Journal of Microbiology

Full articles

Mannose phosphotransferase system subunit IID of Streptococcus mutans elicits maturation and activation of dendritic cells: Sungho Jeong, Chaeyeon Park, Dongwook Lee, Hyun Jung Ji, Ho Seong Seo, Cheol-Heui Yun, Jintaek Im, Seung Hyun Han; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(10):e2505014. Published online October 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2505014

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Abstract PDF: Streptococcus mutans is a Gram-positive pathogen that causes dental caries and subsequent pulpal infection leading to pulpitis. Although dendritic cells (DCs) are known to be involved in disease progression and immune responses during S. mutans infection, little is known about which component of S. mutans is responsible for the DC responses. Although the mannose phosphotransferase system (Man-PTS) is the primary sugar transporter of S. mutans, it is also a potential virulence factor. Since Man-PTS subunit IID (ManIID) embedded on the bacterial membrane is indispensable for Man-PTS function, we investigated its role in the maturation and activation of DCs stimulated with a ManIID-deficient strain (Δpts) of S. mutans and recombinant ManIID (rManIID) protein. When mouse bone marrow-derived DCs were treated with heat-killed S. mutans wild-type (WT) or Δpts, bacterial adherence and internalization of Δpts were lower than those of WT. Moreover, the heat-killed S. mutans Δpts strain was inferior to the wild-type in inducing expression of phenotypic maturation markers, such as CD80, CD86, MHC-I, and MHC-II, and proinflammatory cytokine, IL-6. In line with the trends in marker expression, the endocytic capacity of DCs treated with the Δpts strain was comparable to that of untreated DCs whereas DCs treated with the WT strain dose-dependently lost their endocytic capacity. Furthermore, rManIID dose-dependently promoted both phenotypic maturation marker expression and IL-6 production by DCs. Collectively, these results demonstrate that ManIID plays a crucial role in the adhesion and internalization of S. mutans into DCs and is one of the major immune-stimulating agents responsible for maturation and activation of DCs during S. mutans infection.

Efficient CRISPR-based genome editing for inducible degron systems to enable temporal control of protein function in large double-stranded DNA virus genomes: Kihye Shin, Eui Tae Kim; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(9):e2504008. Published online August 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2504008

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Abstract PDF: CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing enables precise genetic modifications. However, its application to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains challenging due to the large size of the viral genome and the essential roles of key regulatory genes. Here, we establish an optimized CRISPR-Cas9 system for precise labeling and functional analysis of HCMV immediate early (IE) genes. By integrating a multifunctional cassette encoding an auxin-inducible degron (AID), a self-cleaving peptide (P2A), and GFP into the viral genome via homology-directed repair (HDR), we achieved efficient knock-ins without reliance on bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) cloning, a labor-intensive and time-consuming approach. We optimized delivery strategies, donor template designs, and component ratios to enhance HDR efficiency, significantly improving knock-in success rates. This system enables real-time fluorescent tracking and inducible protein degradation, allowing temporal control of essential viral proteins through auxin-mediated depletion. Our approach provides a powerful tool for dissecting the dynamic roles of viral proteins throughout the HCMV life cycle, facilitating a deeper understanding of viral pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.

Research Article

Efficiency of reverse genetics methods for rescuing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: Chang-Joo Park, Taehun Kim, Seung-Min Yoo, Myung-Shin Lee, Nam-Hyuk Cho, Changhoon Park; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(2):e2411023. Published online February 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2411023

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Abstract PDF: Bacteria-free reverse genetics techniques are crucial for the efficient generation of recombinant viruses, bypassing the need for labor-intensive bacterial cloning. These methods are particularly relevant for studying the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19. This study compared the efficiency of three bacteria-free approaches—circular polymerase extension reaction (CPER) with and without nick sealing and infectious sub-genomic amplicons (ISA)—to bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based technology for rescuing SARS-CoV-2. Significant differences in viral titers following transfection were observed between methods. CPER with nick sealing generated virus titers comparable to those of the BAC-based method and 10 times higher than those of the standard CPER. In contrast, ISA demonstrated extremely low efficiency, as cytopathic effects were detected only after two passages. All rescued viruses exhibited replication kinetics consistent with those of the original strain, with no significant deviation in replication capacity. Furthermore, the utility of CPER and ISA in genetically modifying SARS-CoV-2 was demonstrated by successfully inserting the gene encoding green fluorescent protein into the genome. Overall, this study underscores the potential of bacteria-free methods, such as CPER and ISA, in advancing SARS-CoV-2 research while highlighting their significant differences in efficiency.

Journal Articles

Fleagrass (Adenosma buchneroides Bonati) Acts as a Fungicide against Candida albicans by Damaging Its Cell Wall: Youwei Wu, Hongxia Zhang, Hongjie Chen, Zhizhi Du, Qin Li, Ruirui Wang; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(8):661-670. Published online July 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00146-9

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Abstract PDF: Fleagrass, a herb known for its pleasant aroma, is widely used as a mosquito repellent, antibacterial agent, and for treating colds, reducing swelling, and alleviating pain. The antifungal effects of the essential oils of fleagrass and carvacrol against Candida albicans were investigated by evaluating the growth and the mycelial and biofilm development of C. albicans. Transmission electron microscopy was used to evaluate the integrity of the cell membrane and cell wall of C. albicans. Fleagrass exhibited high fungicidal activity against C. albicans at concentrations of 0.5% v/v (via the Ras1/cAMP/PKA pathway). Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy revealed damage to the cell wall and membrane after treatment with the essential oil, which was further confirmed by the increased levels of β-1,3-glucan and chitin in the cell wall. This study showed that fleagrass exerts good fungicidal and hyphal growth inhibition activity against C. albicans by disrupting its cell wall, and thus, fleagrass may be a potential antifungal drug.

RapB Regulates Cell Adhesion and Migration in Dictyostelium, Similar to RapA: Uri Han, Nara Han, Byeonggyu Park, Taeck Joong Jeon; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(8):627-637. Published online June 17, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00143-y

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Ras small GTPases act as molecular switches in various cellular signaling pathways, including cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Three Rap proteins are present in Dictyostelium; RapA, RapB, and RapC. RapA and RapC have been reported to have opposing functions in the control of cell adhesion and migration. Here, we investigated the role of RapB, a member of the Ras GTPase subfamily in Dictyostelium, focusing on its involvement in cell adhesion, migration, and developmental processes. This study revealed that RapB, similar to RapA, played a crucial role in regulating cell morphology, adhesion, and migration. rapB null cells, which were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, displayed altered cell size, reduced cell-substrate adhesion, and increased migration speed during chemotaxis. These phenotypes of rapB null cells were restored by the expression of RapB and RapA, but not RapC. Consistent with these results, RapB, similar to RapA, failed to rescue the phenotypes of rapC null cells, spread morphology, increased cell adhesion, and decreased migration speed during chemotaxis. Multicellular development of rapB null cells remained unaffected. These results suggest that RapB is involved in controlling cell morphology and cell adhesion. Importantly, RapB appears to play an inhibitory role in regulating the migration speed during chemotaxis, possibly by controlling cell-substrate adhesion, resembling the functions of RapA. These findings contribute to the understanding of the functional relationships among Ras subfamily proteins.

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Intracellular Calcium Responses to External Calcium Stimuli in Dictyostelium
Dahyeon Kim, Jiseong Seo, Taeck Joong Jeon
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Advanced MD Simulation Methods Uncover Mechanisms of SH3 Domain Functions in Small GTPase Signaling
Muslum Yildiz
Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics.2025; 93(12): 2055. CrossRef

miR-135b Aggravates Fusobacterium nucleatum-Induced Cisplatin Resistance in Colorectal Cancer by Targeting KLF13: Wei Zeng , Jia Pan , Guannan Ye; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(2):63-73. Published online February 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00100-1

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Cisplatin resistance is the main cause of colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment failure, and the cause has been reported to be related to Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) infection. In this study, we explored the role of Fn in regulating cisplatin resistance of CRC cells and its underlying mechanism involved. The mRNA and protein expressions were examined by qRT-PCR and western blot. Cell proliferation and cell apoptosis were assessed using CCK8 and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was adopted to analyze the molecular interactions. Herein, our results revealed that Fn abundance and miR-135b expression were markedly elevated in CRC tissues, with a favorable association between the two. Moreover, Fn infection could increase miR-135b expression via a concentration-dependent manner, and it also enhanced cell proliferation but reduced apoptosis and cisplatin sensitivity by upregulating miR-135b. Moreover, KLF13 was proved as a downstream target of miR-135b, of which overexpression greatly diminished the promoting effect of miR-135b or Fn-mediated cisplatin resistance in CRC cells. In addition, it was observed that upstream 2.5 kb fragment of miR-135b promoter could be interacted by β-catenin/TCF4 complex, which was proved as an effector signaling of Fn. LF3, a blocker of β-catenin/TCF4 complex, was confirmed to diminish the promoting role of Fn on miR-135b expression. Thus, it could be concluded that Fn activated miR-135b expression through TCF4/β-catenin complex, thereby inhibiting KLF13 expression and promoting cisplatin resistance in CRC.

