans addition of these fractions appeared to cause different classes of morphological abnormality in conidia development, which included aborted formation of conidiogenous cells from the apex of conidiophores and enhanced hyphal growths either at the tip or middle of the conidiophores. Germination abilities of spores obtained from the cultures grown in the presence of antifungal fractions were 40∼60% in Aspergillus, 50∼80% in Coprinus (thallic spores), and 30∼40% in Rhizopus compared to those of normal spores.
Isolation and Characterization of Bacillus Strains for Biological Control
Han-Soo Kim , Jiyong Park , Sung-Won Choi , Kee-Hyun Choi , Gung Pyo Lee , Soo Jung Ban , Chang Hoo Lee , Chung Sun Kim
J. Microbiol. 2003;41(3):196-201.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The object of this study was to characterize Bacillus strains GB-017 and GB-0356, which produce antifungal substances, especially for plant pathogens. In addition, this study was undertaken to characterize the culture conditions required for the production of antifungal substances and to document some of the properties of the antifungal substance produced by these soil-isolated strains. Strains GB-0365 and GB-017 were found to be bacillus-shaped, gram-positive and motile, and to inhibit Botrytis cineria, Fusarium sp., Pythium sp., and Rhizoctonia solani. Antagonistic activity was maintained up to pH 9.0, and the antifungal activity was stable to heat at 80oC for 1 h. Antifungal substances were separated and purified using ion exchange and adsorption columns including WK-10(H^+) (pH 7.0), HP-20 column (pH 3.0) and IPA (pH 3.0). and IPA. Its UV absorption spectrum showed major peaks at 231 and 259 nm, corresponding to polyene and lactone. A fast atom bombardment mass spectrum (FAB MS) showed a highest peak at 441 m/z and major peaks at 192, 205, and 370 m/z.

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