Full articles
- Inhibiting kinesin family member 20A disrupts Zika virus entry by blocking internalization
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Jeonghyeon Lee, Younghyun Lim, Hyeong-Rae Kim, Yong-Bin Cho, In-Gu Lee, Young-Jin Seo
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J. Microbiol. 2025;63(6):e2503008. Published online June 30, 2025
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2503008
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Supplementary Material
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Zika virus, a mosquito-borne virus, is associated with congenital birth defects and neurological complications. However, despite its significant public health threat, no approved vaccines or antiviral treatments are currently available. Therefore, this study aims to identify kinesin family member 20A as a key host factor promoting Zika virus life cycle. The elevated expression of kinesin family member 20A following Zika virus infection suggests its role in the viral life cycle. Suppressing its expression through gene silencing or inhibiting its function with a small-molecule inhibitor significantly reduced viral infectivity in host cells. Furthermore, kinesin family member 20A is essential for facilitating viral internalization, a key step in the entry step. These findings suggest its significance in the Zika virus life cycle and highlight its potential as a novel therapeutic target for the Zika virus.
- Antiviral effects of heme oxygenase-1 against canine coronavirus and canine influenza virus in vitro
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Jae-Hyeong Kim, Dong-Hwi Kim, Kyu-Beom Lim, Joong-Bok Lee, Seung-Yong Park, Chang-Seon Song, Sang-Won Lee, Dong-Hun Lee, Do-Geun Kim, Hun-Young Yoon, In-Soo Choi
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J. Microbiol. 2025;63(5):e2501029. Published online May 27, 2025
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2501029
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Supplementary Material
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Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Emerging evidence shows that HO-1 also exhibits antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and Ebola virus. Its antiviral effects are mediated not only by its enzymatic function but also through the modulation of interferon-related pathways, thereby inhibiting viral replication. In this study, we investigated the antiviral effects of HO-1 on canine coronavirus (CCoV) and canine influenza virus (CIV) H3N2 using cell-based assays. To determine whether HO-1 suppresses CCoV and CIV, cells were treated with hemin to induce HO-1 expression. Hemin treatment successfully induced HO-1 expression in A72 and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, resulting in the suppression of CCoV and CIV replication. The canine HO-1 gene was cloned into an expression vector and transfected into cells to achieve transient overexpression. Recombinant canine HO-1 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using an expression vector. HO-1 overexpression suppressed CCoV and CIV replication in cells. Following viral infection, treatment with purified HO-1 protein led to a reduction in viral protein levels. Therefore, both HO-1 expression and exogenous protein treatment effectively inhibited CCoV and CIV replication. Elevated HO-1 protein levels consistently reduced viral RNA and protein expression in vitro. These findings suggest that HO-1 could serve as a potential therapeutic agent for managing viral infections in dogs.
Review
- The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Pandemic Viral Infections
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Woosung Shim, Anjae Lee, Jung-Hyun Lee
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J. Microbiol. 2024;62(6):419-427. Published online June 25, 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00144-x
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Extracellular vesicles (EVs), of diverse origin and content, are membranous structures secreted by a broad range of cell types. Recent advances in molecular biology have highlighted the pivotal role of EVs in mediating intercellular communication, facilitated by their ability to transport a diverse range of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, DNA, RNA and metabolites. A striking feature of EVs is their ability to exert dual effects during viral infections, involving both proviral and antiviral effects. This review explores the dual roles of EVs, particularly in the context of pandemic viruses such as HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. On the one hand, EVs can enhance viral replication and exacerbate pathogenesis by transferring viral components to susceptible cells. On the other hand, they have intrinsic antiviral properties, including activation of immune responses and direct inhibition of viral infection. By exploring these contrasting functions, our review emphasizes the complexity of EV-mediated interactions in viral pathogenesis and highlights their potential as targets for therapeutic intervention. The insights obtained from investigating EVs in the context of HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 provide a deeper understanding of viral mechanisms and pathologies, and offer a new perspective on managing and mitigating the impact of these global health challenges.
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- Differential Impact of Spike Protein Mutations on SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Immune Evasion: Insights from Delta and Kappa Variants
Tae-Hun Kim, Sojung Bae, Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2024; 34(12): 2506. CrossRef
Journal Articles
- The Regulation of Phosphorus Release by Penicillium chrysogenum in Different Phosphate via the TCA Cycle and Mycelial Morphology
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Liyan Wang , Da Tian , Xiaoru Zhang , Mingxue Han , Xiaohui Cheng , Xinxin Ye , Chaochun Zhang , Hongjian Gao , Zhen Li
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J. Microbiol. 2023;61(8):765-775. Published online September 4, 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00072-2
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296
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Phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF) efficiently dissolve insoluble phosphates through the production of organic acids. This
study investigates the mechanisms of organic acid secretion by PSF, specifically Penicillium chrysogenum, under tricalcium
phosphate (
Ca3(PO4)2, Ca–P) and ferric phosphate (
FePO4, Fe–P) conditions. Penicillium chrysogenum exhibited higher
phosphorus (P) release efficiency from Ca-P (693.6 mg/L) than from Fe–P (162.6 mg/L). However, Fe–P significantly
enhanced oxalic acid (1193.7 mg/L) and citric acid (227.7 mg/L) production by Penicillium chrysogenum compared with
Ca–P (905.7 and 3.5 mg/L, respectively). The presence of Fe–P upregulated the expression of genes and activity of enzymes
related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle, including pyruvate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase. Additionally, Fe–P upregulated
the expression of chitinase and endoglucanase genes, inducing a transformation of Penicillium chrysogenum mycelial
morphology from pellet to filamentous. The filamentous morphology exhibited higher efficiency in oxalic acid secretion
and P release from Fe–P and Ca–P. Compared with pellet morphology, filamentous morphology enhanced P release capacity
by > 40% and > 18% in Ca–P and Fe–P, respectively. This study explored the strategies employed by PSF to improve the
dissolution of different insoluble phosphates.