Citations

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miR-135b: A key role in cancer biology and therapeutic targets
Yingchun Shao, Shuangshuang Zhang, Yuxin Pan, Zhan Peng, Yinying Dong
Non-coding RNA Research.2025; 12: 67. CrossRef
miR‐135b: A Potential Biomarker for Pathological Diagnosis and Biological Therapy
Dezhi Yan, Qingliu He, Chunjian Wang, Tian Li, Xueping Yi, Haisheng Yu, Wenfei Wu, Hanyun Yang, Wenzhao Wang, Liang Ma
WIREs RNA.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of the Intestinal Microbiome and Metabolites on Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Efficacy in Breast Cancer
Jingyue Fu, Hongxin Lin, Shuaikang Li, Xingying Yu, Yufan Jin, Jie Mei, Yichao Zhu, Tiansong Xia
BIO Integration.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Fusobacterium nucleatum and non-coding RNAs: orchestrating oncogenic pathways in colorectal cancer
Zahra Sadeghloo, Sara Ebrahimi, Mojdeh Hakemi-Vala, Mehdi Totonchi, Amir Sadeghi, Nayeralsadat Fatemi
Gut Pathogens.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Regulatory mechanisms and emerging diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities of non-coding RNAs in tumorigenesis: a pan-cancer perspective
Doblin Sandai, Zengkan Du, Haoling Zhang, Qi Sun
Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences.2025; : 1. CrossRef
Emerging roles of intratumor microbiota in cancer: tumorigenesis and management strategies
Zhuangzhuang Shi, Zhaoming Li, Mingzhi Zhang
Journal of Translational Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Fusobacterium nucleatum: a novel regulator of antitumor immune checkpoint blockade therapy in colorectal cancer
Mengjie Luo
American Journal of Cancer Research.2024; 14(8): 3962. CrossRef
Antioxidant Role of Probiotics in Inflammation-Induced Colorectal Cancer
Sevag Hamamah, Andrei Lobiuc, Mihai Covasa
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(16): 9026. CrossRef
Identification of Penexanthone A as a Novel Chemosensitizer to Induce Ferroptosis by Targeting Nrf2 in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells
Genshi Zhao, Yanying Liu, Xia Wei, Chunxia Yang, Junfei Lu, Shihuan Yan, Xiaolin Ma, Xue Cheng, Zhengliang You, Yue Ding, Hongwei Guo, Zhiheng Su, Shangping Xing, Dan Zhu
Marine Drugs.2024; 22(8): 357. CrossRef

Lactobacillus acidophilus KBL409 Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis in a Mouse Model: Woon-ki Kim , You Jin Jang , SungJun Park , Sung-gyu Min , Heeun Kwon , Min Jung Jo , GwangPyo Ko; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(2):91-99. Published online February 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00104-5

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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with repeated exacerbations of eczema and pruritus. Probiotics can prevent or treat AD appropriately via modulation of immune responses and gut microbiota. In this study, we evaluated effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) KBL409 using a house dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae)-induced in vivo AD model. Oral administration of L. acidophilus KBL409 significantly reduced dermatitis scores and decreased infiltration of immune cells in skin tissues. L. acidophilus KBL409 reduced in serum immunoglobulin E and mRNA levels of T helper (Th)1 (Interferon-γ), Th2 (Interleukin [IL]-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-31), and Th17 (IL-17A) cytokines in skin tissues. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased and Foxp3 expression was up-regulated in AD-induced mice with L. acidophilus KBL409. Furthermore, L. acidophilus KBL409 significantly modulated gut microbiota and concentrations of short-chain fatty acids and amino acids, which could explain its effects on AD. Our results suggest that L. acidophilus KBL409 is the potential probiotic for AD treatment by modulating of immune responses and gut microbiota of host.

Citations

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Limosilactobacillus fermentum KBL674 Alleviates Vaginal Candidiasis
Sung Jae Jang, Eun Jung Jo, Cheonghoon Lee, Bo-Ram Cho, Yun Jeong Shin, Jun Soo Song, Woon-Ki Kim, Nanhee Lee, Hyungjin Lee, SungJun Park, GwangPyo Ko
Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins.2025; 17(6): 4580. CrossRef
The gut-skin axis: a bi-directional, microbiota-driven relationship with therapeutic potential
Maira Jimenez-Sanchez, Larissa S. Celiberto, Hyungjun Yang, Ho Pan Sham, Bruce A. Vallance
Gut Microbes.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Probiotics ameliorate atopic dermatitis by modulating the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in dogs
Hyokeun Song, Seung-Hyun Mun, Dae-Woong Han, Jung-Hun Kang, Jae-Uk An, Cheol-Yong Hwang, Seongbeom Cho
BMC Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The effect of daily oral probiotic and postbiotic supplementation on the canine skin microbiota: Insights from culture‐dependent and long‐read 16S rRNA gene sequencing methods
Letitia Grant, Manijeh Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh, Esmaeil Ebrahimie, Aliakbar Khabiri, Tania Veltman, Michael Shipstone, Darren J. Trott
Veterinary Dermatology.2025; 36(5): 581. CrossRef
The efficacy of Akkermansia muciniphila YGMCC2602-derived postbiotics in skin repair
Zhili He, Wenfang Song, Shichang Zhang, Minlei Zhao, Fan Wang, Shanshan He, Xiaochi Jie, Qi Gao, Jianguo Chen
Journal of Functional Foods.2025; 131: 106950. CrossRef
Differential modulation of post-antibiotic colonization resistance to Clostridioides difficile by two probiotic Lactobacillus strains
Matthew H. Foley, Arthur S. McMillan, Sarah O'Flaherty, Rajani Thanissery, Molly E. Vanhoy, Mary Gracen Fuller, Rodolphe Barrangou, Casey M. Theriot, Jacques Ravel
mBio.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Innovative microbial strategies in atopic dermatitis
Jingtai Ma, Yiting Fang, Jinxing Hu, Shiqi Li, Lilian Zeng, Siyi Chen, Zhifeng Li, Ruiling Meng, Xingfen Yang, Fenglin Zhang, Guiyuan Ji, Peihua Liao, Liang Chen, Wei Wu
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Nanoencapsulation of Biotics: Feasibility to Enhance Stability and Delivery for Improved Gut Health
Pedro Brivaldo Viana da Silva, Thiécla Katiane Osvaldt Rosales, João Paulo Fabi
Pharmaceutics.2025; 17(9): 1180. CrossRef
Microbiota Modulation as an Approach to Prevent the Use of Antimicrobials Associated with Canine Atopic Dermatitis
Tânia Lagoa, Luís Martins, Maria Cristina Queiroga
Biomedicines.2025; 13(10): 2372. CrossRef
Lactobacillus crispatus KBL693 alleviates atopic dermatitis symptoms through immune modulation
Seokcheon Song, Jun-Hyeong Kim, Sung Jae Jang, Eun Jung Jo, Sang Kyun Lim, GwangPyo Ko
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(10): e2509005. CrossRef
Oral Administration of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KBL396 Regulates Serum 5-Hydroxytryptamine and Gut Microbiota: Evidence from a Preclinical Mouse Model and a Randomized Controlled Human Trial
Woojae Myung, Sung Jae Jang, Giljae Lee, Cheonghoon Lee, Kiuk Lee, Sung Hyun Moon, Yunsun Jeong, Woon-Ki Kim, SungJun Park, Hyungjin Lee, Yun Seong Park, Sangah Shin, Tae-Wook Nam, Hong Jin Jeon, GwangPyo Ko
Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Skin Histopathology of Pro- and Parabiotics in a Mouse Model of Atopic Dermatitis
Hun Hwan Kim, Se Hyo Jeong, Min Yeong Park, Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale, Abuyaseer Abusaliya, Jeong Doo Heo, Hyun Wook Kim, Je Kyung Seong, Tae Yang Kim, Jeong Woo Park, Byeong Soo Kim, Gon Sup Kim
Nutrients.2024; 16(17): 2903. CrossRef

[Protocol] Use of Cas9 Targeting and Red Recombination for Designer Phage Engineering: Shin-Yae Choi , Danitza Xiomara Romero-Calle , Han-Gyu Cho , Hee-Won Bae , You-Hee Cho; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(1):1-10. Published online February 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00107-2

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Bacteriophages (phages) are natural antibiotics and biological nanoparticles, whose application is significantly boosted by recent advances of synthetic biology tools. Designer phages are synthetic phages created by genome engineering in a way to increase the benefits or decrease the drawbacks of natural phages. Here we report the development of a straightforward genome engineering method to efficiently obtain engineered phages in a model bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This was achieved by eliminating the wild type phages based on the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) and facilitating the recombinant generation based on the Red recombination system of the coliphage λ (λRed). The producer (PD) cells of P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 was created by miniTn7-based chromosomal integration of the genes for SpCas9 and λRed under an inducible promoter. To validate the efficiency of the recombinant generation, we created the fluorescent phages from a temperate phage MP29. A plasmid bearing the single guide RNA (sgRNA) gene for selectively targeting the wild type gp35 gene and the editing template for tagging the Gp35 with superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) was introduced into the PD cells by electroporation. We found that the targeting efficiency was affected by the position and number of sgRNA. The fluorescent phage particles were efficiently recovered from the culture of the PD cells expressing dual sgRNA molecules. This protocol can be used to create designer phages in P. aeruginosa for both application and research purposes.

