Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most powerful tools for preventing infectious diseases. To effectively fight pathogens, vaccines should
induce potent and long-lasting immune responses that are specific to the pathogens. However, not all vaccines can induce
effective immune responses, and the responses vary greatly among individuals and populations. Although several factors, such
as age, host genetics, nutritional status, and region, affect the effectiveness of vaccines, increasing data have suggested that
the gut microbiota is critically associated with vaccine-induced immune responses. In this review, I discuss how gut microbiota
affects vaccine effectiveness based on the clinical and preclinical data, and summarize possible underlying mechanisms
related to the adjuvant effects of microbiota. A better understanding of the link between vaccine-induced immune responses
and the gut microbiota using high-throughput technology and sophisticated system vaccinology approaches could provide
crucial insights for designing effective personalized preventive and therapeutic vaccination strategies.
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