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Pycnogenol reduces the expression of P. aeruginosa T3SS and inflammatory response in NCI-H292 cells
Seung-Ho Kim, Da Yun Seo, Sang-Bae Han, Un-Hwan Ha, Ji-Won Park, Kyung-Seop Ahn
J. Microbiol. 2025;63(10):2503004.   Published online September 19, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2503004
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material

Nosocomial infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) have become increasingly common, particularly among immunocompromised individuals, who experience high mortality rates and prolonged treatment durations due to the limited availability of effective therapies. In this study, we screened for anti-ExoS compounds targeting P. aeruginosa and identified pycnogenol (PYC) as a potent inhibitor of the type III secretion system (T3SS), a major virulence mechanism responsible for the translocation of effectors such as ExoS. Using ELISA, western blotting, and real-time PCR analyses in both P. aeruginosa and infected H292 cells, we found that PYC significantly reduced T3SS activity. Mechanistically, PYC suppressed the transcription of T3SS-related genes by downregulating exsA expression in P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, pretreatment with PYC attenuated the cytotoxic effects and reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin-18 (IL-18), in P. aeruginosa-infected H292 cells. These effects were associated with the inhibition of NF-κB signaling and inflammasome activation. Taken together, our findings suggest that PYC may serve as a promising therapeutic candidate against P. aeruginosa infections by targeting T3SS-mediated virulence and modulating host inflammatory responses.

Multi-omics to evaluate the protective mechanisms during Akkermansia muciniphila treatment of Candida albicans colonization and subsequent infection
Qiulin Luo, Huan Zhang, Youming Pu, Yingpu Wei, Jiangkun Yu, Xiaoshen Wang, Qin Cai, Ying Hu, Wenli Yuan
J. Microbiol. 2025;63(8):e2502007.   Published online August 31, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2502007
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material

Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK, A. muciniphila) fortifies the intestinal barrier, inhibits the colonization of pathogenic bacteria, and protects the host’s health. Nevertheless, the existing literature offers inadequate evidence to ascertain whether A. muciniphila can effectively treat Candida albicans (C. albicans) infections in vitro, and the underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous. This study, animal models were established through gavage with clinical isolates of C. albicans to induce gastrointestinal tract colonization and subsequent translocation infection. The models were subsequently administered A. muciniphila. We examined the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metabolomics of colonic contents, and transcriptomics of colonic tissue. The intestinal barrier, inflammatory responses, and immune cell infiltration are analyzed. This study revealed that A. muciniphila markedly mitigated C. albicans translocation infection and modified the intestinal microbial community structure and metabolic attributes in model mice. After administering A. muciniphila to the translocation infection group, there was a notable increase in the prevalence of bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids, including Eubacterium_F. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the levels of specific pathogens, including Faecalibaculum, Turicibacter, and Turicimonas. The study demonstrated that A. muciniphila treatment can improve the composition of intestinal microbiota and metabolites, augment the tight junctions of colonic tissue and diminish systemic inflammatory response. This presents an innovative therapeutic approach for the potential treatment of intestinal C. albicans infection using A. muciniphila.

Review
Targeting innate immune sensors for therapeutic strategies in infectious diseases
Seyun Shin, Young Ki Choi, SangJoon Lee
J. Microbiol. 2025;63(6):e2503009.   Published online June 30, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2503009
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AbstractAbstract PDF

The innate immune system relies on innate immune sensors, such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), to detect pathogens and initiate immune responses, crucial for controlling infections but also implicated in inflammatory diseases. These innate immune sensors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nod-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), and Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) trigger signaling pathways that produce cytokines, modulating inflammation and cell death. Traditional therapies focus on directly targeting pathogens; however, host-targeting therapeutic strategies have emerged as innovative approaches to modulate innate immune sensor activity. These strategies aim to fine-tune the immune response, either enhancing antiviral defenses or mitigating hyperinflammation to prevent tissue damage. This review explores innate immune sensor-based therapeutic approaches, including inhibitors, agonists, and antagonists, that enhance antiviral defense or suppress harmful inflammation, highlighting innate immune sensors as promising targets in infectious and inflammatory disease treatment.

Full article
Alizarin, which reduces ExoS, attenuates inflammation by P. aeruginosa in H292 cells
Seung-Ho Kim, Hye In Ahn, Jae-Hoon Oh, Da Yun Seo, Jung-Hee Kim, Ok-kyoung Kwon, Ji-Won Park, Kyung-Seop Ahn
J. Microbiol. 2025;63(5):e2411012.   Published online May 27, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2411012
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AbstractAbstract PDF

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is resistant to several drugs as well as antibiotics and is thus classified as multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant. These bacteria have a secretion system called the "type 3 secretion system (T3SS)", which facilitates infection by delivering an effector protein. ExoenzymeS (ExoS) is known to induce cell death and activate caspase-1. In particular, patients infected with P. aeruginosa develop diseases associated with high mortality, such as pneumonia, because no drug targets an ExoS or T3SS. We selected natural compounds to treat T3SS-mediated pneumonia and chose alizarin, a red dye. We confirmed the effects of alizarin on T3SS by bacterial PCR and ELISA. It was confirmed that alizarin regulates ExoS by inhibiting exsA but also popD and pscF. Furthermore, in infected H292 cells, it not only attenuates inflammation by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) p65 but also interferes with the level of ExoS delivered into the host and modulates caspase-1. We confirmed this result and determined that it led to decreases in proinflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-18 (IL-18). Therefore, we suggest that alizarin is a suitable drug for treating pneumonia caused by P. aeruginosa because it helps to attenuate inflammation by regulating T3SS and NF-κB signaling.

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  • Beyond pathogenicity: applications of the type III secretion system (T3SS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    Tianqi Su, Lin Zhang, Jie Shen, Danyu Qian, Yulei Guo, Zhenpeng Li
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
Journal Article
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Facilitates Susceptibility to Bloodstream Infection
Xiaomin Lin, Chun Lin, Xin Li, Fen Yao, Xiaoling Guo, Meimei Wang, Mi Zeng, Yumeng Yuan, Qingdong Xie, Xudong Huang, Xiaoyang Jiao
J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1113-1124.   Published online December 2, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00190-5
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AbstractAbstract PDF
To study the role of intestinal flora in the development of bloodstream infections (BSIs). 42 patients and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were screened into the study and their intestinal flora was measured by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The bacterial diversity was significantly lower in the BSI group compared with that in the HCs (P < 0.001), and beta diversity was significantly differentiated between the two groups (PERMANOVA, P = 0.001). The four keystone species [Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, and Enterococcus (LDA > 4)] differed significantly between the two groups. Dysbiosis of fecal microbial ecology is a common condition present in patients with BSI. The proliferation of certain pathogens or reduction of SCFA-producing bacteria would cause susceptibility to BSI.

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  • Targeting gut microbiotasu-derived butyrate for Ferroptosis inhibition in Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction
    Jianfei Xiong, Guoxiang Liu, Tianyuan Jia, Qian Yang, Changqing Zhu, Shiwei Wang
    Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
Review
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Indications, Methods, and Challenges.
Jee Young Lee, Yehwon Kim, Jiyoun Kim, Jiyeun Kate Kim
J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1057-1074.   Published online November 18, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00184-3
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  • 5 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Over the past two decades, as the importance of gut microbiota to human health has become widely known, attempts have been made to treat diseases by correcting dysbiosis of gut microbiota through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Apart from current knowledge of gut microbiota, FMT to treat disease has a long history, from the treatment of food poisoning in the fourth century to the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections in the twentieth century. In 2013, FMT was recognized as a standard treatment for recurrent C. difficile because it consistently showed high efficacy. Though recurrent C. difficile is the only disease internationally recognized for FMT efficacy, FMT has been tested for other diseases and shown some promising preliminary results. Different FMT methods have been developed using various formulations and administration routes. Despite advances in FMT, some issues remain to be resolved, such as donor screening, manufacturing protocols, and unknown components in the fecal microbiota. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms, clinical indications, methods, and challenges of current FMT. We also discuss the development of alternative therapies to overcome the challenges of FMT.

Citations

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  • Transplantation of Fecal Flora from Patients with Atherosclerosis to Mice Can Increase Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Affect Intestinal Flora and Its Metabolites
    Liang Feng, Jianting Feng, Li He, Fu Chen, Xin Feng, Suwen Wang
    Applied Microbiology.2025; 5(1): 29.     CrossRef
  • Management of refractory checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis
    Anas Zaher, Maria Julia Moura Nascimento Santos, Hassan Elsaygh, Stephen J. Peterson, Carolina Colli Cruz, Anusha Shirwaikar Thomas, Yinghong Wang
    Expert Opinion on Drug Safety.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
  • Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in Clostridium difficile Infection: A Paradigm Shift in Gastrointestinal Microbiome Modulation
    Muhammad Hamza Saeed, Sundas Qamar, Ayesha Ishtiaq, Qudsia Umaira khan, Asma Atta, Maryam Atta, Hifza Ishtiaq, Marriam Khan, Muhammad Rawal Saeed, Ayesha Iqbal
    Cureus.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Exploring the gut microbiome’s influence on cancer-associated anemia: Mechanisms, clinical challenges, and innovative therapies
    Ayrton Bangolo, Behzad Amoozgar, Maryam Habibi, Elizabeth Simms, Vignesh K Nagesh, Shruti Wadhwani, Nikita Wadhwani, Auda Auda, Daniel Elias, Charlene Mansour, Robert Abbott, Nisrene Jebara, Lili Zhang, Sarvarinder Gill, Kareem Ahmed, Andrew Ip, Andre Goy
    World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Microbiome Therapeutics for Clostridioides difficile Infection
    Christine W. Lucky, Rachel L. Medernach, Brendan J. Kelly, Jennie H. Kwon, Michael H. Woodworth
    Infectious Disease Clinics of North America.2025; 39(4): 663.     CrossRef
  • Laboratory preparation methods for human-derived fecal microbial suspensions for fecal microbiota transplantation: a review and standardization perspectives
    Jinhua Gong, Yuchi Liu, Liuye Huang
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Improving fecal transplantation precision for enhanced maturation of intestinal function in germ-free mice through microencapsulation and probiotic intervention
    Furong Ba, Wei Wang, Yilun Huang, Shuobo Zhang, Bo Qiu, Siyuan Xie, Lvwan Xu, Wang Gao, Xiaoqin Zhang, Zhenyu Wen, Qifan Wang, Hainv Gao, Guoping Sheng, Björn Berglund, Ping Li, Lanjuan Li, Mingfei Yao
    Microbiome.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Fecal microbiota transplantation as salvage therapy for disseminated strongyloidiasis in an immunosuppressed patient: a case report
    Wei Fu, Na Peng, Yan Geng
    Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
Journal Articles
Infection Dynamics of Dengue Virus in Caco-2 Cells Depending on Its Differentiation Status
Jayoung Nam, Jisu Lee, Geon A Kim, Seung-Min Yoo, Changhoon Park, Myung-Shin Lee
J. Microbiol. 2024;62(9):799-809.   Published online August 30, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00161-w
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Dengue virus (DENV), from the Flaviviridae family, is the causative agent of dengue fever and poses a significant global health challenge. The virus primarily affects the vascular system and liver; however, a growing body of evidence suggests its involvement in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, contributing to clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. However, the mechanisms underlying DENV infection in the digestive system remain largely unexplored. Prior research has detected viral RNA in the GI tissue of infected animals; however, whether the dengue virus can directly infect human enterocytes remains unclear. In this study, we examine the infectivity of human intestinal cell lines to the dengue virus and their subsequent response. We report that the Caco-2 cell line, a model of human enterocytes, is susceptible to infection and capable of producing viruses. Notably, differentiated Caco-2 cells exhibited a lower infection rate yet a higher level of virus production than their undifferentiated counterparts. These findings suggest that human intestinal cells are a viable target for the dengue virus, potentially elucidating the GI symptoms observed in dengue fever and offering a new perspective on the pathogenetic mechanisms of the virus.