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Citations
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- Mechanistic insights into the transcriptomic and metabolomic responses of Curcuma wenyujin under high phosphorus stress
Yu Liu, Chen Wang, Wenqing Xu, Ruike Fan, Zhigang Wu, Lishang Dai
BMC Plant Biology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Improving Organic Acid Secretion of Aspergillus niger by Overexpression C4-Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters
Yiyang Tan, Shutong Liu, Sheng Wu, Xiaolu Wang, Depei Wang, Xianli Xue
Fermentation.2025; 11(3): 156. CrossRef - Penicillium restrictum Reshapes Root Exudates and Inhibits Peucedanum praeruptorum Bolting Through Field Inoculation and Co‐Cultivation
Cheng Song, Haoyu Pan, Yuanyuan Wang, Ranran Liao, Muhammad Arif, Haiyu Wang, Shanyong Yi, Bangxing Han
Plant Pathology.2025; 74(7): 2035. CrossRef - Boosting plant welfare and rhizospheric health through the application of phosphorus and potassium-solubilizing fungi from compost and vermicompost
A.J. Toribio, F. Suárez-Estrella, M.M. Jurado, J.A. López-González, M.R. Martínez-Gallardo, M.J. Estrella-González, M.J. López
Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology.2025; 68: 103741. CrossRef - Integrated Proteomic and Physiological Profiling of Phosphate Stress Response in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Lulu Xia, Lixiang Cheng, Qingquan Zhang, Feng Zhang
Physiologia Plantarum.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
- Comparative study of the geographical spread of genogroup II porcine norovirus and human norovirus
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Eung Seo Koo , Yong Seok Jeong
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J. Microbiol. 2021;59(7):644-650. Published online July 1, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1218-1
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Livestock pigs and porcine norovirus could be candidate tools
for future studies on the geographic isolation of norovirus.
In this study, we provide the first evidence for geographic
isolation of the host as a determinant of the distribution of
subgenotypes of the porcine norovirus genogroup II (GII)
genotype 11. Environmental water samples were collected
from peri-urban streams and estuaries in South Korea between
2014 and 2020. In total, 488 GII region C sequences of
norovirus open reading frame 2 were isolated. A total of 14
genotypes were detected, two of which (GII.11 and GII.18)
corresponded to porcine norovirus. Five human norovirus
genotypes (GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17) and one
porcine norovirus genotype (GII.11) comprised the subgenotypes.
Integrated analysis of seasonal and geographical factors
revealed that the possibility of the co-emergence of different
GII.11 subgenotypes in the same province was lower
than that of human norovirus subgenotypes in the same province.
Additional algorithms designed to eliminate potential
biases further supported the estimated restricted geographical
spread of the GII.11 subgenotypes. Fecal contamination
source tracking revealed low detection rates of porcine norovirus
in the absence of upstream pig farms. These results suggest
that a one-sided viral transmission route, mainly dependent
on indirect contact owing to the limited chance of direct
contact between geographically separated livestock pig populations,
may be responsible for the restricted geographical
spread of the GII.11 subgenotypes.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Swine Norovirus: Past, Present, and Future
Lara Cavicchio, Andrea Laconi, Alessandra Piccirillo, Maria Serena Beato
Viruses.2022; 14(3): 537. CrossRef
- Potency of Phlebia species of white rot fungi for the aerobic degradation, transformation and mineralization of lindane
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Pengfei Xiao , Ryuichiro Kondo
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J. Microbiol. 2020;58(5):395-404. Published online March 28, 2020
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9492-x
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360
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Abstract
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The widespread use of the organochlorine insecticide lindane
in the world has caused serious environmental problems.
The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the potency
of several Phlebia species of white rot fungi to degrade, transform
and mineralize lindane, and to provide the feasibility
of using white rot fungi for bioremediation at contaminated
sites. Based on tolerance experiment results, Phlebia brevispora
and Phlebia lindtneri had the highest tolerance to lindane
and were screened by degradation tests. After 25 days of
incubation, P. brevispora and P. lindtneri degraded 87.2 and
73.3% of lindane in low nitrogen medium and 75.8 and 64.9%
of lindane in high nitrogen medium, respectively. Several unreported
hydroxylation metabolites, including monohydroxylated,
dehydroxylated, and trihydroxylated products, were detected
and identified by GC/MS as metabolites of lindane.