Citations

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Pilin regions that select for the small RNA phages in Pseudomonas aeruginosa type IV pilus
Hee-Won Bae, Hyeong-Jun Ki, Shin-Yae Choi, You-Hee Cho, Kristin N. Parent
Journal of Virology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Synthetic and Functional Engineering of Bacteriophages: Approaches for Tailored Bactericidal, Diagnostic, and Delivery Platforms
Ola Alessa, Yoshifumi Aiba, Mahmoud Arbaah, Yuya Hidaka, Shinya Watanabe, Kazuhiko Miyanaga, Dhammika Leshan Wannigama, Longzhu Cui
Molecules.2025; 30(15): 3132. CrossRef
Characteristics of bioaerosols under high-ozone periods, haze episodes, dust storms, and normal days in Xi’an, China
Yiming Yang, Liu Yang, Xiaoyan Hu, Zhenxing Shen
Particuology.2024; 90: 140. CrossRef
Airborne desert dust and aeromicrobiology over the Turkish Mediterranean coastline
Dale W. Griffin, Nilgün Kubilay, Mustafa Koçak, Mike A. Gray, Timothy C. Borden, Eugene A. Shinn
Atmospheric Environment.2007; 41(19): 4050. CrossRef

Transcriptomic Insights into Archaeal Nitrification in the Amundsen Sea Polynya, Antarctica: Joo-Han Gwak , Samuel Imisi Awala , So-Jeong Kim , Sang-Hoon Lee , Eun-Jin Yang , Jisoo Park , Jinyoung Jung , Sung-Keun Rhee; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(11):967-980. Published online December 7, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00090-0

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Antarctic polynyas have the highest Southern Ocean summer primary productivity, and due to anthropogenic climate change, these areas have formed faster recently. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are among the most ubiquitous and abundant microorganisms in the ocean and play a primary role in the global nitrogen cycle. We utilized metagenomics and metatranscriptomics to gain insights into the physiology and metabolism of AOA in polar oceans, which are associated with ecosystem functioning. A polar-specific ecotype of AOA, from the “Candidatus Nitrosomarinus”-like group, was observed to be dominant in the Amundsen Sea Polynya (ASP), West Antarctica, during a succession of summer phytoplankton blooms. AOA had the highest transcriptional activity among prokaryotes during the bloom decline phase (DC). Metatranscriptomic analysis of key genes involved in ammonia oxidation, carbon fixation, transport, and cell division indicated that this polar AOA ecotype was actively involved in nitrification in the bloom DC in the ASP. This study revealed the physiological and metabolic traits of this key polar-type AOA in response to phytoplankton blooms in the ASP and provided insights into AOA functions in polar oceans.

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Bulk metagenomics and machine learning unravels nitrogen metabolism patterns in extreme-temperature marine environments
Zheng Guo, Yong-Guang Li, Xiao-Lin Liu, Zhao-Jie Teng, Qi-Long Qin, Qian-Qian Cha, Zhi-Bin Wang, Shou-Qing Ni
Bioresource Technology.2026; 441: 133551. CrossRef
Alleviated photoinhibition on nitrification in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean
Lingfang Fan, Min Chen, Zifei Yang, Minfang Zheng, Yusheng Qiu
Acta Oceanologica Sinica.2024; 43(7): 52. CrossRef

Vaginal Microbiome Dysbiosis is Associated with the Different Cervical Disease Status: Yingying Ma , Yanpeng Li , Yanmei Liu , Le Cao , Xiao Han , Shujun Gao , Chiyu Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(4):423-432. Published online April 3, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00039-3

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Vaginal microbiome composition was demonstrated to be associated with cervical disease. The colonization characteristics of vaginal microbes and their association with the different cervical disease status, especially cervical cancer (CC), are rarely investigated. In this cross-sectional study, we characterized the vaginal microbiome of women with different status of cervical diseases, including 22 NV + (normal tissue with HPV infection), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL, n = 45), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL, n = 36) and CC (n = 27) using bacterial 16S DNA sequencing. Thirty HPV-negative women with normal tissue were used as the control group. We found that higher diversity of microbiome with gradual depletion of Lactobacillus, especially L. crispatus, was associated with the severity of cervical disease. High-risk HPV16 infection was associated with higher microbiome diversity and depletion of Lactobacillus in high-grade cervical diseases (i.e. HSIL and CC). The CC group was characterized by higher levels of Fannyhessea vaginae, Prevotella, Bacteroides, Finegoldia, Vibrio, Veillonella, Peptostreptococcus, and Dialister. Co-occurrence network analyses showed that negative correlations were exclusively observed between Lactobacillus and other bacteria, and almost all non-Lactobacillus bacteria were positively correlated with each other. In particular, the most diverse and complex co-occurrence network of vaginal bacteria, as well as a complete loss of L. crispatus, was observed in women with CC. Logistic regression model identified HPV16 and Lactobacillus as significant risk and protective factors for CC, respectively. These results suggest that specific Lactobacillus species (e.g. L. crispatus and L. iners) can be used as important markers to target prevention measures prioritizing HPV16-infected women and other hrHPV-infected women for test, vaccination and treat initiatives.

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Vaginal Microbiota and Local Immunity in HPV-Induced High-Grade Cervical Dysplasia: A Narrative Review
Helena C. J. Schellekens, Lotte M. S. Schmidt, Servaas A. Morré, Edith M. G. van Esch, Peggy J. de Vos van Steenwijk
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(9): 3954. CrossRef
The Vaginal Microbiota, Human Papillomavirus, and Cervical Dysplasia—A Review
Justė Kazlauskaitė, Guoda Žukienė, Vilius Rudaitis, Daiva Bartkevičienė
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Nanoparticles and the Vaginal Microbiota: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Innovations in Human Papilloma Virus-associated Cervical Cancer – A Systematic Review
Saranya Velmurugan, Karthikeyan Ganesan, Archana Rajasundaram, C. Thangam, Rozario Cyril, Gowtham Kumar Subbaraj
Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal.2025; 32(1): 1. CrossRef
Exploring the Interplay Between Cervicovaginal Microbiome, HPV Infection, and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Taiwanese Women
Chung‐Yao Yang, Ting‐Chang Chang, Yi‐Tzu Lee, Ting‐Ying Shih, Chang‐Wei Li, Chao‐Min Cheng
Journal of Medical Virology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A nomogram prediction model for embryo implantation outcomes based on the cervical microbiota of the infertile patients during IVF-FET
Yanan Wu, Lingyun Shi, Zili Jin, Wenjun Chen, Fuxin Wang, Huihua Wu, Hong Li, Ce Zhang, Rui Zhu, Simone Filardo
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The Interplay Between Cervicovaginal Microbiota Diversity, Lactobacillus Profiles and Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review
Giosuè Giordano Incognito, Carlo Ronsini, Vittorio Palmara, Paola Romeo, Giuseppe Vizzielli, Stefano Restaino, Marco La Verde, Orazio De Tommasi, Marco Palumbo, Stefano Cianci
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Associations of the gut, cervical, and vaginal microbiota with cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Qin Wen, Shubin Wang, Yalan Min, Xinyi Liu, Jian Fang, Jinyi Lang, Meihua Chen
BMC Women's Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Quantification of Lactobacillus spp. of interest for the study of the vaginal microbiota
Vivian Heimbecker, Bárbara Pontarollo Dal Santos, Ana Paula Thomaz, Keite da Silva Nogueira, Camila Marconi
Journal of Microbiological Methods.2025; 236: 107158. CrossRef
Associations of Atopobium, Garderella, Megasphaera, Prevotella, Sneathia, and Streptococcus with human papillomavirus infection, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Yan Peng, Qin Tang, Shiming Wu, Chengzhi Zhao
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Role of Vaginal and Gut Microbiota in Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Progression and Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review of Microbial Diversity and Probiotic Interventions
Hrishikesh D Pai, Rashmi Baid, Nandita P Palshetkar, Rishma Pai, Arnav Pai, Rohan Palshetkar
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Devanshi Gajjar, Sriram Seshadri
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Vaginal Microbiome and Pregnancy Complications: A Review
Angeliki Gerede, Konstantinos Nikolettos, Eleftherios Vavoulidis, Chrysoula Margioula-Siarkou, Stamatios Petousis, Maria Giourga, Panagiotis Fotinopoulos, Maria Salagianni, Sofoklis Stavros, Konstantinos Dinas, Nikolaos Nikolettos, Ekaterini Domali
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Rhizosphere Microbial Community and Metabolites of Susceptible and Resistant Tobacco Cultivars to Bacterial Wilt: Wan Zhao , Yanyan Li , Chunlei Yang , Yong Yang , Yun Hu; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(4):389-402. Published online March 7, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00012-0

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Soil-borne diseases are closely related to rhizosphere microecosystem. While, plant species and genotypes are important factors affected rhizosphere microecosystem. In this study, the rhizosphere soil microbial community and metabolites of susceptible and resistant tobacco cultivars were investigated. The results showed that there were significant differences in the rhizosphere microbial community and metabolites between susceptible cultivar Yunyan87 and resistant cultivar Fandi3. Furthermore, the rhizosphere soil of Fandi3 showed a higher microbial diversity than that of Yunyan87. The abundance of R. solanacearum was much higher in the rhizosphere soil of Yunyan87 than in the rhizosphere soil of Fandi3, resulting in a higher disease incidence and index. While the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of Fandi3 were higher than that of Yunyan87. Additionally, there were significant differences in metabolites between Yunyan87 and Fandi3 cultivars, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid, vamillic aldehyde, benzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and phthalic acid were notably high in Yunyan87. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the rhizosphere microbial community of Fandi3 and Yunyan87 were highly correlated with various environmental factors and metabolites. Overall, susceptible and resistant tobacco cultivars had different impact on rhizosphere microbial community and metabolites. The results expand our understanding of the roles of tobacco cultivars in plant-micro-ecosystem interactions, and provide a basis for the control of tobacco bacterial wilt.