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  • Efficient and modular reverse genetics system for rapid generation of recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
    Sojung Bae, Jinjong Myoung
    Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(7): e2504015.     CrossRef
  • Domain-Specific Impacts of Spike Protein Mutations on Infectivity and Antibody Escape in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1
    Tae-Hun Kim, Sojung Bae, Jinjong Myoung
    Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
Yeast polyubiquitin unit regulates synaptonemal complex formation and recombination during meiosis
Min-Kyung Jo , Kiwon Rhee , Keun Pil Kim , Soogil Hong
J. Microbiol. 2022;60(7):705-714.   Published online July 4, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2204-y
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Ubiquitin is highly conserved in most eukaryotes and involved in diverse physiological processes, including cell division, protein quality control, and protein degradation mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system after heat shock, glucose-starvation, and oxidative stress. However, the role of the ubiquitin gene UBI4, which contains five consecutive head-to-tail ubiquitin repeats, in meiosis has not been investigated. In this study, we show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae polyubiquitin precursor gene, UBI4, is required to promote synaptonemal complex (SC) formation and suppress excess doublestrand break formation. Moreover, the proportion of Zip1 polycomplexes, which indicate abnormal SC formation, in cells with a mutation in UBI4 (i.e., ubi4Δ cells) is higher than that of wild-type cells, implying that the UBI4 plays an important role in the early meiotic prophase I. Interestingly, although ubi4Δ cells rarely form full-length SCs in the pachytene stage of prophase I, the Zip3 foci are still seen, as in wild-type cells. Moreover, ubi4Δ cells proficiently form crossover and noncrossover products with a slight delay compared to wild-type cells, suggesting that UBI4 is dispensable in SCcoupled recombination. Our findings demonstrate that UBI4 exhibits dual functions that are associated with both positive and negative roles in SC formation and recombination during meiosis.

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  • The deubiquitinase Usp7 in Drosophila melanogaster is required for synaptonemal complex maintenance
    Cathleen M. Lake, Jennifer Gardner, Salam Briggs, Zulin Yu, Grace McKown, R. Scott Hawley
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
Activity of Lactobacillus crispatus isolated from vaginal microbiota against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Youngkyoung Lee , Hoonhee Seo , Sukyung Kim Abdur Rahim , Youjin Yoon , Jehee Jung , Saebim Lee , Chang Beom Ryu , Ho-Yeon Song
J. Microbiol. 2021;59(11):1019-1030.   Published online November 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1332-0
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Tuberculosis, an infectious disease, is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It remains a significant public health issue around the globe, causing about 1.8 million deaths every year. Drug-resistant M. tuberculosis, including multi-drug-resistant (MDR), extremely-drug-resistant (XDR), and totally drugresistant (TDR) M. tuberculosis, continues to be a threat to public health. In the case of antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis, the treatment effect of conventional antibiotics is low. Side effects caused by high doses over a long period are causing severe problems. To overcome these problems, there is an urgent need to develop a new anti-tuberculosis drug that is different from the existing compound-based antibiotics. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms conferring health benefits. They can be potential therapeutic agents in this context as the effectiveness of probiotics against different infectious diseases has been well established. Here, we report that Lactobacillus crispatus PMC201 shows a promising effect on tuberculosis isolated from vaginal fluids of healthy Korean women. Lactobacillus crispatus PMC201 reduced M. tuberculosis H37Rv under co-culture conditions in broth and reduced M. tuberculosis H37Rv and XDR M. tuberculosis in macrophages. Lactobacillus crispatus PMC201 was not toxic to a guinea pig model and did not induce dysbiosis in a human intestinal microbial ecosystem simulator. Taken together, these
results
indicate that L. crispatus PMC201 can be a promising alternative drug candidate in the current tuberculosis drug regime. Further study is warranted to assess the in vivo efficacy and confirm the mode of action of L. crispatus PMC201.

Citations

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  • Insights into Autophagy in Microbiome Therapeutic Approaches for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
    Md Abdur Rahim, Hoonhee Seo, Indrajeet Barman, Mohammed Solayman Hossain, Md Sarower Hossen Shuvo, Ho-Yeon Song
    Cells.2025; 14(7): 540.     CrossRef
  • The potential role of probiotics and their bioactive compounds in the management of pulmonary tuberculosis
    Hamed Memariani, Mojtaba Memariani, Seyed Ebrahim Eskandari, Abdolmajid Ghasemian, Ali Nour Neamatollahi
    Journal of Infection and Public Health.2025; : 102840.     CrossRef
  • Exploring the potential of Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus PMC203 in inducing autophagy to reduce the burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    Md Abdur Rahim, Hoonhee Seo, Sukyung Kim, Indrajeet Barman, Fatemeh Ghorbanian, Mohammed Solayman Hossain, Md Sarower Hossen Shuvo, Saebim Lee, Ho-Yeon Song
    Medical Microbiology and Immunology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Efficacy of lyophilized Lactobacillus sakei as a potential candidate for preventing carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella infection
    Hanieh Tajdozian, Hoonhee Seo, Yoonkyoung Jeong, Fatemeh Ghorbanian, Chae-eun Park, Faezeh Sarafraz, Md Abdur Rahim, Youngkyoung Lee, Sukyung Kim, Saebim Lee, Jung-Hyun Ju, Chul-Ho Kim, Ho-Yeon Song
    Annals of Microbiology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Identification of Probiotic Strains with Anti-Tuberculosis Activity and Their Characterization as Potential Therapeutic Agents
    Mohammed Solayman Hossain, Hoonhee Seo, Md Abdur Rahim, Md Sarower Hossen Shuvo, Indrajeet Barman, Hokyoung Kim, Jinhyeon An, Sukyung Kim, Ho-Yeon Song
    Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2024; 54(4): 325.     CrossRef
  • The gut and lung microbiota in pulmonary tuberculosis: susceptibility, function, and new insights into treatment
    Qiqi Zhuo, Xianyi Zhang, Kehong Zhang, Chan Chen, Zhen Huang, Yuzhong Xu
    Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy.2023; 21(12): 1355.     CrossRef
  • Host microbiome in tuberculosis: disease, treatment, and immunity perspectives
    Archana Pant, Bhabatosh Das, Gopalakrishnan Aneeshkumar Arimbasseri
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Antibiotic Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Potential Use of Natural and Biological Products as Alternative Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
    Roberto Arrigoni, Andrea Ballini, Skender Topi, Lucrezia Bottalico, Emilio Jirillo, Luigi Santacroce
    Antibiotics.2022; 11(10): 1431.     CrossRef
  • In Vivo Efficacy of Bacillus velezensis Isolated from Korean Gochang Bokbunja Vinegar against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections
    Fatemeh Ghorbanian, Hoonhee Seo, Hanieh Tajdozian, Youngkyoung Lee, MD Abdur Rahim, Sukyung Kim, Il-Yun Jung, Saebim Lee, Ho-Yeon Song
    Polish Journal of Microbiology.2022; 71(4): 553.     CrossRef
Crystal structure of human LC8 bound to a peptide from Ebola virus VP35
Dahwan Lim , Ho-Chul Shin , Joon Sig Choi , Seung Jun Kim , Bonsu Ku
J. Microbiol. 2021;59(4):410-416.   Published online February 25, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0641-7
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Zaire ebolavirus, commonly called Ebola virus (EBOV), is an RNA virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality. Viral protein 35 (VP35) is a virulence factor encoded in the EBOV genome. VP35 inhibits host innate immune responses and functions as a critical cofactor for viral RNA replication. EBOV VP35 contains a short conserved motif that interacts with dynein light chain 8 (LC8), which serves as a regulatory hub protein by associating with various LC8-binding proteins. Herein, we present the crystal structure of human LC8 bound to the peptide comprising residues 67−76 of EBOV VP35. Two VP35 peptides were found to interact with homodimeric LC8 by extending the central β- sheets, constituting a 2:2 complex. Structural analysis demonstrated that the intermolecular binding between LC8 and VP35 is mainly sustained by a network of hydrogen bonds and supported by hydrophobic interactions in which Thr73 and Thr75 of VP35 are involved. These findings were verified by binding measurements using isothermal titration calorimetry. Biochemical analyses also verified that residues 67−76 of EBOV VP35 constitute a core region for interaction with LC8. In addition, corresponding motifs from other members of the genus Ebolavirus commonly bound to LC8 but with different binding affinities. Particularly, VP35 peptides originating from pathogenic species interacted with LC8 with higher affinity than those from noninfectious species, suggesting that the binding of VP35 to LC8 is associated with the pathogenicity of the Ebolavirus species.