More than 10% of [14C] lindane was mineralized to 14CO2 by
two fungi after 60 days of incubation, and the mineralization
was slightly promoted by the addition of glucose. Additionally,
the degradation of lindane and the formation of metabolites
were efficiently inhibited by piperonyl butoxide, demonstrating
that cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the fungal
transformation of lindane. The present study showed that
P. brevispora and P. lindtneri were efficient degraders of lindane;
hence, they can be applied in the bioremediation process
of lindane-contaminated sites.
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Citations
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- Immobilization of fungal laccase on peanut shell carriers
M.P. Serbent, M.D. Rodríguez, C. Saux, I. Magario
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Maha Aljabri
Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Emerging microbial remediation methods for rejuvenation of pesticide-contaminated sites
Sejal Mahalle, Rahul S. Bhende, Priyanka Bokade, Abhay Bajaj, Nishant A. Dafale
Total Environment Microbiology.2025; 1(3): 100026. CrossRef - State of the art on fungal biodegradation of persistent organic pollutants in soils and innovative strategies for isolating relevant candidate strains
Charbel Elias, Stéphane Ranque, Laure Malleret
Environmental Technology & Innovation.2025; 39: 104247. CrossRef - Microbial Remediation of Lindane‐Contaminated Soils: Unveiling Environmental Fate, Degradation Pathways, and Future Directions
Nadeem Iqbal, Muhammad Nauman, Sami Ullah, Babar Hussain, Palanisamy Vasudhevan, Riyazuddin Riyazuddin, Chenglong Yu, Shengyan Pu
Land Degradation & Development.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - The role and mechanisms of microbes in dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its residues bioremediation
Girma Ebsa, Birhanu Gizaw, Mesele Admassie, Tizazu Degu, Tesfaye Alemu
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Magdalena Komorowicz, Dominika Janiszewska-Latterini, Anna Przybylska-Balcerek, Kinga Stuper-Szablewska
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Environmental Pollution.2023; 318: 120867. CrossRef - Biodegradation of Benzo[a]pyrene by a White-Rot Fungus Phlebia acerina: Surfactant-Enhanced Degradation and Possible Genes Involved
Wenquan Zhang, Qiaoyu Li, Jianqiao Wang, Ziyu Wang, Hongjie Zhan, Xiaolong Yu, Yan Zheng, Tangfu Xiao, Li-Wei Zhou
Journal of Fungi.2023; 9(10): 978. CrossRef - Current status of pesticide effects on environment, human health and it’s eco-friendly management as bioremediation: A comprehensive review
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Pengfei Xiao, Dedong Wu, Jianqiao Wang
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Shimei Pang, Ziqiu Lin, Jiayi Li, Yuming Zhang, Sandhya Mishra, Pankaj Bhatt, Shaohua Chen
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Myco-remediation of Chlorinated Pesticides: Insights Into Fungal Metabolic System
Priyanka Bokade, Hemant J. Purohit, Abhay Bajaj
Indian Journal of Microbiology.2021; 61(3): 237. CrossRef - Microbial degradation of recalcitrant pesticides: a review
Sanchali Bose, P. Senthil Kumar, Dai-Viet N. Vo, N. Rajamohan, R. Saravanan
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BMC Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
- Anti-varicella-zoster virus activity of cephalotaxine esters in vitro
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Jung-Eun Kim , Yoon-Jae Song
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J. Microbiol. 2019;57(1):74-79. Published online November 19, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8514-z
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357
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34
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Harringtonine (HT) and homoharringtonine (HHT), alkaloid
esters isolated from the genus Cephalotaxus, exhibit antitumor
activity. A semisynthetic HHT has been approved
for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. In addition
to antileukemic activity, HT and HHT are reported to possess
potent antiviral activity. In this study, we investigated
the effects of HT and HHT on replication of varicella-zoster
virus (VZV) in vitro. HT and HHT, but not their biologically
inactive parental alkaloid cephalotaxine (CET), significantly
inhibited replication of recombinant VZV-pOka luciferase.
Furthermore, HT and HHT, but not CET, strongly induced
down-regulation of VZV lytic genes and exerted potent antiviral
effects against a VZV clinical isolate. The collective data
support the utility of HT and HHT as effective antiviral candidates
for treatment of VZV-associated diseases.