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Combined applications of organic bran Fertilizer, biochar and microbial inoculants control tobacco soil-borne diseases by recruiting beneficial rhizosphere microbes and enhancing soil quality
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Description of Corynebacterium poyangense sp. nov., isolated from the feces of the greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons): Qian Liu , Guoying Fan , Kui Wu , Xiangning Bai , Xi Yang , Wentao Song , Shengen Chen , Yanwen Xiong , Haiying Chen; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(7):668-677. Published online May 25, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2089-9

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Two novel Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, and short rods to coccoid strains were isolated from the feces of the greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons) at Poyang Lake. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains 4H37-19T and 3HC-13 shared highest identity to that of Corynebacterium uropygiale Iso10T (97.8%). Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses indicated that strains 4H37-19T and 3HC-13 formed an independent clade within genus Corynebacterium and clustered with Corynebacterium uropygiale Iso10T. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization value between strains 4H37-19T and 3HC-13 and members within genus Corynebacterium were all below 95% and 70%, respectively. The genomic G + C content of strains 4H37-19T and 3HC-13 was 52.5%. Diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidyl inositol mannosides (PIM) were the major polar lipids, with C18:1ω9c, C16:0, and C18:0 as the major fatty acids, and MK-8 (H4), MK-8(H2), and MK-9(H2) as the predominant respiratory quinones. The major whole cell sugar was arabinose, and the cell wall included mycolic acids. The cell wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP). The polyphasic taxonomic data shows that these two strains represent a novel species of the genus Corynebacterium, for which the name Corynebacterium poyangense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Corynebacterium poyangense is 4H37-19T (=GDMCC 1.1738T = KACC 21671T).

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Valid and accepted novel bacterial taxa isolated from non-domestic animals and taxonomic revisions published in 2023
Erik Munson, Claire R. Burbick, Sara D. Lawhon, Trinity Krueger, Elena Ruiz-Reyes, Romney M. Humphries
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Keratokonjunktivitisli bir tavuktan Corynebacterium spp. ve Arcanobacterium spp. izolasyonu
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Gamma-glutamyltransferase of Helicobacter pylori alters the proliferation, migration, and pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells by affecting metabolism and methylation status: Zeyu Wang , Weijun Wang , Huiying Shi , Lingjun Meng , Xin Jiang , Suya Pang , Mengke Fan , Rong Lin; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(6):627-639. Published online April 18, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1575-4

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Virulence factor gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) of H. pylori consumes glutamine (Gln) in the stomach to decrease the tricarboxylic acid metabolite alpha-ketoglutarate (α-kg) and alter the downstream regulation of α-kg as well as cellular biological characteristics. Our previous research indicated that under H. pylori infection, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) migrated to the stomach and participated in gastric cancer (GC) development either by differentiating into epithelial cells or promoting angiogenesis. However, how MSCs themselves participate in H. pylori-indicated GC remains unclear. Therefore, a GGT knockout H. pylori strain (Hp- KS-1) was constructed, and downstream histone H3K9 and H3K27 methylation and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway of α-kg were detected using Western blotting. The biological characteristics of MSCs were also examined. An additive α-kg supplement was also added to H. pylori-treated MSCs to investigate alterations in these aspects. Compared to the control and Hp-KS-1 groups, H. pylori-treated MSCs reduced Gln and α-kg, increased H3K9me3 and H3K27me3, activated the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, and promoted the proliferation, migration, self-renewal, and pluripotency of MSCs. The addition of α-kg rescued the H. pylori-induced alterations. Injection of MSCs to nude mice resulted in the largest tumors in the H. pylori group and significantly reduced tumor sizes in the Hp-KS-1 and α-kg groups. In summary, GGT of H. pylori affected MSCs by interfering with the metabolite α-kg to increase trimethylation of histone H3K9 and H3K27, activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and promoting proliferation, migration, self-renewal, and pluripotency in tumorigenesis, elucidating the mechanisms of MSCs in GC development.

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Review

SARS-CoV-2-mediated evasion strategies for antiviral interferon pathways: Soo-Jin Oh , Ok Sarah Shin; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(3):290-299. Published online February 5, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1525-1

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With global expansion of the COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of new variants, extensive efforts have been made to develop highly effective antiviral drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The interactions of coronaviruses with host antiviral interferon pathways ultimately determine successful viral replication and SARS-CoV-2-induced pathogenesis. Innate immune receptors play an essential role in host defense against SARS-CoV-2 via the induction of IFN production and signaling. Here, we summarize the recent advances in innate immune sensing mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and various strategies by which SARS-CoV-2 antagonizes antiviral innate immune signaling pathways, with a particular focus on mechanisms utilized by multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins to evade interferon induction and signaling in host cell. Understanding the underlying immune evasion mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for the improvement of vaccines and therapeutic strategies.

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Journal Articles

Structural and biochemical analysis of the PTPN4 PDZ domain bound to the C-terminal tail of the human papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein: Hye Seon Lee , Hye-Yeoung Yun , Eun-Woo Lee , Ho-Chul Shin , Seung Jun Kim , Bonsu Ku; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(4):395-401. Published online January 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1606-1

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High-risk genotypes of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are directly implicated in various abnormalities associated with cellular hyperproliferation, including cervical cancer. E6 is one of two oncoproteins encoded in the HPV genome, which recruits diverse PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing human proteins through its C-terminal PDZ-binding motif (PBM) to be degraded by means of the proteasome pathway. Among the three PDZ domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatases, protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 3 (PTPN3) and PTPN13 were identified to be recognized by HPV E6 in a PBM-dependent manner. However, whether HPV E6 associates with PTPN4, which also has a PDZ domain and functions as an apoptosis regulator, remains undetermined. Herein, we present structural and biochemical evidence demonstrating the direct interaction between the PBM of HPV16 E6 and the PDZ domain of human PTPN4 for the first time. X-ray crystallographic structure determination and binding measurements using isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrated that hydrophobic interactions in which Leu158 of HPV16 E6 plays a key role and a network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds sustain the complex formation between PTPN4 PDZ and the PBM of HPV16 E6. In addition, it was verified that the corresponding motifs from several other highrisk HPV genotypes, including HPV18, HPV31, HPV33, and HPV45, bind to PTPN4 PDZ with comparable affinities, suggesting that PTPN4 is a common target of various pathogenic HPV genotypes.

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Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(8): e2505003. CrossRef
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Description of Ornithinimicrobium ciconiae sp. nov., and Ornithinimicrobium avium sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of the endangered and near-threatened birds: So-Yeon Lee , Hojun Sung , Pil Soo Kim , Hyun Sik Kim , Jae-Yun Lee , June-Young Lee , Yun-Seok Jeong , Euon Jung Tak , Jeong Eun Han , Dong-Wook Hyun , Jin-Woo Bae; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(11):978-987. Published online September 27, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1323-1

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Phenotypic and genomic analyses were performed to characterize two novel species, H23M54T and AMA3305T, isolated from the faeces of the Oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana) and the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus), respectively. Strains H23M54T and AMA3305T showed the highest similarities of 16S rRNA gene sequences and complete genome sequences with Ornithinimicrobium cavernae CFH 30183T (98.5% of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and 82.1% of average nucleotide identity, ANI) and O. pekingense DSM 21552T (98.5% of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and 82.3% of ANI), respectively. Both strains were Gram-stain-positive, obligate aerobes, non-motile, non-spore-forming, and coccoid- and rodshaped. Strain H23M54T grew optimally at 25–30°C and pH 8.0 and in the presence of 1.5–2% (wt/vol) NaCl, while strain AMA3305T grew optimally at 30°C and pH 7.0 and in the presence of 1–3% (wt/vol) NaCl. Both strains had iso-C15:0, iso- C16:0, and summed feature 9 (iso-C17:1 ω9c and/or C16:0 10- methyl) as major cellular fatty acids. MK-8 (H4) was identified as the primary respiratory quinone in both strains. Strains H23M54T and AMA3305T possessed diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol as major polar lipids. Moreover, strains H23M54T and AMA3305T commonly contained ribose and glucose as major sugars and L-ornithine, L-alanine, glycine, and aspartic acid as major amino acids. The polyphasic taxonomic data indicate that strains H23M54T and AMA3305T represent novel species of the genus Ornithinimicrobium. We propose the names Ornithinimicrobium ciconiae sp. nov. and Ornithinimicrobium avium sp. nov. for strains H23M54T (= KCTC 49151T = JCM 33221T) and AMA3305T (= KCTC 49180T = JCM 32873T), respectively.

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During a study of the marine actinobacterial biodiversity, a large number of Brevibacterium strains were isolated. Of these, five that have relatively low 16S rRNA gene similarity (98.5– 99.3%) with validly published Brevibacterium species, were chosen to determine taxonomic positions. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and BOX-PCR fingerprinting, strains o2T, YB235T, and WO024T were selected as representative strains. Genomic analyses, including average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), clearly differentiated the three strains from each other and from their closest relatives, with values ranging from 82.8% to 91.5% for ANI and from 26.7% to 46.5% for dDDH that below the threshold for species delineation. Strains YB235T, WO024T, and o2T all exhibited strong and efficient decolorization activity in congo red (CR) dyes, moderate decolorization activity in toluidine blue (TB) dyes and poor decolorization in reactive blue (RB) dyes. Genes coding for peroxidases and laccases were identified and accounted for these strains’ ability to effectively oxidize a variety of dyes with different chemical structures. Mining of the whole genome for secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters revealed the presence of gene clusters encoding for bacteriocin, ectoine, NRPS, siderophore, T3PKS, terpene, and thiopeptide. Based on the phylogenetic, genotypic and phenotypic data, strains o2T, YB235T and WO024T clearly represent three novel taxa within the genus Brevibacterium, for which the names Brevibacterium limosum sp. nov. (type strain o2T = JCM 33844T = MCCC 1A09961T), Brevibacterium pigmenatum sp. nov. (type strain YB235T = JCM 33843T = MCCC 1A09842T) and Brevibacterium atlanticum sp. nov. (type strain WO024T = JCM 33846T = MCCC 1A16743T) are proposed.