Citations

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  • Crystal Structures of Plk1 Polo-Box Domain Bound to the Human Papillomavirus Minor Capsid Protein L2-Derived Peptide
    Sujin Jung, Hye Seon Lee, Ho-Chul Shin, Joon Sig Choi, Seung Jun Kim, Bonsu Ku
    Journal of Microbiology.2023; 61(8): 755.     CrossRef
  • Borna Disease Virus 1 Phosphoprotein Forms a Tetramer and Interacts with Host Factors Involved in DNA Double-Strand Break Repair and mRNA Processing
    Nicolas Tarbouriech, Florian Chenavier, Junna Kawasaki, Kamel Bachiri, Jean-Marie Bourhis, Pierre Legrand, Lily L. Freslon, Estelle M. N. Laurent, Elsa Suberbielle, Rob W. H. Ruigrok, Keizo Tomonaga, Daniel Gonzalez-Dunia, Masayuki Horie, Etienne Coyaud,
    Viruses.2022; 14(11): 2358.     CrossRef
  • Structural and biochemical analysis of the PTPN4 PDZ domain bound to the C-terminal tail of the human papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein
    Hye Seon Lee, Hye-Yeoung Yun, Eun-Woo Lee, Ho-Chul Shin, Seung Jun Kim, Bonsu Ku
    Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(4): 395.     CrossRef
Review
[MINIREVIEW]Phosphate sugar isomerases and their potential for rare sugar bioconversion
Soo-Jung Kim , Yeong-Su Kim , Soo-Jin Yeom
J. Microbiol. 2020;58(9):725-733.   Published online June 25, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0226-x
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Phosphate sugar isomerases, catalyzing the isomerization between ketopentose/ketohexose phosphate and aldopentose/ aldohexose phosphate, play an important role in microbial sugar metabolism. They are present in a wide range of microorganisms. They have attracted increasing research interest because of their broad substrate specificity and great potential in the enzymatic production of various rare sugars. Here, the enzymatic properties of various phosphate sugar isomerases are reviewed in terms of their substrate specificities and their applications in the production of valuable rare sugars because of their functions such as low-calorie sweeteners, bulking agents, and pharmaceutical precursor. Specifically, we focused on the industrial applications of D-ribose-5-phosphate isomerase and D-mannose-6-phosphate isomerase to produce D-allose and L-ribose, respectively.

Citations

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  • Transforming monosaccharides: Recent advances in rare sugar production and future exploration
    Shin-ichi Nakakita, Jun Hirabayashi
    BBA Advances.2025; 7: 100143.     CrossRef
  • Production of Value-Added Arabinofuranosyl Nucleotide Analogues from Nucleoside by an In Vitro Enzymatic Synthetic Biosystem
    Yuxue Liu, Xiaojing Zhang, Erchu Yang, Xiaobei Liu, Weiwei Su, Zhenyu Wang, Hailei Wang
    Biomolecules.2024; 14(11): 1440.     CrossRef
  • Taxonomic Identification of the Arctic Strain Nocardioides Arcticus Sp. Nov. and Global Transcriptomic Analysis in Response to Hydrogen Peroxide Stress
    Bailin Cong, Hui Zhang, Shuang Li, Shenghao Liu, Jing Lin, Aifang Deng, Wenqi Liu, Yan Yang
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(18): 13943.     CrossRef
  • A putative glucose 6-phosphate isomerase has pleiotropic functions on virulence and other mechanisms in Acidovorax citrulli
    Lynn Heo, Yoobin Han, Yongmin Cho, Junhyeok Choi, Jeongwook Lee, Sang-Wook Han
    Frontiers in Plant Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Assessing the genomic composition, putative ecological relevance and biotechnological potential of plasmids from sponge bacterial symbionts
    Vanessa Oliveira, Ana R.M. Polónia, Daniel F.R. Cleary, Yusheng M. Huang, Nicole J. de Voogd, Tina Keller-Costa, Rodrigo Costa, Newton C.M. Gomes
    Microbiological Research.2022; 265: 127183.     CrossRef
  • Enhanced isomerization of rare sugars by ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A from Ochrobactrum sp. CSL1
    Rong Wang, Xinqi Xu, Xuemei Yao, Hengtao Tang, Xin Ju, Liangzhi Li
    Enzyme and Microbial Technology.2021; 148: 109789.     CrossRef
  • Simultaneous Production of D-Tagatose, D-Arabitol and Galactitol from Cheese Whey Powder Using Combined Biotransformation and Fermentation Strategies
    Guoyan Zhang, Hossain M. Zabed, Yingfeng An, Junhua Yun, Jiaqi Huang, Yufei Zhang, Xiaolan Li, Jiangfei Wang, Xianghui Qi
    SSRN Electronic Journal .2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Engineering ribose-5-phosphate isomerase B from a central carbon metabolic enzyme to a promising sugar biocatalyst
    Hengtao Tang, Xin Ju, Jing Zhao, Liangzhi Li
    Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2021; 105(2): 509.     CrossRef
  • Construction of recombinant Escherichia coli expressing xylitol-4-dehydrogenase and optimization for enhanced L-xylulose biotransformation from xylitol
    Mesfin Angaw Tesfay, Xin Wen, Yujie Liu, Huibin Lin, Linxu Chen, Jianqiang Lin, Jianqun Lin
    Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering.2021; 44(6): 1021.     CrossRef
Journal Articles
Autophagy of bovine mammary epithelial cell induced by intracellular Staphylococcus aureus
Na Geng , Kangping Liu , Jianwei Lu , Yuliang Xu , Xiaozhou Wang , Run Wang , Jianzhu Liu , Yongxia Liu , Bo Han
J. Microbiol. 2020;58(4):320-329.   Published online February 26, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9182-8
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Bovine mastitis is a common disease in the dairy industry that causes great economic losses. As the primary pathogen of contagious mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) can invade bovine mammary epithelial cells, thus evading immune defenses and resulting in persistent infection. Recently, autophagy has been considered an important mechanism for host cells to clear intracellular pathogens. In the current study, autophagy caused by S. aureus was detected, and the correlation between autophagy and intracellular S. aureus survival was assessed. First, a model of intracellular S. aureus infection was established. Then, the autophagy of MAC-T cells was evaluated by confocal microscopy and western blot. Moreover, the activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathways was determined by western blot. Finally, the relationship between intracellular bacteria and autophagy was analyzed by using autophagy regulators (3-methyladenine [3-MA], rapamycin [Rapa] and chloroquine [CQ]). The
results
showed that S. aureus caused obvious induction of autophagosome formation, transformation of LC3I/II, and degradation of p62/SQSTM1 in MAC-T cells; furthermore, the PI3K-Akt-mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathways were activated. The number of intracellular S. aureus increased significantly with autophagy activation by rapamycin, whereas the number decreased when the autophagy flux was inhibited by chloroquine. Therefore, this study indicated that intracellular S. aureus can induce autophagy and utilize it to survive in bovine mammary epithelial cells.

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Construction of a genetically modified T7Select phage system to express the antimicrobial peptide 1018
David J. Lemon , Matthew K. Kay , James K. Titus , April A. Ford , Wen Chen , LCDR Nicholas J. Hamlin , Yoon Y. Hwang
J. Microbiol. 2019;57(6):532-538.   Published online May 27, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8686-6
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Bacteriophage therapy was an ascendant technology for combating bacterial infections before the golden age of antibiotics, but the therapeutic potential of phages was largely ignored after the discovery of penicillin. Recently, with antibioticresistant infections on the rise, these phages are receiving renewed attention to combat problematic bacterial infections. Our approach is to enhance bacteriophages with antimicrobial peptides, short peptides with broad-spectrum antibiotic or antibiofilm effects. We inserted coding sequences for 1018, an antimicrobial peptide previously shown to be an effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent, or the fluorescent marker mCherry, into the T7Select phage genome. Transcription and production of 1018 or mCherry began rapidly after E. coli cultures were infected with genetically modified phages. mCherry fluorescence, which requires a 90 min initial maturation period, was observed in infected cultures after 2 h of infection. Finally, we tested phages expressing 1018 (1018 T7) against bacterial planktonic cultures and biofilms, and found the 1018 T7 phage was more effective than the unmodified T7Select phage at both killing planktonic cells and eradicating established biofilms, validating our phage-driven antimicrobial peptide expression system. The combination of narrow-spectrum phages delivering relatively high local doses of broad-spectrum antimicrobials could be a powerful
method
to combat resistant infections. The experiments we describe prove this combination is feasible in vitro, but further testing and optimization are required before genetically modified phages are ready for use in vivo.

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Water-based extracts of Zizania latifolia inhibit Staphylococcus aureus infection through the induction of human beta-defensin 2 expression in HaCaT cells
Bo Yeon Kang , Seung-Su Lee , Myun-Ho Bang , Hyoik Jeon , Hangeun Kim , Dae Kyun Chung
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(12):910-916.   Published online November 27, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8307-9
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Zizania latifolia is a perennial herb belonging to the family Gramineae that has been used as a health food in Asian countries. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial effect of Z. latifolia, which increased human beta-defensin 2 (hBD2) expression in HaCaT cells. hBD2 expression was further increased in cells treated with Z. latifolia extracts and subsequently infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Inversely, S. aureus infection decreased after treatment. The induction of hBD2 in HaCaT cells was mediated by the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling pathway, including the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and activator protein 1 (AP-1). Further study using siRNA revealed that hBD2 played an important role in the inhibition of S. aureus infection in HaCaT cells. Our data suggest that Z. latifolia extracts can be used as an antimicrobial ingredient for skin treatment formulas.