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Jinhong Cai, Shenghong Guan, Xueli Hu, Xuezhao Chen, Xiaosun Liu, Shouxin Li, Jingkui Tian, Ping Wang, Hua Gu, Xiaoyong Zhang
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Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Inhibitory effect of Alantolactone against varicella-zoster virus in vitro
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- Antiviral activity of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briquet against noroviruses via induction of antiviral interferons
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Yee Ching Ng , Ye Won Kim , Jeong-Su Lee , Sung Joon Lee , Moon Jung Song
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J. Microbiol. 2018;56(9):683-689. Published online August 23, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8228-7
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Abstract
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Human noroviruses are the causative agents of non-bacterial
gastroenteritis worldwide. The rapid onset and resolution of
disease symptoms suggest that innate immune responses are
critical for controlling norovirus infection; however, no effective
antivirals are yet available. The present study was conducted
to examine the antiviral activities of Schizonepeta
tenuifolia Briquet extract (STE) against noroviruses. Treatment
of human norovirus replicon-bearing HG23 cells with
STE at 5 and 10 mg/ml concentrations resulted in the reduction
in the viral RNA levels by 77.2% and 85.9%, respectively.
STE had no cytotoxic effects on HG23 cells. Treatment of
RAW 264.7 cells infected with murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1),
a surrogate virus of human noroviruses, with STE at 10 and
20 μg/ml concentrations resulted in the reduction of viral
replication by 58.5% and 84.9%, respectively. STE treatment
induced the expression of mRNAs for type I and type II interferons
in HG23 cells and upregulated the transcription of
interferon-β in infected RAW 264.7 cells via increased phosphorylation
of interferon regulatory factor 3, a critical transcription
regulator for type I interferon production. These
results
suggest that STE inhibits norovirus replication through
the induction of antiviral interferon production during virus
replication and may serve as a candidate antiviral substance
for treatment against noroviruses.
-
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- Antiviral activity of Poncirus trifoliata seed extract against oseltamivirresistant influenza virus
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Yoonki Heo , Yeondong Cho , Kwon sung Ju , Hansam Cho , Ki Hoon Park , Hanul Choi , Jong Kwang Yoon , Chiung Moon , Young Bong Kim
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J. Microbiol. 2018;56(8):586-592. Published online July 25, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8222-0
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355
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0
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16
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Abstract
PDF
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The emergence of oseltamivir-resistant variants of influenza
virus has highlighted the necessity for the development of
more effective novel antiviral drugs. To date, numerous researchers
have focused on developing antiviral drugs using
natural resources, such as traditional herbal medicines. Poncirus
trifoliata is widely used in oriental medicine as a remedy
for gastritis, dysentery, inflammation and digestive ulcers. In
this study, we investigated the potential antiviral effect of the
Poncirus trifoliata orange seed extract against influenza virus.
An ethanol extract of Poncirus trifoliata seeds (PTex) inhibited
the activity of influenza viruses, in particular, oseltamivir-
resistant strains, in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. In
contrast to oseltamivir, PTex exerted a significant inhibitory
effect on the cellular penetration pathway of the virus rather
than HA receptor binding. The potent antiviral effect and novel
working mechanism of PTex support its further development
as an effective natural antiviral drug with a wide spectrum
of activity against influenza and oseltamivir-resistant
viruses.
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Citations
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- A review-plant medicine and its extraction components inhibit influenza virus
Jiejie Lu, Zhenzhen Liu, Ziyan Li, Jiahui Su, Haojie Zhen, Ying Qu, Piet Herdewijn, Hongmin Liu, Ying Liu, Zhenya Wang
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters.2025; 120: 130151. CrossRef - A Comprehensive Study on Natural Products and their Bioactive Constituents
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Avadh Biharee, Lokesh Chaudhari, Sudha Bhartiya, Shivam Kumar Kori, Anu Chaudhary, Dheeraj Dubey, Arpita Yadav
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Tamara Sánchez-Gómez, Óscar Santamaría, Jorge Martín-García, Jorge Poveda
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Francesca Giordano, Stefano Comità, Giulia Venneri, Vittoria Rago, Giuseppina Daniela Naimo, Francesca De Amicis, Anna De Bartolo, Rosa Tundis, Loredana Mauro, Maria Luisa Panno
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Remdesivir and Flavones in SARS-CoV-2 Infection
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Gopal Lamichhane, Jitendra Pandey, Hari Prasad Devkota
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Seong Eun Jin , Jung-Eun Kim , Sun Yeou Kim , Bang Ju Park , Yoon-Jae Song
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J. Microbiol. 2017;55(12):984-988. Published online December 7, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7477-1
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339
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0
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7
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Abstract
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-
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an etiological agent of acute hepatitis
E, a self-limiting disease prevalent in developing countries.
HEV can cause fulminant hepatic failure with high mortality
rates in pregnant women, and genotype 3 is reported to
trigger chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised individuals
worldwide. Screening of plant extracts for compounds with
potential anti-HEV effects led to the identification of a 70%
ethanol extract of Lysimachia mauritiana (LME) that interferes
with replication of the swine HEV genotype 3 replicon.
Furthermore, LME significantly inhibited replication of HEV
genotype 3 and expression of HEV ORF2 in infected cells
without exerting cytotoxic effects. Collectively, our findings
demonstrate the potential utility of LME in the development
of novel antiviral drugs against HEV infection.