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Variations of microbial community in Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. rhizosphere soilin a short-term continuous cropping system: Xia Fei , Wang Lina , Chen Jiayang , Fu Meng , Wang Guodong , Yan Yaping , Cui Langjun; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(5):481-490. Published online March 29, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0515-z

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Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. (Ranunculaceae) is a potential source of an important herbal drug named “Fuzi”, which is derived from the lateral root of the plant. Increased therapeutic usage resulted in the great demand for artificial cultivation of A. carmichaeli, however, the obstacles caused by continuous cropping is a serious problem. Continuous cropping has shown to affect the soil biological and non-biological factors. The current study attempted to discover the variations of microbial communities and soil properties in shortterm continuous cropping of A. carmichaeli. An experimental procedure with A. carmichaeli planted two years continuously was established. The variation of the soil microbial community, disease incidence, soil properties, and the correlation between soil microbe and disease incidence were investigated. The disease incidence increased during the continuous cropping of A. carmichaeli. The PCoA and LefSe results indicated that fungal communities in rhizosphere soil were altered during the short-term continuous croppingand the bacterial community was disturbed by the cultivation of A. carmichaeli, however, in the following two years of continuous cropping period, the soil bacterial community has not changed obviously. Proportions of some fungal and bacterial genera were varied significantly (p < 0.05), and some genera of microflora showed a significant correlation with adisease incidence of A. carmichaeli. Microorganisms contributing to community composition discrepancy were also elucidated. Continuous cropping of A. carmichaeli disturbed the rhizosphere soil microbial community and altered the soil chemical parameters and soil pH. These variations in soil may be related to the occurrence of plant diseases. The current study will not only provide theoretical and experimental evidence for the A. carmichaeli continuous cropping obstacles but will also contribute to A. carmichaeli agricultural production and soil improvement.

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Alcohol dehydrogenase 1 and NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase reciprocally regulate glutathione-dependent enzyme activities in Candida albicans: Sa-Ouk Kang , Min-Kyu Kwak; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(1):76-91. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0552-7

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Glutathione reductase (Glr1) activity controls cellular glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We previously demonstrated two predominant methylglyoxal scavengers– NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase (Mgd1) and alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1)–in glutathione-depleted γ- glutamyl cysteinyl synthetase-disrupted Candida albicans. However, experimental evidence for Candida pathophysiology lacking the enzyme activities of Mgd1 and Adh1 on glutathione- dependent redox regulation remains unclear. Herein, we have aimed to demonstrate that glutathione-dependent enzyme activities coupled with cellular ROS changes is regulated by methylglyoxal accumulation in Δmgd1/Δadh1 double disruptants. Δmgd1/Δadh1 showed severe growth defects and G1-phase cell cycle arrest. The observed complementary and reciprocal methylglyoxal-oxidizing and methylglyoxalreducing activities between Δmgd1 and Δadh1 were not always exhibited in Δmgd1/Δadh1. Although intracellular accumulation of methylglyoxal and pyruvate was shown in all disruptants, to a greater or lesser degree, methylglyoxal was particularly accumulated in the Δmgd1/Δadh1 double disruptant. While cellular ROS significantly increased in Δmgd1 and Δadh1 as compared to the wild-type, Δmgd1/Δadh1 underwent a decrease in ROS in contrast to Δadh1. Despite the experimental findings underlining the importance of the undergoing unbalanced redox state of Δmgd1/Δadh1, glutathione- independent antioxidative enzyme activities did not change during proliferation and filamentation. Contrary to the significantly lowered glutathione content and Glr1 enzyme activity, the activity staining-based glutathione peroxidase activities concomitantly increased in this mutant. Additionally, the enhanced GLR1 transcript supported our results in Δmgd1/Δadh1, indicating that deficiencies of both Adh1 and Mgd1 activities stimulate specific glutathione-dependent enzyme activities. This suggests that glutathione-dependent redox regulation is evidently linked to C. albicans pathogenicity under the control of methylglyoxal-scavenging activities.

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Georgenia faecalis sp. nov. isolated from the faeces of Tibetan antelope: Xiaoxia Wang , Jing Yang , Yuyuan Huang , Xiaomin Wu , Licheng Wang , Limei Han , Sha Li , Huan Li , Xiaoying Fu , Hai Chen , Xiong Zhu; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(9):734-740. Published online July 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0060-1

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Two aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-sporulating coccoid strains, designated ZLJ0423T and ZLJ0321, were isolated from the faeces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii). Their optimal temperature, NaCl concentration and pH for growth were 28°C, 0.5% (w/v) NaCl and pH 7.5, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains ZLJ0423T and ZLJ0321 were very similar to each other (99.8%) and had a sequence similarity of 97.0% with Georgenia satyanarayanai NBRC 107612T and Georgenia subflava CGMCC 1.12782T. Phylogenomic analysis based on 688 core genes indicated that these strains formed a clade with G. satyanarayanai NBRC 107612T and Georgenia wutianyii Z294T. The predominant cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:1 A and C16:0. The major menaquinone was MK-8(H4). The cell-wall amino acids consisted of alanine, lysine, glycine and aspartic acid, with lysine as the diagnostic diamino acid. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and two unidentified lipids formed the polar lipid profile. The DNA G + C content of both isolates was 73.9 mol%. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization value between strains ZLJ0423T and ZLJ0321 was 91.2%, but their values with closely related species and other available type strains of the genus Georgenia were lower than the 70% threshold. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic data, strains ZLJ0423T and ZLJ0321 represent a novel species within the genus Georgenia, for which the name Georgenia faecalis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZLJ0423T (= CGMCC 1.13681T = JCM 33470T).

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Short-term high-temperature pretreated compost increases its application value by altering key bacteria phenotypes
Linpei Han, Lei Li, Yun Xu, Xinyi Xu, Wenjie Ye, Yuanji Kang, Feng Zhen, Xuya Peng
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Georgenia halotolerans sp. nov., a halotolerant actinobacterium isolated from Taklamakan desert soil
Shao-Wei Liu, Ke-Ke Luo, Fei-Na Li, Ben-Yin Zhang, De-Jun Zhang, Cheng-Hang Sun
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Structural and sequence comparisons of bacterial enoyl-CoA isomerase and enoyl-CoA hydratase: Jisub Hwang , Chang-Sook Jeong , Chang Woo Lee , Seung Chul Shin , Han-Woo Kim , Sung Gu Lee , Ui Joung Youn , Chang Sup Lee , Tae-Jin Oh , Hak Jun Kim , Hyun Park , Hyun Ho Park , Jun Hyuck Lee; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(7):606-613. Published online April 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0089-1

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Crystal structures of enoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) isomerase from Bosea sp. PAMC 26642 (BoECI) and enoyl-CoA hydratase from Hymenobacter sp. PAMC 26628 (HyECH) were determined at 2.35 and 2.70 Å resolution, respectively. BoECI and HyECH are members of the crotonase superfamily and are enzymes known to be involved in fatty acid degradation. Structurally, these enzymes are highly similar except for the orientation of their C-terminal helix domain. Analytical ultracentrifugation was performed to determine the oligomerization states of BoECI and HyECH revealing they exist as trimers in solution. However, their putative ligand-binding sites and active site residue compositions are dissimilar. Comparative sequence and structural analysis revealed that the active site of BoECI had one glutamate residue (Glu135), this site is occupied by an aspartate in some ECIs, and the active sites of HyECH had two highly conserved glutamate residues (Glu118 and Glu138). Moreover, HyECH possesses a salt bridge interaction between Glu98 and Arg152 near the active site. This interaction may allow the catalytic Glu118 residue to have a specific conformation for the ECH enzyme reaction. This salt bridge interaction is highly conserved in known bacterial ECH structures and ECI enzymes do not have this type of interaction. Collectively, our comparative sequential and structural studies have provided useful information to distinguish and classify two similar bacterial crotonase superfamily enzymes.

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Retracted Publication

Cryptic prophages in a blaNDM-1-bearing plasmid increase bacterial survival against high NaCl concentration, high and low temperatures, and oxidative and immunological stressors: So Yeon Kim , Kwan Soo Ko; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(6):483-488. Published online March 28, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9605-6

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In this study, we investigated the effect of cryptic prophage regions in a blaNDM-1-bearing plasmid, which was identified in a patient from South Korea, on the survival of bacteria against adverse environmental conditions. First, we conjugated the intact plasmid and plasmids with deleted cryptic prophages into Escherichia coli DH5α. The E. coli transconjugants carrying the plasmid with intact cryptic prophages showed increased survival during treatment with a high concentration of NaCl, high and low temperatures, an oxidative stressor (H2O2), and an immunological stressor (human serum). By contrast, the transconjugants carrying the plasmid with a single-cryptic prophage knockout did not show any change in survival rates. mRNA expression analyses revealed that the genes encoding sigma factor proteins were highly upregulated by the tested stressors and affected the expression of various proteins (antioxidant, cell osmosis-related, heat shock, cold shock, and universal stress proteins) associated with the specific defense against each stress. These findings indicate that a bacterial strain carrying a plasmid with intact carbapenemase gene and cryptic prophage regions exhibited an increased resistance against simulated environmental stresses, and cryptic prophages in the plasmid might contribute to this enhanced stress resistance. Our study indicated that the coselection of antibiotic resistance and resistance to other stresses may help bacteria to increase survival rates against adverse environments and disseminate.