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Photodynamic antimicrobial activity of new porphyrin derivatives against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Hüseyin Ta&# , Ay&# , Nermin Topalo&# , Vildan Alptüzün
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(11):828-837.   Published online October 24, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8244-7
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with multiple drug resistance patterns is frequently isolated from skin and soft tissue infections that are involved in chronic wounds. Today, difficulties in the treatment of MRSA associated infections have led to the development of alternative approaches such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. This study aimed to investigate photoinactivation with cationic porphyrin derivative compounds against MRSA in in-vitro conditions. In the study, MRSA clinical isolates with different antibiotic resistance profiles were used. The newly synthesized cationic porphyrin derivatives (PM, PE, PPN, and PPL) were used as photosensitizer, and 655 nm diode laser was used as light source. Photoinactivation experiments were performed by optimizing energy doses and photosensitizer concentrations. In photoinactivation experiments with different energy densities and photosensitizer concentrations, more than 99% reduction was achieved in bacterial cell viability. No decrease in bacterial survival was observed in control groups. It was determined that there was an increase in photoinactivation efficiency by increasing the energy dose. At the energy dose of 150 J/cm2 a survival reduction of over 6.33 log10 was observed in each photosensitizer type. While 200 μM PM concentration was required for this photoinactivation, 12.50 μM was sufficient for PE, PPN, and PPL. In our study, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy performed with cationic porphyrin derivatives was found to have potent antimicrobial efficacy against multidrug resistant S. aureus which is frequently isolated from wound infections.

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Comparison of virulence between matt and mucoid colonies of Klebsiella pneumoniae coproducing NDM-1 and OXA-232 isolated from a single patient
Haejeong Lee , Jin Yang Baek , So Yeon Kim , HyunJi Jo , KyeongJin Kang , Jae-Hoon Ko , Sun Young Cho , Doo Ryeon Chung , Kyong Ran Peck , Jae-Hoon Song , Kwan Soo Ko
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(9):665-672.   Published online August 23, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8130-3
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Nine Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates coproducing NDM-1 and OXA-232 carbapenemases were successively isolated from a single patient. Although they were isolated simultaneously and were isogenic, they presented different colony phenotypes (matt and mucoid). All nine isolates were resistant to most antibiotics except colistin and fosfomycin. In addition, matt-type isolates were resistant to tigecycline. No differences were detected in the cps cluster sequences, except for the insertion of IS5 in the wzb gene of two matt-type isolates. In vitro virulence assays based on production of capsular polysaccharide, biofilm formation, and resistance to human serum indicated that the mucoid-type isolates were significantly more virulent than the matt-type. In addition, mucoid-type isolates showed higher survival rates than the matt-type ones in infection experiments in the fruit fly, suggesting a higher virulence of K. pneumoniae isolates with a mucoid phenotype. To our knowledge, this is the first report of K. pneumoniae colonies with different phenotypes being isolated from the same sample. In addition, we show that virulence varies with colony phenotype. Dissemination of K. pneumoniae isolates expressing both antibiotic resistance and high virulence would constitute a great threat.

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    Haejeong Lee, Juyoun Shin, Yeun-Jun Chung, Jin Yang Baek, Doo Ryeon Chung, Kyong Ran Peck, Jae-Hoon Song, Kwan Soo Ko
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[PROTOCOL] Drosophila melanogaster as a polymicrobial infection model for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus
Young-Joon Lee , Hye-Jeong Jang , In-Young Chung , You-Hee Cho
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(8):534-541.   Published online July 25, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8331-9
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Non-mammalian infection models have been developed over the last two decades, which is a historic milestone to understand the molecular basis of bacterial pathogenesis. They also provide small-scale research platforms for identification of virulence factors, screening for antibacterial hits, and evaluation of antibacterial efficacy. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster is one of the model hosts for a variety of bacterial pathogens, in that the innate immunity pathways and tissue physiology are highly similar to those in mammals. We here present a relatively simple protocol to assess the key aspects of the polymicrobial interaction in vivo between the human opportunistic pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, which is based on the systemic infection by needle pricking at the dorsal thorax of the flies. After infection, fly survival and bacteremia over time for both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus within the infected flies can be monitored as a measure of polymicrobial virulence potential. The infection takes ~24 h including bacterial cultivation. Fly survival and bacteremia are assessed using the infected flies that are monitored up to ~60 h post-infection. These methods can be used to identify presumable as well as unexpected phenotypes during polymicrobial interaction between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus mutants, regarding bacterial pathogenesis and host immunity.

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Review
[Minireview] Primary lymphocyte infection models for KSHV and its putative tumorigenesis mechanisms in B cell lymphomas
Sangmin Kang , Jinjong Myoung
J. Microbiol. 2017;55(5):319-329.   Published online April 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7075-2
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  • 12 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the latest addition to the human herpesvirus family. Unlike alpha- and beta-herpesvirus subfamily members, gamma-herpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and KSHV, cause vari-ous tumors in humans. KSHV primarily infects endothelial and B cells in vivo, and is associated with at least three malig-nancies: Kaposi’s sarcoma and two B cell lymphomas, res-pectively. Although KSHV readily infects endothelial cells in vitro and thus its pathogenic mechanisms have been exten-sively studied, B cells had been refractory to KSHV infection. As such, functions of KSHV genes have mostly been eluci-dated in endothelial cells in the context of viral infection but not in B cells. Whether KSHV oncogenes, defined in endo-thelial cells, play the same roles in the tumorigenesis of B cells remains an open question. Only recently, through a few ground-breaking studies, B cell infection models have been established. In this review, those models will be compared and contrasted and putative mechanisms of KSHV-induced B cell transformation will be discussed.

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    Stephen J. Dollery, Tania D. Maldonado, Eric A. Brenner, Edward A. Berger
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  • Analysis of KSHV B lymphocyte lineage tropism in human tonsil reveals efficient infection of CD138+ plasma cells
    Farizeh Aalam, Romina Nabiee, Jesus Ramirez Castano, Jennifer Totonchy, Vera L. Tarakanova
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  • Molecular Virology of KSHV in the Lymphocyte Compartment—Insights From Patient Samples and De Novo Infection Models
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Journal Articles
Identification of essential genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for its growth in airway mucus
Mohammed Abd Alrahman , Sang Sun Yoon
J. Microbiol. 2017;55(1):68-74.   Published online December 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6515-3
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been identified as an important causative agent of airway infection, mainly in cystic fibrosis. This disease is characterized by defective mucociliary clearance induced in part by mucus hyper-production. Mucin is a major component of airway mucus and is heavily O-glycosylated, with a protein backbone. Airway infection is known to be established with bacterial adhesion to mucin. However, the genes involved in mucin degradation or utilization remain elusive. In this study, we sought to provide a genetic basis of P. aeruginosa airway growth by identifying those genes. First, using RNASeq analyses, we compared genome-wide expression profiles of PAO1, a prototype P. aeruginosa laboratory strain, grown in M9-mucin (M9M) and M9-glucose (M9G) media. Additionally, a PAO1 transposon (Tn) insertion mutants library was screened for mutants defective in growth in M9M medium. One mutant with a Tn insertion in the xcpU gene (PA3100) was determined to exhibit faulty growth in M9M medium. This gene contributes to the type II secretion system, suggesting that P. aeruginosa uses this secretion system to produce a number of proteins to break down and assimilate the mucin molecule. Furthermore, we screened the PAO1 genome for genes with protease activity. Of 13 mutants, one with mutation in PA3247 gene exhibited defective growth in M9M, suggesting that the PA3247-encoded protease plays a role in mucin utilization. Further mechanistic dissection of this particular process will reveal new drug targets, the inhibition of which could control recalcitrant P. aeruginosa infections.

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  • Citrobacter rodentium possesses a functional type II secretion system necessary for successful host infection
    Z Krekhno, SE Woodward, A Serapio-Palacios, J Peña-Díaz, KM Moon, LJ Foster, BB Finlay
    Gut Microbes.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cross-talk between cancer and Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediates tumor suppression
    Juliana K. Choi, Samer A. Naffouje, Masahide Goto, Jing Wang, Konstantin Christov, David J. Rademacher, Albert Green, Arlene A. Stecenko, Ananda M. Chakrabarty, Tapas K. Das Gupta, Tohru Yamada
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  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa type IV pili actively induce mucus contraction to form biofilms in tissue-engineered human airways
    Tamara Rossy, Tania Distler, Lucas A. Meirelles, Joern Pezoldt, Jaemin Kim, Lorenzo Talà, Nikolaos Bouklas, Bart Deplancke, Alexandre Persat, Victor Sourjik
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    Charlotte A. Alemao, Kurtis F. Budden, Henry M. Gomez, Saima F. Rehman, Jacqueline E. Marshall, Shakti D. Shukla, Chantal Donovan, Samuel C. Forster, Ian A. Yang, Simon Keely, Elizabeth R. Mann, Emad M. El Omar, Gabrielle T. Belz, Philip M. Hansbro
    Allergy.2021; 76(3): 714.     CrossRef
  • The Bactericidal Tandem Drug, AB569: How to Eradicate Antibiotic-Resistant Biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Multiple Disease Settings Including Cystic Fibrosis, Burns/Wounds and Urinary Tract Infections
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    Yuki Fukaya, Miho Takemura, Takashi Koyanagi, Takashi Maoka, Kazutoshi Shindo, Norihiko Misawa
    Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry.2018; 82(6): 1043.     CrossRef
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    Cassie R Bakshani, Ana L Morales-Garcia, Mike Althaus, Matthew D Wilcox, Jeffrey P Pearson, John C Bythell, J Grant Burgess
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Epidemiology and resistance features of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from the ward environment and patients in the burn ICU of a Chinese hospital
Yali Gong , Xiaodong Shen , Guangtao Huang , Cheng Zhang , Xiaoqiang Luo , Supeng Yin , Jing Wang , Fuquan Hu , Yizhi Peng , Ming Li
J. Microbiol. 2016;54(8):551-558.   Published online August 2, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6146-0
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Acinetobacter baumannii is an important opportunistic pathogen that causes severe nosocomial infections, especially in intensive care units (ICUs). Over the past decades, an everincreasing number of hospital outbreaks caused by A. baumannii have been reported worldwide. However, little attention has been directed toward the relationship between A. baumannii isolates from the ward environment and patients in the burn ICU. In this study, 88 A. baumannii isolates (26 from the ward environment and 62 from patients) were collected from the burn ICU of the Southwest Hospital in Chongqing, China, from July through December 2013. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing results showed that drug resistance was more severe in isolates from patients than from the ward environment, with all of the patient isolates being fully resistant to 10 out of 19 antimicrobials tested. Isolations from both the ward environment and patients possessed the β-lactamase genes blaOXA-51, blaOXA-23, blaAmpC, blaVIM, and blaPER. Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), these isolates could be clustered into 4 major PFGE types and 4 main sequence types (ST368, ST369, ST195, and ST191) among which, ST368 was the dominant genotype. Epidemiologic and molecular typing data also revealed that a small-scale outbreak of A. baumannii infection was underway in the burn ICU of our hospital during the sampling period. These results suggest that dissemination of β-lactamase genes in the burn ICU might be closely associated with the high-level resistance of A. baumannii, and the ICU environment places these patients at a high risk for nosocomial infection. Cross-contamination should be an important concern in clinical activities to reduce hospital acquired infections caused by A. baumannii.