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Citations
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- Comparison of anti-influenza virus activity and pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir free base and oseltamivir phosphate
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Jin Soo Shin , Keun Bon Ku , Yejin Jang , Yi-Seul Yoon , Daeho Shin , Oh Seung Kwon , Yun Young Go , Seong Soon Kim , Myoung Ae Bae , Meehyein Kim
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J. Microbiol. 2017;55(12):979-983. Published online December 7, 2017
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7371-x
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596
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1
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10
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Abstract
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Influenza viruses are major human respiratory pathogens that
cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Currently,
prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic antiviral agents are used
to prevent and control influenza virus infection. Oseltamivir
free base (OSV-FB), a modified generic antiviral drug of
Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate, OSV-P), was launched in
the Republic of Korea last year. Here, we examine the bioequivalence
of these two compounds by assessing their antiviral
efficacy in infected cells and in a mouse model. It was
observed that both antivirals showed comparable efficacy
against 11 different influenza A and B viruses in vitro. Moreover,
in mice infected with influenza A virus (mouse-adapted
A/Puerto Rico/8/34), they showed a dose-dependent therapeutic
activity and alleviated infection-mediated reductions
in body weight, leading to significantly better survival. There
was histopathological disappearance of virus-induced inflammatory
cell infiltration of the lung after oral treatment with
either antiviral agent (at 10 mg/kg). Pharmacokinetic analysis
also exhibited similar plasma concentrations of the active
drug, oseltamivir carboxylate, metabolised from both OSVB
and OSV-P. This is the first report showing bioequivalence
of OSV-FB to its phosphate salt form in the mouse system.
The free base drug has some beneficial points including simple
drug formulation process and reduced risk of undesirable
cation-phosphate precipitation within solution. The long term
stability of OSV-FB requires further monitoring when it is
provided as a national stock in readiness for an influenza
pandemic.
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Ghassan Mudher Hashim , Ghaidaa S. Hameed , Dalya Basil Hanna
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Frontiers in Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
- Dense Granule Protein-7 (GRA-7) of Toxoplasma gondii inhibits viral replication in vitro and in vivo
-
Prasanna Weeratunga , Thilina U. B. Herath , Tae-Hwan Kim , Hyun-Cheol Lee , Jae-Hoon Kim , Byeong-Hoon Lee , Eun-Seo Lee , Kiramage Chathuranga , W. A. Gayan Chathuranga , Chul-Su Yang , Jin Yeul Ma , Jong-Soo Lee
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J. Microbiol. 2017;55(11):909-917. Published online October 27, 2017
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7392-5
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337
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0
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17
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Abstract
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-
Dense granule protein-7 (GRA-7) is an excretory protein of
Toxoplasma gondii. It is a potential serodiagnostic marker
and vaccine candidate for toxoplasmosis. Previous reports
demonstrated that GRA-7 induces innate immune responses
in macrophages by interacting with TRAF6 via the MyD88-
dependent pathway. In the present study, we evaluated the
antiviral activity and induction of an antiviral state by GRA-7
both in vitro and in vivo. It was observed that GRA-7 markedly
reduced the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVGFP),
influenza A virus (PR8-GFP), coxsackievirus (H3-
GFP), herpes simplex virus (HSV-GFP), and adenovirus-GFP
in epithelial (HEK293T/HeLa) and immune (RAW264.7)
cells. These antiviral activities of GRA-7 were attributed to
the induction of type I interferon (IFN) signaling, resulting
in the secretion of IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Additionally, in BALB/c mice, intranasal administration of
GRA-7 prevented lethal infection by influenza A virus (H1N1)
and exhibited prophylactic effects against respiratory syncytial
virus (RSV-GFP). Collectively, these results suggested
that GRA-7 exhibits immunostimulatory and broad spectrum
antiviral activities via type I IFN signaling. Thus, GRA-7 can
be potentially used as a vaccine adjuvant or as a candidate
drug with prophylactic potential against viruses.
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J. Microbiol. 2017;55(6):488-498. Published online May 28, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7088-x
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Coptidis Rhizoma is derived from the dried rhizome of Ranun-culaceous plants and is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine. Although Coptidis Rhizoma is commonly used for its many therapeutic effects, antiviral activity against respi-ratory syncytial virus (RSV) has not been reported in detail. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activities of Coptidis Rhizoma extract (CRE) against RSV in human respiratory tract cell line (HEp2) and BALB/c mice. An effective dose of CRE significantly reduces the replication of RSV in HEp2 cells and reduces the RSV-induced cell death. This antiviral activity against RSV was through the induction of type I inter-feron-related signaling and the antiviral state in HEp2 cells. More importantly, oral administration of CRE exhibited prophylactic effects in BALB/c mice against RSV. In HPLC analysis, we found the presence of several compounds in the aqueous fraction and among them; we confirmed that pal-matine was related to the antiviral properties and immune- modulation effect. Taken together, an extract of Coptidis Rhi-zoma and its components play roles as immunomodulators and could be a potential source as promising natural antivirals that can confer protection to RSV. These outcomes should encourage further allied studies in other natural products.