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Journal Articles

Saccharibacillus brassicae sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium isolated from kimchi cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) seeds: Lingmin Jiang , Chan Ju Lim , Song-Gun Kim , Jae Cheol Jeong , Cha Young Kim , Dae-Hyuk Kim , Suk Weon Kim , Jiyoung Lee; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(1):24-29. Published online November 25, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9346-6

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Strain ATSA2T was isolated from surface-sterilized kimchi cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) seeds and represents a novel bacterium based on the polyphasic taxonomic approach. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain ATSA2T formed a lineage within genus Saccharibacillus and was most closely to Saccharibacillus deserti WLG055T (98.1%) and Saccharibacillus qingshengii H6T (97.9%). The whole-genome of ATSA2T comprised a 5,619,468 bp of circular chromosome with 58.4% G + C content. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain ATSA2T and its closely related type strains S. deserti WLJ055T and S. qingshengii H6T were 26.0% and 24.0%, respectively. Multiple gene clusters associated with plant growth promotion activities (stress response, nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism, and auxin biosynthesis) were annotated in the genome. Strain ATSA2T was Gram-positive, endospore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, and rod-shaped. It grew at 15–37°C (optimum 25°C), pH 6.0–10.0 (optimum pH 8.0), and in the presence of 0–5% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 1%). The major cellular fatty acids (> 10%) of strain ATSA2T were anteiso- C15:0 and C16:0. MK-7 was the major isoprenoid quinone. The major polar lipids present were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and three unknown glycolipids. Based on its phylogenetic, genomic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic features, strain ATSA2T is proposed to represent a novel species of genus Saccharibacillus, for which the name is Saccharibacillus brassicae sp. nov. The type strain is ATSA2T (KCTC 43072T = CCTCC AB 2019223T).

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Emticicia fluvialis sp. nov., a potential hormone-degrading bacterium isolated from Nakdong River, Republic of Korea
Hyun-Sun Baek, Yong Guan, Min-Ju Kim, Yue Jiang, Mi-Kyung Lee, Ki-Hyun Kim, Jaeyoon Lee, Yuna Shin, Yoon-Ho Kang, Zhun Li
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.2023; 116(12): 1317. CrossRef
Identification and genomic analysis of Pseudosulfitobacter koreense sp. nov. isolated from toxin-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum
Yue Jiang, Zhun Li
Archives of Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Gymnodinialimonas phycosphaerae sp. nov., a phycosphere bacterium isolated from Karlodinium veneficum
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International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Flavobacterium endoglycinae sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium isolated from soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Gwangan) stems
Jiyoon Seo, Yuxin Peng, Lingmin Jiang, Sang-Beom Lee, Rae-Dong Jeong, Soon Ju Park, Cha Young Kim, Man-Soo Choi, Jiyoung Lee
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Gymnodinialimonas ceratoperidinii gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from rare marine dinoflagellate Ceratoperidinium margalefii
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Archives of Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Flagellatimonas centrodinii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Nevskiaceae isolated from toxin-producing dinoflagellate Centrodinium punctatum
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Pedobacter endophyticus sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium isolated from Carex pumila
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Neobacillus endophyticus sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium isolated from Selaginella involvens roots
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International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2019;[Epub] CrossRef

Methyltransferase of a cell culture-adapted hepatitis E inhibits the MDA5 receptor signaling pathway: Jinjong Myoung , Jeong Yoon Lee , Kang Sang Min; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(12):1126-1131. Published online November 22, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9478-8

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a causative agent of acute hepatitis and jaundice. The number of human infections is approximated to be over 20 million cases per year. The transmission is mainly via the fecal-oral route and contaminated water and food are considered to be a major source of infection. As a mouse model is not available, a recent development of a cell culture-adapted HEV strain (47832c) is considered as a very important tools for molecular analysis of HEV pathogenesis in cells. Previously, we demonstrated that HEV-encoded methyltransferase (MeT) encoded by the 47832c strain inhibits MDA5- and RIG-I-mediated activation of interferon β (IFN-β) promoter. Here, we report that MeT impairs the phosphorylation and activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 and the p65 subunit of NF-κB in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the MeT encoded by the 47832c, but not that of HEV clinical or field isolates (SAR-55, Mex-14, KC-1, and ZJ-1), displays the inhibitory effect. A deeper understanding of MeTmediated suppression of IFN-β expression would provide basis of the cell culture adaptation of HEV.

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Viral Hepatitis: Host Immune Interaction, Pathogenesis and New Therapeutic Strategies
Angela Quirino, Nadia Marascio, Francesco Branda, Alessandra Ciccozzi, Chiara Romano, Chiara Locci, Ilenia Azzena, Noemi Pascale, Grazia Pavia, Giovanni Matera, Marco Casu, Daria Sanna, Marta Giovanetti, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Pierfrancesco Alaimo di Loro,
Pathogens.2024; 13(9): 766. CrossRef
Hepatitis E virus: from innate sensing to adaptive immune responses
Yannick Brüggemann, Mara Klöhn, Heiner Wedemeyer, Eike Steinmann
Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2024; 21(10): 710. CrossRef
Structural aspects of hepatitis E virus
Florencia Cancela, Ofelia Noceti, Juan Arbiza, Santiago Mirazo
Archives of Virology.2022; 167(12): 2457. CrossRef
Host Innate Immunity Against Hepatitis Viruses and Viral Immune Evasion
Chonghui Xu, Jizheng Chen, Xinwen Chen
Frontiers in Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A Promising Vaccination Strategy against COVID-19 on the Horizon: Heterologous Immunization
Sameer-ul-Salam Mattoo, Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2021; 31(12): 1601. CrossRef
Hepatitis E Virus: How It Escapes Host Innate Immunity
Sébastien Lhomme, Marion Migueres, Florence Abravanel, Olivier Marion, Nassim Kamar, Jacques Izopet
Vaccines.2020; 8(3): 422. CrossRef
Chikungunya Virus nsP2 Impairs MDA5/RIG-I-Mediated Induction of NF-κB Promoter Activation: A Potential Target for Virus-Specific Therapeutics
Sojung Bae, Jeong Yoon Lee, Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2020; 30(12): 1801. CrossRef
Zika Virus-Encoded NS2A and NS4A Strongly Downregulate NF-κB Promoter Activity
Jeong Yoon Lee, Thi Thuy Ngan Nguyen, Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2020; 30(11): 1651. CrossRef

Gentic overexpression increases production of hypocrellin A in Shiraia bambusicola S4201: Dan Li , Ning Zhao , Bing-Jing Guo , Xi Lin , Shuang-Lin Chen , Shu-Zhen Yan; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(2):154-162. Published online January 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8259-8

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Hypocrellin A (HA) is a perylenequinone (PQ) isolated from Shiraia bambusicola that shows antiviral and antitumor activities, but its application is limited by the low production from wild fruiting body. A gene overexpressing method was expected to augment the production rate of HA in S. bambusicola. However, the application of this molecular biology technology in S. bambusicola was impeded by a low genetic transformation efficiency and little genomic information. To enhance the plasmid transformant ratio, the Polyethylene Glycol-mediated transformation system was established and optimized. The following green fluorescent protein (GFP) analysis showed that the gene fusion expression system we constructed with a GAPDH promoter Pgpd1 and a rapid 2A peptide was successfully expressed in the S. bambusicola S4201 strain. We successfully obtained the HA high-producing strains by overexpressing O-methyltransferase/FAD-dependent monooxygenase gene (mono) and the hydroxylase gene (hyd), which were the essential genes involved in our putative HA biosynthetic pathway. The overexpression of these two genes increased the production of HA by about 200% and 100%, respectively. In general, this study will provide a basis to identify the genes involved in the hypocrellin A biosynthesis. This improved transformation method can also be used in genetic transformation studies of other fungi.