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Characteristics of the community-genotype sequence type 72 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates that underlie their persistence in hospitals
Eun-Jeong Joo , Ji-Young Choi , Doo Ryeon Chung , Jae-Hoon Song , Kwan Soo Ko
J. Microbiol. 2016;54(6):445-450.   Published online May 27, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6157-x
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Panton-Valentine leukocidin-negative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clone ST72, known as a major community-associated MRSA in Korea, has emerged as an important pathogen in hospitals. To understand bacterial properties that underlie transformation of this clone into a nosocomial pathogen, we compared characteristics of the community-genotype ST72 MRSA isolates with those of ST5 and ST239 MRSA, which have been predominant nosocomial MRSA clones in Korea. Several genes associated with adhesion and virulence were absent or rarely found in ST72 isolates. Many ST72 isolates (70.1%) belonged to agr group I, but the agr group of other ST72 isolates could not be determined. As indicated by δ-hemolysin production, ST72 isolates expressed fully functional agr, whereas agr dysfunction was observed in ST5 and ST239 isolates. In the biofilm formation assay, no upregulation of biofilm-forming activity of ST72 MRSA was detected. However, ST72 isolates demonstrated persistence under hypotonic and desiccating conditions (survival rates 72.3% and 33.9%, respectively), which was similar to characteristics of ST5 or ST239 isolates. ST72- MRSA isolates showed low virulence, but properties of their functional agr system could facilitate their spread in hospitals. In conclusion, tolerance to stressful environments, e.g., hypotonic and dry conditions, may also contribute to survival of the community-associated MRSA clones in healthcare facilities.

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Review
REVIEW] Interaction of Candida albicans with host cells: virulence factors, host defense, escape strategies, and the microbiota
Sarah Höfs , Selene Mogavero , Bernhard Hube
J. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):149-169.   Published online February 27, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5514-0
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The interaction between Candida albicans and its host cells is characterized by a complex interplay between the expression of fungal virulence factors, which results in adherence, invasion and cell damage, and the host immune system, which responds by secreting proinflammatory cytokines, activating antimicrobial activities and killing the fungal pathogen. In this review we describe this interplay by taking a closer look at how C. albicans pathogenicity is induced and executed, how the host responds in order to prevent and clear an infection, and which mechanisms C. albicans has evolved to bypass these immune responses to avoid clearance. Furthermore, we review studies that show how the presence of other microorganisms affects this interplay.

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Journal Articles
The role of programmed death ligand 1 pathway in persistent biomaterial-associated infections
Agnieszka Magrys , Jolanta Paluch-Oles , Agnieszka Bogut , Michal Kielbus , Dorota Plewik , Maria Koziol-Montewka
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(8):544-552.   Published online July 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5022-7
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AbstractAbstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is commonly involved in biomaterial- associated infections. Bacterial small colony variants (SCV) seem to be well adapted to persist intracellularly in professional phagocytes evading the host immune response. We studied the expression of PD-L1/L2 on macrophages infected with clinical isolates of S. epidermidis SCV and their parent wild type (WT) strains. The cytokine pattern which is triggered by the examined strains was also analysed. In the study, we infected macrophages with S. epidermidis WT and SCV strains. Persistence and release from macrophages were monitored via lysostaphin protection assays. Moreover, the effect of IFN-γ pre-treatment on bacterial internalisation was investigated. Expression of PD-L1/L2 molecules was analysed with the use of FACS. Inflammatory reaction was measured by IL-10, TNF-α ELISAs, and transcriptional induction of TNF-α. Our study revealed that clinical SCV isolates were able to persist and survive in macrophages for at least 3 days with a low cytotoxic effect and a reduced proinflammatory response as compared to WT strains. Bacteria upregulated PD-L1/L2 expression on macrophages as compared to non-stimulated cells. The results demonstrated that the ability of S. epidermidis SCVs to induce elevated levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, and reduced transcriptional induction of TNF-α, together with expression of PD-L1 on macrophages and the ability to persist intracellularly without damaging the host cell could be the key factor contributing to chronicity of SCV infections.

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    Chloé Magnan, Lucile Plumet, Madjid Morsli, Catherine Dunyach-Remy, Cassandra Pouget, Albert Sotto, Virginie Molle, Jean-Philippe Lavigne, Audrey N. Schuetz, Benjamin A. Lipsky
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    Robert Manasherob, Shay I. Warren, Prerna Arora, Lyong Heo, Naomi L. Haddock, Ievgen Koliesnik, Diasuke Furukawa, Z. Ngalo Otieno-Ayayo, William J. Maloney, David W. Lowenberg, Stuart B. Goodman, Derek F. Amanatullah
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    Agnieszka Bogut, Piotr Koper, Małgorzata Marczak, Paulina Całka
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    Shay I. Warren, Gregory W. Charville, Robert Manasherob, Derek F. Amanatullah
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  • The road to success of coagulase-negative staphylococci: clinical significance of small colony variants and their pathogenic role in persistent infections
    Agnieszka Bogut, Agnieszka Magryś
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    Elisabeth Seebach, Katharina F. Kubatzky
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Extended stability of cyclin D1 contributes to limited cell cycle arrest at G1-phase in BHK-21 cells with Japanese encephalitis virus persistent infection
Ji Young Kim , Soo Young Park , Hey Rhyoung Lyoo , Eung Seo Koo , Man Su Kim , Yong Seok Jeong
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(1):77-83.   Published online January 4, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4661-z
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AbstractAbstract PDF
There is increasing evidence that many RNA viruses manipulate cell cycle control to achieve favorable cellular environments for their efficient replication during infection. Although virus-induced G0/G1 arrest often delays early apoptosis temporarily, a prolonged replication of the infected virus leads host cells to eventual death. In contrast, most mammalian cells with RNA virus persistent infection often escape cytolysis in the presence of productive viral replication. In this study, we demonstrated that the extended endurance of cyclin D1 was clearly associated with the suppression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) expression in BHK-21 cells that are persistently infected with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The G0/G1 arrest of these cells turned much loose compared to the normal BHK-21 cells with JEV acute infection. After cycloheximide treatment, cyclin D1 in the persistently infected cells lasted several hours longer than those in acutely infected cells. Furthermore, both p21Cip1 and p27Kip1, positive regulators for cyclin D1 accumulation in the nucleus, were suppressed in their expression, which contrasts with those in JEV acute infection. Inhibition of the GSK-3β by lithium chloride treatment rescued a significant number of cells from cytolysis in JEV acute infection, which coincided with the levels of cyclin D1 that escaped from proteolysis. Therefore, the limitation of G1/S arrest in the BHK-21 cells with JEV persistent infection is associated with the suppression of GSK-3β expression, resulting in the extended duration of cyclin D1.

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Review
Minireivew] Protective Role of Gut Commensal Microbes against Intestinal Infections
My Young Yoon , Keehoon Lee , Sang Sun Yoon
J. Microbiol. 2014;52(12):983-989.   Published online November 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4655-2
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by multitudes of microorganisms that exert beneficial effects on human health. Mounting evidence suggests that intestinal microbiota contributes to host resistance against enteropathogenic bacterial infection. However, molecular details that account for such an important role has just begun to be understood. The commensal microbes in the intestine regulate gut homeostasis through activating the development of host innate immunity and producing molecules with antimicrobial activities that directly inhibit propagation of pathogenic bacteria. Understanding the protective roles of gut microbiota will provide a better insight into the molecular basis that underlies complicated interaction among host-pathogen-symbiont. In this review, we highlighted recent findings that help us broaden our knowledge of the intestinal ecosystem and thereby come up with a better strategy for combating enteropathogenic infection.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Superinfection Exclusion Reveals Heteroimmunity between Pseudomonas aeruginosa Temperate Phages
In-Young Chung , Hee-Won Bae , Hye-Jung Jang , Bi-o Kim , You-Hee Cho
J. Microbiol. 2014;52(6):515-520.   Published online May 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4012-5
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Temperate siphophages (MP29, MP42, and MP48) were isolated from the culture supernatant of clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. The complete nucleotide sequences and annotation of the phage genomes revealed the overall synteny to the known temperate P. aeruginosa phages such as MP22, D3112, and DMS3. Genome-level sequence analysis showed the conservation of both ends of the linear genome and the divergence at the previously identified dissimilarity regions (R1 to R9). Protein sequence alignment of the c repressor (ORF1) of each phage enabled us to divide the six phages into two groups: D3112 group (D3112, MP29, MP42, and MP48) and MP22 group (MP22 and DMS3). Superinfection exclusion was observed between the phages belonging to the same group, which was mediated by the specific interaction between the c repressor and the cognate operator. Based on these, we suggest that the temperate siphophages prevalent in the clinical strains of P. aeruginosa represent at least two distinct heteroimmunity groups.

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Reviews
REVIEW] When a Virus is not a Parasite: The Beneficial Effects of Prophages
Joseph Bondy-Denomy , Alan R. Davidson
J. Microbiol. 2014;52(3):235-242.   Published online March 1, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4083-3
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  • 1 Download
  • 134 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Most organisms on the planet have viruses that infect them. Viral infection may lead to cell death, or to a symbiotic relationship where the genomes of both virus and host replicate together. In the symbiotic state, both virus and cell potentially experience increased fitness as a result of the other. The viruses that infect bacteria, called bacteriophages (or phages), well exemplify the symbiotic relationships that can develop between viruses and their host. In this review, we will discuss the many ways that prophages, which are phage genomes integrated into the genomes of their hosts, influence bacterial behavior and virulence.