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Review
- REVIEW] Hemorrhagic fever of bunyavirus etiology: disease models and progress towards new therapies
-
Brian B. Gowen , Brady T. Hickerson
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J. Microbiol. 2017;55(3):183-195. Published online February 28, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7029-8
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319
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A growing number of bunyaviruses are known to cause viral
hemorrhagic fever (VHF), a severe febrile illness which can
progress to hypovolemic shock and multi-organ failure and
is characterized by hematologic abnormalities and vascular
leak. At present, there are no approved vaccines or antiviral
therapies to effectively prevent or treat VHF caused by pathogenic
bunyaviruses. Advances in the modeling of bunyaviral
infections have facilitated efforts towards the development
of novel post-exposure prophylactic and therapeutic
countermeasures, several of which may some day be approved
for human use. Here, we review recent progress in animal
models of severe bunyaviral infections essential to this mission,
as well as promising antivirals and biologicals that are
at various stages of the development process.
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Journal Article
- MDA7/IL-24 is an anti-viral factor that inhibits influenza virus replication
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Rak-Kyun Seong , Young-Ki Choi , Ok Sarah Shin
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J. Microbiol. 2016;54(10):695-700. Published online September 30, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6383-2
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291
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17
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Abstract
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Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7)/interleukin-
24 (IL-24) is a secreted cytokine, which plays an essential
role in tumor suppression. Although its role as a multifunctional
protein affecting broad types of cancers is well
described, functions of IL-24 in host defense against virus
infection are yet to be determined. In this study, we explored
the anti-viral effect of recombinant IL-24 treatment during
influenza infection. Infection of human lung adenocarcinoma
cells (A549) with the influenza A virus up-regulated IL-24
mRNA and protein expression in a time-dependent manner.
Pre-treatment of A549 cells with recombinant IL-24 protein
effectively suppressed viral plaque formation. Furthermore,
IL-24 treatment of A549 cells reduced viral non-structural
protein 1 (NS1) synthesis, whereas IL-24 knockdown resulted
in increased viral replication. Interestingly, IL-24 treatment
following influenza A virus infection led to up-regulation of
interferon (IFN)-induced antiviral signaling. Taken together,
our results suggest that IL-24 exerts a potent suppressive effect
on influenza viral replication and can be used in the treatment
of influenza infection.
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Review
- MINIREVIEW] Multilayered regulations of RIG-I in the anti-viral signaling pathway
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Nari Kim , Hesung Now , Nhung T.H. Nguyen , Joo-Yeon Yoo
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J. Microbiol. 2016;54(9):583-587. Published online August 31, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6322-2
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313
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RIG-I is a cytosolic receptor recognizing virus-specific RNA
structures and initiates an antiviral signaling that induces the
production of interferons and proinflammatory cytokines.
Because inappropriate RIG-I signaling affects either viral
clearance or immune toxicity, multiple regulations of RIG-I
have been investigated since its discovery as the viral RNA
detector. In this review, we describe the recent progress in
research on the regulation of RIG-I activity or abundance.
Specifically, we focus on the mechanism that modulates RIGI-
dependent antiviral response through post-translational
modifications of or protein-protein interactions with RIG-I.
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Retracted Publication
- Interferon-mediated antiviral activities of Angelica tenuissima Nakai and its active components
-
Prasanna Weeratunga , Md Bashir Uddin , Myun Soo Kim , Byeong-Hoon Lee , Tae-Hwan Kim , Ji-Eun Yoon , Jin Yeul Ma , Hongik Kim , Jong-Soo Lee
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J. Microbiol. 2016;54(1):57-70. Published online January 5, 2016
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5555-4
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332
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5
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Abstract
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Angelica tenuissima Nakai is a widely used commodity in
traditional medicine. Nevertheless, no study has been conducted
on the antiviral and immune-modulatory properties
of an aqueous extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai. In the
present study, we evaluated the antiviral activities and the
mechanism of action of an aqueous extract of Angelica tenuissima
Nakai both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, an effective
dose of Angelica tenuissima Nakai markedly inhibited the
replication of Influenza A virus (PR8), Vesicular stomatitis
virus (VSV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Coxsackie virus,
and Enterovirus (EV-71) on epithelial (HEK293T/HeLa) and
immune (RAW264.7) cells. Such inhibition can be described
by the induction of the antiviral state in cells by antiviral, IFNrelated
gene induction and secretion of IFNs and pro-inflammatory
cytokines. In vivo, Angelica tenuissima Nakai
treated BALB/c mice displayed higher survivability and lower
lung viral titers when challenged with lethal doses of highly
pathogenic influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H5N2, H7N3, and
H9N2). We also found that Angelica tenuissima Nakai can
induce the secretion of IL-6, IFN-λ, and local IgA in bronchoalveolar
