- Antiviral Activities of Flavonoids Isolated from the Bark of Rhus verniciflua Stokes against Fish Pathogenic Viruses In Vitro
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So Young Kang , Ji-Young Kang , Myung-Joo Oh
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J. Microbiol. 2012;50(2):293-300. Published online April 27, 2012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2068-7
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Abstract
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An 80% methanolic extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes bark
showed significant anti-viral activity against fish pathogenic
infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and
viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in a cell-based
assay measuring virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE).
Activity-guided fractionation and isolation for the 80%
methanolic extract of R. verniciflua yielded the most active
ethyl acetate fraction, and methyl gallate (1) and four flavonoids:
fustin (2), fisetin (3), butin (4) and sulfuretin (5).
Among them, fisetin (3) exhibited high antiviral activities
against both IHNV and VHSV showing EC50 values of 27.1
and 33.3 μM with selective indices (SI = CC50/EC50) more
than 15, respectively. Fustin (2) and sulfuretin (5) displayed
significant antiviral activities showing EC50 values of 91.2–
197.3 μM against IHNV and VHSV. In addition, the antiviral
activity of fisetin against IHNV and VHSV occurred
up to 5 hr post-infection and was not associated with direct
virucidal effects in a timed addition study using a plaque
reduction assay. These results suggested that the bark of R.
verniciflua and isolated flavonoids have significant anti-viral
activity against IHNV and VHSV, and also have potential
to be used as anti-viral therapeutics against fish viral diseases.
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- The MpkB MAP Kinase Plays a Role in Post-karyogamy Processes as well as in Hyphal Anastomosis During Sexual Development in Aspergillus nidulans
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Sang-Cheol Jun , Sei-Jin Lee , Hyun-Joo Park , Ji-Young Kang , Young-Eun Leem , Tae-Ho Yang , Mi-Hee Chang , Jung-Mi Kim , Seung-Hwan Jang , Hwan-Gyu Kim , Dong-Min Han , Keon-Sang Chae , Kwang-Yeop Jahng
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J. Microbiol. 2011;49(3):418-430. Published online June 30, 2011
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0193-3
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Two genes encoding MAP kinase homologs, designated as mpkB and mpkC, were isolated from Aspergillus nidulans by PCR with degenerate primers. Deletion and over-expression mutants of mpkC showed no detectable phenotypes under any external stress tested. Deletion of mpkB caused pleiotropic phenotypes including a failure in forming cleistothecia under any induction conditions for sexual development, increased Hülle cell production, slow hyphal growth and aberrant conidiophore morphology. Over-expression of mpkB led to increased cleistothecium production. While the transcripts of mpkB and mpkC were constitutively synthesized through the entire life cycle, their size and amount differed with developmental stages. An outcross test using fluorescent protein reporters showed that the mpkB deletion mutant could not form heterokaryons with wild type. Protoplast fusion experiments showed that the fusant of the mpkB mutant with wild type could undergo normal sexual development. However, heterokaryotic mycelia that were produced from a fusant between two mpkB deletion mutants could not form cleistothecia, although they did appear to form diploid nuclei. These results suggest that the MpkB MAP kinase is required for some post-karyogamy process as well as at the hyphal anastomosis stage to accomplish sexual development successfully.
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