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REVIEW] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Evaluation From Clinical, Immunological and Bacterial Pathogenesis Perspectives
Daniel J. Hassett , Michael T. Borchers , Ralph J. Panos
J. Microbiol. 2014;52(3):211-226.   Published online March 1, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4068-2
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a disease manifested by significantly impaired airflow, afflicts ~14.2 million cases in the United States alone with an estimated 63 million people world-wide. Although there are a number of causes, the predominant cause is excessive tobacco smoke. In fact, in China, there have been estimates of 315,000,000 people that smoke. Other less frequent causes are associated with indirect cigarette smoke, air pollutants, biomass fuels, and genetic mutations. COPD is often associated with heart disease, lung cancer, osteoporosis and conditions can worsen in patients with sudden falls. COPD also affects both innate and adaptive immune processes. Cigarette smoke increases the expression of matrix metalloproteases and proinflammatory chemokines and increases lung titers of natural killer cells and neutrophils. Yet, neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated by the phagocytic respiratory burst and phagocytosis is impaired by nicotine. In contrast to innate immunity in COPD, dendritic cells represent leukocytes recruited to the lung that link the innate immune responses to adaptive immune responses by activating naïve T cells through antigen presentation. The autoimmune process that is also a significant part of inflammation associated with COPD. Moreover, coupled with restricted FEV1 values, are the prevalence of patients with single or multiple infections by bacteria, viruses and fungi. Finally, we focus on one of the more problematic infectious agents, the Gram-negative opportunistic pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Specifically, we delve into the development of highly problematic biofilm infections that are highly refractory to conventional antibiotic therapies in COPD. We offer a nonconventional, biocidal treatment that may be effective for COPD airway infections as well as with combinations of current antibiotic regimens for more effective treatment outcomes and relief for patients with COPD.

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REVIEW] Mechanisms of Synergy in Polymicrobial Infections
Justine L. Murray , Jodi L. Connell , Apollo Stacy , Keith H. Turner , Marvin Whiteley
J. Microbiol. 2014;52(3):188-199.   Published online March 1, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4067-3
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Communities of microbes can live almost anywhere and contain many different species. Interactions between members of these communities often determine the state of the habitat in which they live. When these habitats include sites on the human body, these interactions can affect health and disease. Polymicrobial synergy can occur during infection, in which the combined effect of two or more microbes on disease is worse than seen with any of the individuals alone. Powerful genomic methods are increasingly used to study microbial communities, including metagenomics to reveal the members and genetic content of a community and metatranscriptomics to describe the activities of community members. Recent efforts focused toward a mechanistic understanding of these interactions have led to a better appreciation of the precise bases of polymicrobial synergy in communities containing bacteria, eukaryotic microbes, and/or viruses. These studies have benefited from advances in the development of in vivo models of polymicrobial infection and modern techniques to profile the spatial and chemical bases of intermicrobial communication. This review describes the breadth of mechanisms microbes use to interact in ways that impact pathogenesis and techniques to study polymicrobial communities.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts
Phenotypic Characteristics of Natural Killer Cells in Acute Hepatitis
Hyosun Cho
J. Microbiol. 2013;51(2):247-251.   Published online April 27, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2522-1
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Natural killer (NK) cells are the principal effector cell population in innate immune defense against many types of infections. These cells are enriched in the liver, where they comprise approximately 40% to 60% of the intrahepatic lymphocyte pool compared to the peripheral blood compartment. In chronic HBV and HCV infection, NK cells were reported to be partially dysfunctional due to impaired IFN-γ secretion. Few studies have examined phenotypic features of NK cells in acute hepatitis. We identified NK (CD56+CD3-) cell populations in patients with acute hepatitis by examining the expressions of phenotypic NK cell markers (CD16, NKG2A, and NKG2D). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from patients with acute hepatitis A (7) and patients with non-viral acute toxic hepatitis (6) during the symptomatic and convalescent phases. Expressions of NK (CD56+CD3-) cell markers, CD16, NKG2A, and NKG2D, were measured by flow cytometry. Symptomatic acute hepatitis including non-viral hepatitis and HAV infection showed significant increases of NKG2A expression compared to healthy controls. Interestingly, there was a direct correlation between the proportion of NK cell populations and liver function parameters (AST, ALT) in HAV infection. The strong correlation was also observed between the expression of NKG2A+NK cells and ALT, which suggests that most of NK cells in severe phase of disease express high level of NKG2A on their surface. In addition, decreased number of NK cells (CD56+CD3-) in symptomatic phase began to increase in the convalescent phase of acute hepatitis A. However, the expression of NKG2A tended to be reduced, which indicates that NKG2A, the inhibitory receptor on NK cells, can be a severity parameter in acute hepatitis.

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Establishment and Characterization of the Epithelioma Papulosum Cyprini (EPC) Cell Line Persistently Infected with Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV), an Aquabirnavirus
Hyoung Jun Kim , Jae-Kwon Cho , Hyung-Kyu Hwang , Myung-Joo Oh , Toyohiko Nishizawa
J. Microbiol. 2012;50(5):821-826.   Published online November 4, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2364-2
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AbstractAbstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), a type species of aquabirnaviruses in the family Birnaviridae, is an etiological agent of infectious pancreatic necrosis and has been isolated from epizootics of cultured salmonids. In the present study, an epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cell line persistently infected with IPNV (PI-EPC) was experimentally established by subculturing EPC cells surviving IPNV infection, and was characterized. PI-EPC cells were morphologically indistinguishable from EPC, but continued to grow and yield IPNV. PI-EPC cells showed no cytopathic effect due to IPNV inoculation, and susceptibility of PI-EPC cells against heterologous viruses was not different from that of EPC cells. Only one cell of 103.5 PI-EPC cells produced IPNV at approximately 100.5 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/cell/day, which was approximately 1,000 times lower than that of normal EPC cells. PI-EPC cells that did not yield IPNV (N-PI-EPC) were screened. The IPNV genome was detected from both PI-EPC and N-PI-EPC cells, and the IPNV VP2 structural protein was detected from both cell lines, but no other IPNV proteins were observed by Western blot analysis with anti-IPNV serum. Thus, multiplication of IPNV in PI-EPC cells was regulated by some host cell factors, except interferon.

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Effects of Phosphate Addition on Biofilm Bacterial Communities and Water Quality in Annular Reactors Equipped with Stainless Steel and Ductile Cast Iron Pipes
Hyun-Jung Jang , Young-June Choi , Hee-Myong Ro , Jong-Ok Ka
J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):17-28.   Published online February 27, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1040-x
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The impact of orthophosphate addition on biofilm formation and water quality was studied in corrosion-resistant stainless steel (STS) pipe and corrosion-susceptible ductile cast iron (DCI) pipe using cultivation and culture-independent approaches. Sample coupons of DCI pipe and STS pipe were installed in annular reactors, which were operated for 9 months under hydraulic conditions similar to a domestic plumbing system. Addition of 5 mg/L of phosphate to the plumbing systems, under low residual chlorine conditions, promoted a more significant growth of biofilm and led to a greater rate reduction of disinfection by-products in DCI pipe than in STS pipe. While the level of THMs (trihalomethanes) increased under conditions of low biofilm concentration, the levels of HAAs (halo acetic acids) and CH (chloral hydrate) decreased in all cases in proportion to the amount of biofilm. It was also observed that chloroform, the main species of THM, was not readily decomposed biologically and decomposition was not proportional to the biofilm concentration; however, it was easily biodegraded after the addition of phosphate. Analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences of 102 biofilm isolates revealed that Proteobacteria (50%) was the most frequently detected phylum, followed by Firmicutes (10%) and Actinobacteria (2%), with 37% of the bacteria unclassified. Bradyrhizobium was the dominant genus on corroded DCI pipe, while Sphingomonas was predominant on non-corroded STS pipe. Methylobacterium and Afipia were detected only in the reactor without added phosphate. PCR-DGGE analysis showed that the diversity of species in biofilm tended to increase when phosphate was added regardless of the pipe material, indicating that phosphate addition upset the biological stability in the plumbing systems.
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
The Activity of a Small Lytic Peptide PTP-7 on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms
Riddhi Kharidia , Jun F. Liang
J. Microbiol. 2011;49(4):663-668.   Published online September 2, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1013-5
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AbstractAbstract PDF
One of the most important features of bacterial biofilms is their resistance to antibiotics and to the host immune system. In this study, we have found that a small lytic peptide, PTP-7, is very potent to Gram-positive bacteria and is able to kill antibiotic sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus indiscriminately. Further studies have revealed that despite being a cationic peptide, the antibacterial activity of PTP-7 was not affected by the negatively charged extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of biofilms. PTP-7 could diffuse into the deep layer of S. aureus biofilms to kill bacteria inside biofilms efficiently and effectively. Neither the high concentrations of metal ions nor the acidic pH in biofilms affected the activity of peptide PTP-7. It seems that the unique sequence/structure together with the resistant bacteria killing ability of peptide PTP-7 confers its anti-biofilm activity. This study sheds new light on the treatment of bacterial biofilms, especially various biofilm related infections.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts
Food-Borne Enterococci and Their Resistance to Oxidative Stress
Barbora Vlková , Tomá&# , Gabriel Minárik , Lubomíra Tóthová , Hana Drahovská , Ján Tur&# , Peter Celec
J. Microbiol. 2011;49(4):657-662.   Published online September 2, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0296-x
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Enterococci are important food-borne pathogens that cause serious infections. Several virulence factors have been described including aggregation substance, gelatinase, cytolysin, and enterococcal surface protein. The ability to cause infections is mainly dependent on the response to oxidative stress due to the production of reactive oxygen species by immune cells. The aim of our study was to analyze the resistance of enterococcal strains from food to clinically relevant antiseptic agents with regard to the presence of selected virulence factors, and to uncover potential mechanisms of the antioxidative resistance. Eighty-two enterococcal isolates from Bryndza cheese were tested using in vitro growth assays to study the ability of these isolates to survive exposure to antiseptic agents – hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine. Virulence genotypes of the isolates were determined by PCR, and RT real time PCR was used for gene expression under oxidative stress. Resistance against antiseptic agents depends on the concentration of applied chemicals, on the time of exposure, but also on virulence factors of the enterococcal strains. Oxidative stress induces the expression of antioxidative enzymes and down-regulates the expression of prooxidative enzymes. These effects are dependent on the virulence genotype of the enterococcal strains. These findings are important for future research, especially concerning the role of enterococci in oral diseases.