lavage fluid (BALF) of Angelica tenuissima Nakai
treated mice, which correlating with the observed prophylactic
effects. In HPLC analysis, we found the presence of several
compounds in the aqueous fraction and among them; we
evaluated antiviral properties of ferulic acid. Therefore, an
extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai and its components,
including ferulic acid, play roles as immunomodulators and
may be potential candidates for novel anti-viral/anti-influenza
agents.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts
- Antiviral effects of Lactobacillus ruminis SPM0211 and Bifidobacterium longum SPM1205 and SPM1206 on rotavirus-infected Caco-2 cells and a neonatal mouse model
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Joo Yeon Kang , Do Kyung Lee , Nam Joo Ha , Hea Soon Shin
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J. Microbiol. 2015;53(11):796-803. Published online October 28, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5302-2
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Abstract
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Rotavirus is worldwide cause of severe gastroenteritis including
severe diarrhea and fatal dehydration in infants
and young children. There is an available vaccination program
for preventing rotavirus infection, but it has limits
and restrictions. Probiotics therapy could be an alternative
method
of antiviral prevention and modulation against rotavirus
infection. In this study, we screened the antiviral activity
of probiotic bacteria such as 3 Lactobacillus spp. and
14 Bifidobacterium spp. isolated from young Korean. Three
of the bacteria, Lactobacillus ruminis SPM0211, Bifidobacterium
longum SPM1205, and SPM1206, inhibited human
strain Wa rotavirus infection in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore,
these bacterial strains inhibited rotavirus replication in a
rotavirus-infected neonatal mouse model. To clarify the mechanism
of inhibition, we investigated gene expression of
Interferon (IFN)-signaling components and IFN-inducible
antiviral effectors. All 3 probiotics increased IFN-α and IFN-
β levels compared with the control. Gene expression of IFNsignaling
components and IFN-inducible antiviral effectors
also increased. Overall, these results indicate that L. ruminis
SPM0211, B. longum SPM1205 and 1206 efficiently inhibit
rotavirus replication in vitro and in vivo. Especially, the antiviral
effect of Lactobacillus ruminis SPM0211 is worthy of
notice. This is the first report of L. ruminis with antiviral activity.
Anti-rotaviral effects of the 3 probiotics are likely due
to their modulation of the immune response through promoting
type I IFNs, which are key regulators in IFN signaling
pathway.
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- Cyclic Dipeptides from Lactic Acid Bacteria Inhibit Proliferation of the Influenza A Virus
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Min-Kyu Kwak , Rui Liu , Jun-Oh Kwon , Min-Kyu Kim , Andrew HyoungJin Kim , Sa-Ouk Kang
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J. Microbiol. 2013;51(6):836-843. Published online December 19, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3521-y
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Abstract
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We isolated Lactobacillus plantarum LBP-K10 from the traditional Korean fermented food kimchi. When organic acids were removed, the culture filtrate of this isolate showed high antiviral activity (measured using a plaque-forming assay) against the influenza A (H3N2) virus. Two fractions that were active against influenza A virus were purified from the culture filtrate using a C18 column with high-performance liquid chromatography. These active fractions were crystallized and identified to be the cyclic dipeptides cis-cyclo (L-Leu-L-Pro) and cis-cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; this identification was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. These cyclic dipeptides were identified in the culture filtrate of other lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Weissella spp.,
and Lactococcus lactis.
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Cyclo-(
l
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- DBA/2 Mouse as an Animal Model for Anti-influenza Drug Efficacy Evaluation
-
Jin Il Kim , Sehee Park , Sangmoo Lee , Ilseob Lee , Jun Heo , Min-Woong Hwang , Joon-Yong Bae , Donghwan Kim , Seok-Il Jang , Mee Sook Park , Man-Seong Park
-
J. Microbiol. 2013;51(6):866-871. Published online December 19, 2013
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3428-7
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328
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15
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Abstract
PDF
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Influenza viruses are seasonally recurring human pathogens.
Vaccines and antiviral drugs are available for influenza.
However, the viruses, which often change themselves via
antigenic drift and shift, demand constant efforts to update
vaccine antigens every year and develop new agents with
broad-spectrum antiviral efficacy. An animal model is critical
for such efforts. While most human influenza viruses are
unable to kill BALB/c mice, some strains have been shown
to kill DBA/2 mice without prior adaptation. Therefore, in
this study, we explored the feasibility of employing DBA/2
mice as a model in the development of anti-influenza drugs.
Unlike the BALB/c strain, DBA/2 mice were highly susceptible
and could be killed with a relatively low titer (50%
DBA/2 lethal dose = 102.83 plaque-forming units) of the A/
Korea/01/2009 virus (2009 pandemic H1N1 virus). When
treated with a neuraminidase inhibitor, oseltamivir phosphate,
infected DBA/2 mice survived until 14 days postinfection.
The reduced morbidity of the infected DBA/2
mice was also consistent with the oseltamivir treatment.
Taking these data into consideration, we propose that the
DBA/2 mouse is an excellent animal model to evaluate antiviral
efficacy against influenza infection and can be further
utilized for combination therapies or bioactivity models of
existing and newly developed anti-influenza drugs.