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Production of fungal hypocrellin photosensitizers: Exploiting bambusicolous fungi and elicitation strategies in mycelium cultures
Xin Ping Li, Wen Hao Shen, Jian Wen Wang, Li Ping Zheng
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Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Modulates Shiraia Hypocrellin A Biosynthesis Through ROS/NO Signaling in Response to Bamboo Polysaccharide Elicitation
Xinping Li, Qunyan Huang, Yanjun Ma, Liping Zheng, Jianwen Wang
Molecules.2025; 30(20): 4060. CrossRef
Optimisation of hypocrellin production in Shiraia -like fungi via genetic modification involving a transcription factor gene and a putative monooxygenase gene
Zi-Min Lu, Run-Tong Zhang, Xiao-Bo Huang, Xue-Ting Cao, Xiao-Ye Shen, Li Fan, Cheng-Lin Hou
Mycology.2024; 15(2): 272. CrossRef
Urea-Induced Enhancement of Hypocrellin A Synthesis in Shiraia bambusicola GDMCC 60438: Strategies and Mechanisms
Yanbo Tang, Yongdi Wen, Xiang Zhang, Qian Gao, Fuqiang Yu, Zhenqiang Wu, Xiaofei Tian
Fermentation.2024; 10(8): 381. CrossRef
Advancements and Future Prospects in Hypocrellins Production and Modification for Photodynamic Therapy
Xiang Zhang, Qiulin Wei, Liwen Tian, Zhixian Huang, Yanbo Tang, Yongdi Wen, Fuqiang Yu, Xiaoxiao Yan, Yunchun Zhao, Zhenqiang Wu, Xiaofei Tian
Fermentation.2024; 10(11): 559. CrossRef
Biosynthesis of Natural and Unnatural Perylenequinones for Drug Development
Zengping Su, Yan Zhang, Zhenbo Yuan, Yijian Rao
ChemMedChem.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Heat stress enhanced perylenequinones biosynthesis of Shiraia sp. Slf14(w) through nitric oxide formation
Chenglong Xu, Wenxi Lin, Yunni Chen, Boliang Gao, Zhibin Zhang, Du Zhu
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2023; 107(11): 3745. CrossRef
Biotechnological production and potential applications of hypocrellins
Zhuanying Bao, Yunchang Xie, Chenglong Xu, Zhibin Zhang, Du Zhu
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2023; 107(21): 6421. CrossRef
L-Arginine enhanced perylenequinone production in the endophytic fungus Shiraia sp. Slf14(w) via NO signaling pathway
Yunni Chen, Chenglong Xu, Huilin Yang, Zhenying Liu, Zhibin Zhang, Riming Yan, Du Zhu
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2022; 106(7): 2619. CrossRef
Advances and perspectives on perylenequinone biosynthesis
Huaxiang Deng, Xinxin Liang, Jinbin Liu, Xiaohui Zheng, Tai-Ping Fan, Yujie Cai
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Temperature-responsive regulation of the fermentation of hypocrellin A by Shiraia bambusicola (GDMCC 60438)
Yongdi Wen, Baosheng Liao, Xiaoxiao Yan, Zhenqiang Wu, Xiaofei Tian
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Microbial production of nematicidal agents for controlling plant-parasitic nematodes
Jaemin Seong, Jongoh Shin, Kangsan Kim, Byung-Kwan Cho
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Nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside-induced transcriptional changes and hypocrellin biosynthesis of Shiraia sp. S9
Yan Jun Ma, Xin Ping Li, Yue Wang, Jian Wen Wang
Microbial Cell Factories.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Nitric oxide regulates perylenequinones biosynthesis in Shiraia bambusicola S4201 induced by hydrogen peroxide
Ning Zhao, Yingying Yu, Yunxia Yue, Mingzhu Dou, Bingjing Guo, Shuzhen Yan, Shuanglin Chen
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Current State and Future Directions of Genetics and Genomics of Endophytic Fungi for Bioprospecting Efforts
Rosa Sagita, Wim J. Quax, Kristina Haslinger
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Global identification of alternative splicing in Shiraia bambusicola and analysis of its regulation in hypocrellin biosynthesis
Xin-Yao Liu, Li Fan, Jian Gao, Xiao-Ye Shen, Cheng-Lin Hou
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2020; 104(1): 211. CrossRef
Improved A40926 production from Nonomuraea gerenzanensis using the promoter engineering and the co-expression of crucial genes
Huijun Dong, Xue Yue, Bingyu Yan, Wen Gao, Shuai Wang, Yongquan Li
Journal of Biotechnology.2020; 324: 28. CrossRef
Adding bamboo charcoal powder to Shiraia bambusicola preculture improves hypocrellin A production
Xin Ping Li, Yan Jun Ma, Jian Wen Wang
Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy.2019; 14: 100191. CrossRef
Efficient agrobacterium-mediated transformation ofShiraia bambusicolaand activation of a specific transcription factor for hypocrellin production
Tong Li, Cheng-Lin Hou, Xiao-Ye Shen
Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment.2019; 33(1): 1365. CrossRef
Response mechanism of hypocrellin colorants biosynthesis by Shiraia bambusicola to elicitor PB90
Wen Du, Chunlong Sun, Baogui Wang, Yanmei Wang, Bin Dong, Junhua Liu, Jiangbao Xia, Wenjun Xie, Jun Wang, Jingkuan Sun, Xuehong Liu, Hongguo Wang
AMB Express.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

Effective mucosal live attenuated Salmonella vaccine by deleting phosphotransferase system component genes ptsI and crr: Yong Zhi , Shun Mei Lin , A-Yeung Jang , Ki Bum Ahn , Hyun Jung Ji , Hui-Chen Guo , Sangyong Lim , Ho Seong Seo; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(1):64-73. Published online October 2, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8416-0

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Salmonella enterica is a major human pathogen that causes invasive non-typhoidal Salmonellosis (iNTS), resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Although a number of pre-clinical and clinical studies have reported on the feasibility of developing a safe and effective vaccine against iNTS, there have been no licensed Salmonella vaccines available to protect against NTS strains. Vaccine formulations of highest priority for NTS are live attenuated vaccines, which can elicit effective induction of intestinal mucosal and intracellular bacteria-specific cell mediated immune responses. Since glucose is crucial for intracellular survival and replication in host cells, we constructed strains with mutations in components of the glucose uptake system, called the phosphotransferase system (PTS), and compared the relative virulence and immune responses in mice. In this study, we found that the strain with mutations in both ptsI and crr (KST0556) was the most attenuated strain among the tested strains, and proved to be highly effective in inducing a mucosal immune response that can protect against NTS infections in mice. Thus, we suggest here that KST0556 (ΔptsIΔcrr) is a potential live vaccine candidate for NTS, and may also be a candidate for a live delivery vector for heterologous antigens. Moreover, since PTS is a well-conserved glucose transporter system in both Gramnegative and Gram-positive bacteria, the ptsI and crr genes may be potential targets for creating live bacterial vectors or vaccine strains.

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Engineering and Evaluation of a Live-Attenuated Vaccine Candidate with Enhanced Type 1 Fimbriae Expression to Optimize Protection Against Salmonella Typhimurium
Patricia García, Arianna Rodríguez-Coello, Andrea García-Pose, María Del Carmen Fernández-López, Andrea Muras, Miriam Moscoso, Alejandro Beceiro, Germán Bou
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Feng Guan, Yishuo Li, Xiaohan Sun, An Zhang, Hao Gong, Guijuan Hao, Fangkun Wang
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Current status and future perspectives of multi‐modal bacteria‐based cancer therapies
Shuai Fan, Siyu Zhu, Wenyu Wang, Yuetong Liu, Yutong Zhou, Hao Li, Bofeng Liu, Qin Xia, Lili Huang, Lei Dong
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Attenuated mutants of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium mediate melanoma regression via an immune response
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Kaining Zhong, Xinting Chen, Junhao Zhang, Xiaoyu Jiang, Junhui Zhang, Minyi Huang, Shuilian Bi, Chunmei Ju, Yongwen Luo
Veterinary Sciences.2024; 11(8): 353. CrossRef
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Zhiyuan Huang, Wenming Dong, Lirong Zou, Qiong Zhao, Yang Tian, Aixiang Huang, Xuefeng Wang
LWT.2024; 191: 115636. CrossRef
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Caixia Liu, Ruixuan Qian, Weidi Shi, Lijun Kou, Jing Wang, Xun Ma, Huijie Ren, Shengjie Gao, Jingjing Ren
Veterinary Sciences.2024; 11(7): 301. CrossRef
Confirmation of Glucose Transporters through Targeted Mutagenesis and Transcriptional Analysis in Clostridium acetobutylicum
Kundi Zhang, Dandan Jiang, Wolfgang Liebl, Maofeng Wang, Lichuan Gu, Ziyong Liu, Armin Ehrenreich
Fermentation.2023; 9(1): 64. CrossRef
Tandem mass tag-based proteomics technology provides insights into multi-targeted mechanism of peptide MOp2 from Moringa oleifera seeds against Staphylococcus aureus
Zhiyuan Huang, Wenming Dong, Jiangping Fan, Yang Tian, Aixiang Huang, Xuefeng Wang
LWT.2023; 178: 114617. CrossRef
A highly-safe live auxotrophic vaccine protecting against disease caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella Typhimurium in mice
Patricia García, Miriam Moscoso, Víctor Fuentes-Valverde, M. Rosario Rodicio, Silvia Herrera-León, Germán Bou
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection.2023; 56(2): 324. CrossRef
Effect of Antibiotics on the Colonization of Live Attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis Vaccine in Chickens
Jiangang Hu, Chuanyan Che, Jiakun Zuo, Xiangpeng Niu, Zhihao Wang, Liyan Lian, Yuanzheng Jia, Haiyang Zhang, Tao Zhang, Fangheng Yu, Saqib Nawaz, Xiangan Han
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Secretory System Components as Potential Prophylactic Targets for Bacterial Pathogens
Wieslaw Swietnicki
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Regulator of ribonuclease activity modulates the pathogenicity of Vibrio vulnificus
Jaejin Lee, Eunkyoung Shin, Jaeyeong Park, Minho Lee, Kangseok Lee
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Development of Oxytolerant Salmonella typhimurium Using Radiation Mutation Technology (RMT) for Cancer Therapy
Shuang Gao, Jong-Hyun Jung, Shun-Mei Lin, A-Yeung Jang, Yong Zhi, Ki Bum Ahn, Hyun-Jung Ji, Jae Hyang Lim, Huichen Guo, Hyon E. Choy, Sangyong Lim, Ho Seong Seo
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Transporters of glucose and other carbohydrates in bacteria
Jean-Marc Jeckelmann, Bernhard Erni
Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology.2020; 472(9): 1129. CrossRef
ptsI gene in the phosphotransfer system is a potential target for developing a live attenuated Salmonella vaccine
Yong Zhi, Shun Lin, Ki Ahn, Hyun Ji, Hui‑Chen Guo, Sangryeol Ryu, Ho Seo, Sangyong Lim
International Journal of Molecular Medicine.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