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    Shriti Singh, Santosh Kumar Singh, Indrajit Chowdhury, Rajesh Singh
    The Open Microbiology Journal.2017; 11(1): 53.     CrossRef
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    Naouel Klibi, Leila Ben Said, Ahlem Jouini, Karim Ben Slama, Maria López, Rym Ben Sallem, Abdellatif Boudabous, Carmen Torres
    Meat Science.2013; 93(3): 675.     CrossRef
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    Hana Culakova, Vladimira Dzugasova, Yvetta Gbelska, Julius Subik
    Microbiological Research.2013; 168(3): 147.     CrossRef
Genome Sequence Analysis of H5N1 Influenza A Virus Isolated from a Vietnamese in 2007
Dieu Linh Tran , Kangmo Kim , Jae Yoo Choi , Hyun Dong Paik , Si-Woo Choi , Jin Yeul Ma , Sung-Soon Kim , Sung Joon Ahn , Young Bong Kim
J. Microbiol. 2011;49(2):274-279.   Published online May 3, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0311-2
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus (AIV) crossed the species barrier and caused a number of deaths in humans in Vietnam and 14 other countries. Since the last report of human H5N1 infection in November 2005, the first documented H5N1 human infection was reported in June 2007 in Vietnam and was followed by 7 more cases, including 5 fatalities. In this study, we isolated and analyzed the full length of the H5N1 genome from a sample from the first patient in 2007. Phylogenetic analysis of eight genomic segments of the H5N1 virus strain (A/Vietnam/HN/2007, VNH07) revealed that this strain appears to be of genotype V and contains the HA gene, which is classified into clade 2.3.4. The deduced amino acid sequence of the HA protein has a typical affinity sequence for α2,3 linkage (SAα2,3-Gal) receptors and typical multibasic cleavage sequences. Compared with other H5N1 isolates, VNH07 showed that the possible reassortments for the NA and NP segments occurred between A/goose/Guangxi/3017/2005-like isolates (2.3.2) and A/human/Zhejiang/16/2006-like isolates (2.3.4).

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  • Rethinking Approaches to Improve the Utilization of Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for Detection and Characterization of Influenza A in Diagnostic and Reference Laboratories
    Kanti Pabbaraju, Sallene Wong, Steven J Drews
    Future Microbiology.2011; 6(12): 1443.     CrossRef
Comparative Analysis of Immune Responses to Mycobacterium abscessus Infection and Its Antigens in Two Murine Models
Bo-Young Jeon , Jeongyeon Kwak , Seung-Sub Lee , SangNae Cho , Chul Jae Won , Jin Man Kim , Sung Jae Shin
J. Microbiol. 2009;47(5):633-640.   Published online October 24, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-009-0139-1
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Mycobacterium abscessus has been identified as an emerging pulmonary pathogen in humans. Because little is known regarding immune responses elicited by M. abscessus or its antigens, immunological responses were studied in two murine models subjected to intravenous (high-dose or systemic infection) or pulmonary (low-dose or local infection) inoculation with M. abscessus ATCC 19977. An overall comparison between the two models showed similar patterns of bacterial survival and host immune responses. The colonization of M. abscessus was the highest at 5 days post-infection (dpi) and its elimination was positively correlated with cell-mediated immunity in both challenges. However, an inverse relationship was observed between progressive inflammation and mycobacterial colonization levels in mice infected with a high dose at 14 dpi. Regarding antigens, culture filtrate (CF) of M. abscessus strongly induced IFN-γ secretion, whereas cellular extract (CE) antigen elicited strong antibody responses. The antibody response to M. abscessus antigens in mice subjected to low-dose infection increased when the cellular immune response decreased over 14 dpi. However, the antibody response for the high-dose infection increased promptly after the infection. In comparison of cytokine expression in lung homogenates after M. abscessus infection, Th1 and Th2 cytokines increased simultaneously in the high-dose infection, whereas only cell-mediated immunity developed in the low-dose pulmonary infection. These findings not only enhance our understanding of the immune response to M. abscessus infection according to systemic or pulmonary infection, but may also aid in immunological diagnosis and vaccine development.

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    Joseph A. Jurcisek, Nikola Kurbatfinski, Kathryn Q. Wilbanks, Jaime D. Rhodes, Steven D. Goodman, Lauren O. Bakaletz
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    Mathis Steindor, Florian Stehling, Margarete Olivier, Jan Kehrmann, Margo Diricks, Florian P. Maurer, Peter A. Horn, Svenja Straßburg, Matthias Welsner, Sivagurunathan Sutharsan, Monika Lindemann
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    Lindsay J. Caverly, Silvia M. Caceres, Cori Fratelli, Carrie Happoldt, Kelley M. Kidwell, Kenneth C. Malcolm, Jerry A. Nick, David P. Nichols, Nades Palaniyar
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    Ophir Bar-On, Huda Mussaffi, Meir Mei-Zahav, Dario Prais, Guy Steuer, Patrick Stafler, Shai Hananya, Hannah Blau
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    Jong-Seok Kim, Woo Sik Kim, Keehoon Lee, Choul-Jae Won, Jin Man Kim, Seok-Yong Eum, Won-Jung Koh, Sung Jae Shin, Yung-Fu Chang
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  • Mycobacterium abscessus Bacteremia After Receipt of Intravenous Infusate of Cytokine-Induced Killer Cell Therapy for Body Beautification and Health Boosting
    Raymond Liu, Kelvin K. W. To, Jade L. L. Teng, Garnet K. Y. Choi, Ka-Yi Mok, Kin-Ip Law, Eugene Y. K. Tso, Kitty S. C. Fung, Tak-Chiu Wu, Alan K. L. Wu, Shing-Hoi Fung, Sally C. Y. Wong, Nigel J. Trendell-Smith, Kwok-Yung Yuen
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    Go-Eun Choi, Youngsuk Jo, Sung Jae Shin
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Expression of c-Myc Is Related to Host Cell Death Following Salmonella typhimurium Infection in Macrophage
Jihyoun Seong , Hong Hua Piao , Phil Yeoul Ryu , Youn Uck Kim , Hyon E Choy , Yeongjin Hong
J. Microbiol. 2009;47(2):214-219.   Published online May 2, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0308-7
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AbstractAbstract PDF
It has been known that ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) induced by the binding of c-Myc to odc gene is closely linked to cell death. Here, we investigated the relationship between their expressions and cell death in macrophage cells following treatment with Salmonella typhimurium or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ODC expression was increased by bacteria or LPS and repressed by inhibitors against mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. In contrast, c-Myc protein level was increased after treatment with bacteria, but not by treatment with LPS or heat-killed bacteria although both bacteria and LPS increased the levels of c-myc mRNA to a similar extent. c-Myc protein level is dependent upon bacterial invasion because treatment with cytochalasin D (CCD), inhibitors of endocytosis, decreased c-Myc protein level. The cell death induced by bacteria was significantly decreased after treatment of CCD or c-Myc inhibitor, indicating that cell death by S. typhimurium infection is related to c-Myc, but not ODC. Consistent with this conclusion, treatment with bacteria mutated to host invasion did not increase c-Myc protein level and cell death rate. Taken together, it is suggested that induction of c-Myc by live bacterial infection is directly related to host cell death.

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    Howard C. H. Yim, James C. B. Li, John C. H. Pong, Allan S. Y. Lau
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Protective Effect of Polygoni Cuspidati Radix and Emodin on Vibrio vulnificus Cytotoxicity and Infection
Jong Ro Kim , Dool-Ri Oh , Mi Hye Cha , Byoung Sik Pyo , Joon Haeng Rhee , Hyon E. Choy , Won Keun Oh , Young Ran Kim
J. Microbiol. 2008;46(6):737-743.   Published online December 24, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0232-x
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Vibrio vulnificus, a good model organism of bacterial septicemia, causes fatal septicemia manifesting a fulminating course and a high mortality rate within days. In order to identify new natural substances preventing V. vulnificus infection, a plant library was screened for inhibiting cytotoxicity to host cells by using Trypan blue staining and LDH assay. We found that Polygoni Cuspidati Radix potently suppressed the acute death of HeLa and RAW264.7 cells in a dose dependent manner. Further studies revealed that Polygoni Cuspidati Radix inhibited V. vulnificus growth and survival in HI broth and seawater, respectively. We confirmed that Polygoni Cuspidati Radix contained high level of emodin by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Emodin showed direct antibacterial activity against V. vulnificus. In addition, emodin prevented the morphologic damages and acute death of HeLa cells caused from V. vulnificus. The safety of Polygoni Cuspidati Radix and emodin to host cells was confirmed by MTT assay. Polygoni Cuspidati Radix and emodin protected mice from V. vulnificus infection.