-
Citations
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PLoS ONE.2014; 9(7): e101325. CrossRef
- The Anti-influenza Virus Effect of Phellinus igniarius Extract
-
Sangmoo Lee , Jin Il Kim , Jun Heo , Ilseob Lee , Sehee Park , Min-Woong Hwang , Joon-Yong Bae , Mee Sook Park , Hyoung Jin Park , Man-Seong Park
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J. Microbiol. 2013;51(5):676-681. Published online October 31, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3384-2
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544
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29
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Abstract
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Herbal medicine has been used in the orient for thousands of years to treat large and small ailments, including microbial infections. Although there are treatments for influenza virus infection, there is no treatment for drug-resistant viruses. It is time that we explored and exploited the multicomponent nature of herbal extracts as multi-drug combination therapies. Here, we present data on the anti-influenza virus effect of a medicinal mushroom, Phellinus igniarius. The P. igniarius water extract was effective against influenza A and B viruses, including 2009 pandemic H1N1, human H3N2, avian H9N2, and oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 viruses. Virological assays revealed that the extract may interfere with one or more early events in the influenza virus replication cycle, including viral attachment to the target cell. Therefore, our results provide new insights into the use of P. igniarius as an anti-influenza medicine.
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- NOTE] GFP-Expressing Influenza A Virus for Evaluation of the Efficacy of Antiviral Agents
-
Jin Il Kim , Sehee Park , Ilseob Lee , Sangmoo Lee , Saem Shin , Yongkwan Won , Min-Woong Hwang , Joon-Yong Bae , Jun Heo , Hye-Eun Hyun , Hyejin Jun , Soon Sung Lim , Man-Seong Park
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J. Microbiol. 2012;50(2):359-362. Published online April 27, 2012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2163-9
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197
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14
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To address its value as a screening tool in the development of antiviral drugs, a recombinant influenza virus expressing green fluorescent protein (rPR8-GFP virus) was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The inhibition of viral growth by a neuraminidase inhibitor in the cells or lower respiratory tracts of mice could be visualized by the level of fluorescence. In addition, the rPR8-GFP virus exhibited high pathogenicity in mice. Taken together, these results suggest that the rPR8-GFP virus can be a useful tool for the rapid identification of antiviral drugs active against influenza viruses.
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- In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Red Alga, Polysiphonia morrowii Extract and Its Bromophenols Against Fish Pathogenic Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus and Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus
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Su-Yeun Kim , Seok Ryel Kim# , Myung-Joo Oh , Sung-Ju Jung , So Young Kang
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J. Microbiol. 2011;49(1):102-106. Published online March 3, 2011
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1035-z
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Abstract
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Our previous investigation revealed that 80% methanolic extract of the red alga Polysiphonia morrowii has significant antiviral activities against fish pathogenic viruses, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). The present study was conducted to identify compounds
attributed for its antiviral activities and investigate their antiviral activities against IHNV and IPNV. Activityguided fractionation for 80% methanolic extract of Polysiphonia morrowii using a cell-based assay measuring virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) on cells yielded a 90% methanolic fraction, which showed the highest antiviral activity against both viruses among fractions yielded from the extract. From the fraction, two bromophenols were isolated and identified as 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether (1) and 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (2) based on spectroscopic analyses. For both compounds, the concentrations to inhibit 50% of flounder spleen cell (FSP cell) proliferation (CC50) and each viral replication (EC50) were measured. In the pretreatment test, 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether (1) and 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde
(2) exhibited significant antiviral activities showing selective index values (SI = CC50/EC50) of 20 to 42 against both IHNV and IPNV. In direct virucidal test, 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether (1) showed significant antiviral activites against both viruses while 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (2) was significantly effective against only IHNV. Although antiviral efficacies of both compounds against
IHNV and IPNV were lower than those of ribavirin used as a positive control, our findings suggested that the red alga Polysiphonia morrowii and isolated two bromophenols may have potential as a therapeutic agent against fish viral diseases.
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Abstract
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For rapid and sensitive measurement of antiviral activities, application of a recombinant virus containing firefly luciferase gene was attempted. Recombinant human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) containing luciferase gene driven by HCMV late gene pp28 promoter (HCMV/pp28-luc) was used to test the antiviral activities of three known compounds and the result was compared with results from the conventional plaque assay for measuring the production of infectious viruses. When human fibroblast cells were infected with HCMV/pp28-luc, luciferase activity was observed at 2 days after infection and reached maximum at 6 days after infection, whereas the production of infectious virus was maximal at 4 days after infection. The antiviral activities of ganciclovir, acyclovir, and papaverine were measured in HFF cells infected with HCMV/pp28-luc and the luciferase activity was compared with the infectious virus titers. Luciferase activity decreased as the concentration of ganciclovir or papaverine increased, while there was a slight decrease in luciferase activity with acyclovir. The level of the decrease in luciferase activity was comparable to the level of decrease in the production of infectious virus. Therefore, the antiviral assay using recombinant virus HCMV/pp28-luc resulted in sensitivity similar to the conventional plaque assay with a significant reduction in assay time.