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Enteric Bacteria Isolated from Acute Diarrheal Patients in the Republic of Korea between the Year 2004 and 2006
Seung-Hak Cho , Hyun-Ho Shin , Yeon-Hwa Choi , Mi-Sun Park , Bok-Kwon Lee
J. Microbiol. 2008;46(3):325-330.   Published online July 5, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0015-4
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  • 41 Scopus
AbstractAbstract PDF
In an epidemiological survey of human enterobacterial infections in the Republic of Korea during three years from 2004 to 2006, we isolated 1,784 (6.2%, isolation rate of enteropathogens from stool samples) in 2004, 2,547 (9.5%) in 2005 and 3,506 bacteria (12.3%) from people who visited clinics. Among the isolated bacteria, pathogenic Escherichia coli, especially, EAEC was the most frequently identified pathogen in both urban and rural regions followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella species, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, and Shigella species. Distinct seasonality was found in V. parahaemolyticus species, while this pathogen showed no age-specific patterns. However, other bacteria, i.e., pathogenic E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella spp., and B. cereus showed similar seasonality throughout the year, showing a slight increase in the infection rate during the summer months and high prevalence among children under 10 years of age and elder-age people. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogenic E. coli, Salmonella spp., and S. aureus showed high resistance to penicillins. However, both pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. were susceptible to several cephems, imipenem, and amikacin. Moreover, S. aureus strains resistant to vancomycin were not found. In conclusion, these surveillances can play an important role for the control and prevention to the diseases originated by enteritis bacteria.
Review
Reovirus and Tumor Oncolysis
Manbok Kim , Young-Hwa Chung , Randal N. Johnston
J. Microbiol. 2007;45(3):187-192.
DOI: https://doi.org/2544 [pii]
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AbstractAbstract PDF
REOviruses (Respiratory Enteric Orphan viruses) are ubiquitous, non-enveloped viruses containing 10 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as their genome. They are common isolates of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of humans but are not associated with severe disease and are therefore considered relatively benign. An intriguing characteristic of reovirus is its innate oncolytic potential, which is linked to the transformed state of the cell. When immortalized cells are transfected in vitro with activated oncogenes such as Ras, Sos, v-erbB, or c-myc, they became susceptible to reovirus infection and subsequent cellular lysis, indicating that oncogene signaling pathways are exploited by reovirus. This observation has led to the use of the virus in clinical trials as an anti-cancer agent against oncogenic tumors. In addition to the exploitation of oncogene signaling, reovirus may further utilize host immune responses to enhance its antitumor activity in vivo due to its innate interferon induction ability. Reovirus is, however, not entirely benign to immunocompromised animal models. Reovirus causes so-called “black feet syndrome” in immunodeficient mice and can also harm neonatal animals. Because cancer patients often undergo immunosuppression due to heavy chemo/radiation-treatments or advanced tumor progression, this pathogenic response may be a hurdle in virus-based anticancer therapies. However, a genetically attenuated reovirus variant derived from persistent reovirus infection of cells in vitro is able to exert potent anti-tumor activity with significantly reduced viral pathogenesis in immunocompromised animals. Importantly, in this instance the attenuated reovirus maintains its oncolytic potential while significantly reducing viral pathogenesis in vivo.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Identification of Genes Differentially Expressed in RAW264.7 Cells Infected by Salmonella typhimurium Using PCR Method
Kyung Ho Kang , Jung A Song , Dong-Jun Shin , Hyon E Choy , Yeongjin Hong
J. Microbiol. 2007;45(1):29-33.
DOI: https://doi.org/2495 [pii]
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Salmonella typhimurium, causing mouse typhoid, infects hosts such as macrophage cells, and proliferates in intracellular vacuoles causing infected cells to trigger numerous genes to respond against the infection. In this study, we tried to identify such genes in RAW264.7 cells by using the PCR screening method with degenerate primers. Fourteen genes were found to be differentially expressed after a 4 h infection in which the expression of 8 genes increased while expression of the others decreased. Most of the genes were involved in proinflammatory responses such as cytokines production and cell death. The mutation in msbB gene encoding the myristoyl transferase in lipid A of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in much lower toxicity to the inoculated animals. We compared the expression of the identified genes in wild-type and msbB-mutated S. typhimurium infections and found that Lyzs encoding lysozyme type M was differentially expressed. This gene is quite likely to be related to bacterial survival in the host cells.
Journal Article
Molecular Epidemiological Analysis of Bloodstream Isolates of Candida albicans from a University Hospital over a Five-Year Period
Jong Hee Shin , Yu Gyung Og , Duck Cho , Seung Jung Kee , Myung Geun Shin , Soon Pal Suh , Dong Wook Ryang
J. Microbiol. 2005;43(6):546-554.
DOI: https://doi.org/2291 [pii]
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AbstractAbstract PDF
We assessed the genetic relations and epidemiological links among bloodstream isolates of Candida albicans, which were obtained from a university hospital over a period of five years. The 54 bloodstream isolates from the 38 patients yielded 14 different karyotypes, 29 different patterns after digestion with SfiI (REAG-S), and 31 different patterns after digestion with BssHII (REAG-B) when analyzed using three different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing methods. In 11 patients with serial bloodstream isolates, all strains from each patient had the same PFGE pattern. The dendrograms for all of the strains revealed that the distribution of similarity values ranged from 0.70 to 1.0 in the REAG-S patterns, and from 0.35 to 1.0 in the REAG-B patterns. Overall, the combination of the three different PFGE methods identified 31 distinct types, reflecting the results obtained using the REAG-B alone different. different Five PFGE types were shared among 22 isolates from 12 patients. These types of strains were more frequently associated with central venous catheter-related fungemia than the other 26 type strains (92% versus 31%; P < 0.005). Of five PFGE types, four isolates were determined to be epidemiologically related: each of these types was primarily from two or three patients who had been hospitalized concurrently within the same intensive care unit. Our results suggest that the REAG-B constitutes perhaps the most useful PFGE method for investigating C. albicans candidemia and also shows that a relatively high proportion of C. albicans candidemia may be associated with exogenous acquisition of clonal strains.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Molecular Survey of Latent Pseudorabies Virus Infection in Nervous Tissues of Slaughtered Pigs by Nested and Real-time PCR
Hyun A Yoon , Seong Kug Eo , Abi George Aleyas , Seong Ok Park , John Hwa Lee , Joon Seok Chae , Jeong Gon Cho , Hee Jong Song
J. Microbiol. 2005;43(5):430-436.
DOI: https://doi.org/2279 [pii]
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In this study, the prevalence and quantity of a latent pseudorabies virus (PrV) infection in the nervous tissues of randomly selected pigs was determined via nested and real-time PCR. The nervous tissues, including the trigeminal ganglion (TG), olfactory bulb (OB), and brain stem (BS), were collected from the heads of 40 randomly selected pigs. The majority of the nervous tissues from the selected pigs evidenced a positively amplified band on nested PCR. In particular, nested PCR targeted to the PrV glycoprotein B (gB) gene yielded positive results in all of the BS samples. Nested PCR for either the gE or gG gene produced positive bands in a less number of nervous tissues (57.5% and 42.5%, respectively). Real-time PCR revealed that the examined tissues harbored large copy numbers of latent PrV DNA, ranging between 100.1 and 107.2 (1-1.58x107) copies per 1 g of genomic DNA. Real-time PCR targeted to the PrV gE gene exhibited an accumulated fluorescence of reporter dye at levels above threshold, thereby indicating a higher prevalence than was observed on the nested PCR (100% for BS, 92% for OB, and 85% for TG). These results indicate that a large number of farm-grown pigs are latently infected with a field PrV strain with a variety of copy numbers. This result is similar to what was found in association with the human herpes virus.
Journal Article
Study on Persistent Infection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Beijing-1 Strain in Serum-free Sf9 Cell Cultures
Hun Kim , Su Jeen Lee , Jin Yong Park , Yong Wook Park , Hyun Sung Kim , Heui-Yun Kang , Byung-Ki Hur , Yeon-Woo Ryu , Sang In Han , Jong Su Kim
J. Microbiol. 2004;42(1):25-31.
DOI: https://doi.org/2005 [pii]
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Sf9 cells have obvious advantages for the conventional production technology of vaccine. They are useful tools for high concentration and large-scale cultures. Sf9 cells were grown to maximal concentration, 8×10^6 cells/ml in a 500ml spinner flask, with a doubling time at the exponentially growing phase of 24.5 hours, using serum-free media. To explore the ability of Sf9 cells to be infected by the Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus Beijing-1 strain, Sf9 cells were infected with the virus. By 4-5 days post-infection, 10-15% of the Sf9 cells showed cytopathic effect (CPE), from granularity to the formation of syncytia and multinucleated giant cells continuously observed over a period of 35 days. Positive fluorescent reactions were detected in 30-40% of cells infected with the JE virus Beijing-1 strain, and the uninfected Sf9 cells were completely negative. Virus particles, propagated in Sf9 and Vero cells, were concentrated by sedimentation on 40% trehalose cushions by ultracentrifugation, and showed identical patterns of viral morphogenesis. Complete virus particles, 40 to 50 nm in diameter, were observed, and JE virus envelope (E) proteins, at 53 kDa, were found in the western blot analysis to the anti-JE virus E protein monoclonal antibody and reacted as a magenta band in the same position to the glycoprotein staining. To evaluate whether the infectious virus was produced in Sf9 cells inoculated with the JE virus Beijing-1 stain, Sf9 cells were inoculated with the virus, and sample harvested every 5 days. The titers of the JE virus Beijing-1 strain rose from 1.0×10^5 to 1.5×10^6 pfu/ml. The infected Sf9 cells could be subcultured in serum-free medium, with no change in the plaque sizes formed by the JE virus Beijing-1 strain in the plaque assay. It is suggested that the ability of the JE virus Beijing-1 strain to infect Sf9 cells in serum-free media will provide a useful insect cell system, where the JE virus replication, cytopathogenicity and vaccine immunogen can be studied.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
EDITORIAL] Human fungal pathogens: Why should we learn?
Jeong-Yoon Kim
J. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):145-148.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-0647-8
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Human fungal pathogens that cause invasive infections are hidden killers, taking lives of one and a half million people every year. However, research progress in this field has not been rapid enough to effectively prevent or treat life-threatening fungal diseases. To update recent research progress and promote more active research in the field of human fungal pathogens, eleven review articles concerning the virulence mechanisms and host interactions of four major human fungal pathogens–Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Histoplasma capsulatum–are presented in this special issue.

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Experiments for the characterization of inactivation were performed in a series of batch processes with the total coliform used as a general indicator organism based on the chlorine residuals as a disinfectant. The water samples were taken from the outlet of a settling basin in a conventional surface water treatment system that is provided with the raw water drawn from the mid-stream of the Han River. The inactivation of total coliform was experimentally analyzed for the dose of disinfectant, contact time, filtration and mixing intensity. The curves obtained from a series of batch processes were shaped with a general tailing-off and biphasic mode of inactivation, i.e. a sharp loss of bacterial viability within 15 min followed by an extended phase. In order to observe the effect of carry-over suspended solids on chlorine consumption and disinfection efficiency, the water samples were filtered, prior to inoculation with coliforms, with membranes of both 2.5 um and 11.0 um pore size, and with a sand filter of 1.0 mm in effective size and of 1.4 in uniformity coefficient. As far as the disinfection efficiency is concerned, there were no significant differences. The parameters estimated by the models of Chick-Watson, Hom and Selleck from our experimental data obtained within 120 min are: log(N/N_0 )=-0.16CT with n=1, log(N/N_0 )=-0.71C^0.87 T with n=/1 for the Chick-Watson model, log (N/N_0 )=-1.87C^0.47 T^ 0.36 for the Hom model, log (N/N_0 )=-2.13log (1+CT/0.11) for the Selleck model. It is notable that among the models reviewed with regard to the experimental data obtained, the Selleck model appeared to most closely resemble the total coliform survival curve.

Journal of Microbiology : Journal of Microbiology
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