Mutation of the cyclic di-GMP phosphodiesterase gene in Burkholderia lata SK875 attenuates virulence and enhances biofilm formation: Hae-In Jung , Yun-Jung Kim , Yun-Jung Lee , Hee-Soo Lee , Jung-Kee Lee , Soo-Ki Kim; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(10):800-808. Published online September 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7374-7

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Burkholderia sp. is a gram-negative bacterium that commonly exists in the environment, and can cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Here, a transposon mutant library of a Burkholderia lata isolate from a pig with swine respiratory disease in Korea was screened for strains showing attenuated virulence in Caenorhabditis elegans. One such mutant was obtained, and the Tn5 insertion junction was mapped to rpfR, a gene encoding a cyclic di-GMP phosphodiesterase that functions as a receptor. Mutation of rpfR caused a reduction in growth on CPG agar and swimming motility as well as a rough colony morphology on Congo red agar. TLC analysis showed reduced AHL secretion, which was in agreement with the results from plate-based and bioluminescence assays. The mutant strain produced significantly more biofilm detected by crystal violet staining than the parent strain. SEM of the mutant strain clearly showed that the overproduced biofilm contained a filamentous structure. These results suggest that the cyclic di-GMP phosphodiesterase RpfR plays an important role in quorum sensing modulation of the bacterial virulence and biofilm formation.

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Functional analysis of quorum sensing-mediated pathogenicity in Burkholderia contaminans SK875 using transposon mutagenesis
Kai-Min Niu, Yun Jung Lee, Hae-In Jung, Damini Kothari, Digar Singh, Soo-Ki Kim
Microbial Pathogenesis.2025; 200: 107332. CrossRef
Biocontrol of bacterial wilt disease in tomato using Bacillus subtilis strain R31
Yunhao Sun, Yutong Su, Zhen Meng, Jie Zhang, Li Zheng, Shuang Miao, Di Qin, Yulan Ruan, Yanhui Wu, Lina Xiong, Xun Yan, Zhangyong Dong, Ping Cheng, Mingwei Shao, Guohui Yu
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Comprehensive genome analysis of Burkholderia contaminans SK875, a quorum-sensing strain isolated from the swine
Eiseul Kim, Hae-In Jung, Si Hong Park, Hae-Yeong Kim, Soo-Ki Kim
AMB Express.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative genomics and transcriptomic response to root exudates of six rice root-associated Burkholderia sensu lato species
Adrian Wallner, Agnieszka Klonowska, Ludivine Guigard, Eoghan King, Isabelle Rimbault, Eddy Ngonkeu, Phuong Nguyen, Gilles Béna, Lionel Moulin
Peer Community Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The cis -2-Dodecenoic Acid (BDSF) Quorum Sensing System in Burkholderia cenocepacia
Mingfang Wang, Xia Li, Shihao Song, Chaoyu Cui, Lian-Hui Zhang, Yinyue Deng, Gladys Alexandre
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
A c-di-GMP Signaling Cascade Controls Motility, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence in Burkholderia thailandensis
Zhuo Wang, Xiaorong Xie, Daohan Shang, Laigong Xie, Yueyue Hua, Li Song, Yantao Yang, Yao Wang, Xihui Shen, Lei Zhang, Gladys Alexandre
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Methodological tools to study species of the genus Burkholderia
Viola Camilla Scoffone, Gabriele Trespidi, Giulia Barbieri, Samuele Irudal, Aygun Israyilova, Silvia Buroni
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2021; 105(24): 9019. CrossRef
Complete Genome Sequence of Burkholderia contaminans SK875, Isolated from the Respiratory Tract of a Pig in the Republic of Korea
Hae-In Jung, Sang-Won Lee, Soo-Ki Kim, Irene L. G. Newton
Microbiology Resource Announcements.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Key Players and Individualists of Cyclic-di-GMP Signaling in Burkholderia cenocepacia
Anja M. Richter, Mustafa Fazli, Nadine Schmid, Rebecca Shilling, Angela Suppiger, Michael Givskov, Leo Eberl, Tim Tolker-Nielsen
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In silico comparative analysis of GGDEF and EAL domain signaling proteins from the Azospirillum genomes
Alberto Ramírez Mata, César Millán Pacheco, José F. Cruz Pérez, Martha Minjárez Sáenz, Beatriz E. Baca
BMC Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

Silencing the cleavage factor CFIm25 as a new strategy to control Entamoeba histolytica parasite: Juan David Ospina-Villa , Nancy Guillén , Cesar Lopez-Camarillo , Jacqueline Soto-Sanchez , Esther Ramirez-Moreno , Raul Garcia-Vazquez , Carlos A. Castañon-Sanchez , Abigail Betanzos , Laurence A. Marchat; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(10):783-791. Published online September 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7259-9

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The 25 kDa subunit of the Clevage Factor Im (CFIm25) is an essential factor for messenger RNA polyadenylation in human cells. Therefore, here we investigated whether the homologous protein of Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan responsible for human amoebiasis, might be considered as a biochemical target for parasite control. Trophozoites were cultured with bacterial double-stranded RNA molecules targeting the EhCFIm25 gene, and inhibition of mRNA and protein expression was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot assays, respectively. EhCFIm25 silencing was associated with a significant acceleration of cell proliferation and cell death. Moreover, trophozoites appeared as larger and multinucleated cells. These morphological changes were accompanied by a reduced mobility, and erythrophagocytosis was significantly diminished. Lastly, the knockdown of EhCFIm25 affected the poly(A) site selection in two reporter genes and revealed that EhCFIm25 stimulates the utilization of downstream poly(A) sites in E. histolytica mRNA. Overall, our data confirm that targeting the polyadenylation process represents an interesting strategy for controlling parasites, including E. histolytica. To our best knowledge, the present study is the first to have revealed the relevance of the cleavage factor CFIm25 as a biochemical target in parasites.

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A network of RNA-binding and metabolic proteins evidenced in the Entamoeba histolytica nuclear proteome
Rodolfo Gamaliel Avila-Bonilla, Jorge A. Velázquez Guzmán, Esther Ramírez-Moreno, Laurence A. Marchat
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Comparative genomics and interactomics of polyadenylation factors for the prediction of new parasite targets: Entamoeba histolytica as a working model
Rodolfo Gamaliel Avila-Bonilla, Jorge Antonio Velazquez-Guzman, Eimy Itzel Reyes-Zepeda, Jorge Luis Gutierrez-Avila, César A Reyes-López, Alondra Cisneros-Sarabia, Emma Saavedra, Angel Lopéz-Sandoval, Esther Ramírez-Moreno, César López-Camarillo, Laurence
Bioscience Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
CFI 25 Subunit of Cleavage Factor I is Important for Maintaining the Diversity of 3ʹ UTR Lengths in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.
Xiaojuan Zhang, Mika Nomoto, Marta Garcia-León, Naoki Takahashi, Mariko Kato, Kei Yura, Masaaki Umeda, Vicente Rubio, Yasuomi Tada, Tsuyoshi Furumoto, Takashi Aoyama, Tomohiko Tsuge
Plant and Cell Physiology.2022; 63(3): 369. CrossRef
Unraveling the relevance of the polyadenylation factor EhCFIm25 in Entamoeba histolytica through proteomic analysis
América Itzallana Salgado‐Martínez, Rodolfo Gamaliel Avila‐Bonilla, Esther Ramírez‐Moreno, Carlos Alberto Castañón‐Sánchez, César López‐Camarillo, Laurence A. Marchat
FEBS Open Bio.2021; 11(10): 2819. CrossRef
Downregulation of CFIm25 amplifies dermal fibrosis through alternative polyadenylation
Tingting Weng, Jingjing Huang, Eric J. Wagner, Junsuk Ko, Minghua Wu, Nancy E. Wareing, Yu Xiang, Ning-Yuan Chen, Ping Ji, Jose G. Molina, Kelly A. Volcik, Leng Han, Maureen D. Mayes, Michael R. Blackburn, Shervin Assassi
Journal of Experimental Medicine.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
mRNA Polyadenylation Machineries in Intestinal Protozoan Parasites
Juan David Ospina‐Villa, Brisna Joana Tovar‐Ayona, César López‐Camarillo, Jacqueline Soto‐Sánchez, Esther Ramírez‐Moreno, Carlos A. Castañón‐Sánchez, Laurence A. Marchat
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Juan David Ospina
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Shruti Nagaraja, Serge Ankri
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Juan David Ospina-Villa, César López-Camarillo, Carlos A. Castañón-Sánchez, Jacqueline Soto-Sánchez, Esther Ramírez-Moreno, Laurence A. Marchat
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Alteration in the ultrastructural morphology of mycelial hyphae and the dynamics of transcriptional activity of lytic enzyme genes during basidiomycete morphogenesis: Elena Vetchinkina , Maria Kupryashina , Vladimir Gorshkov , Marina Ageeva , Yuri Gogolev , Valentina Nikitina; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(4):280-288. Published online January 26, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6320-z

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The morphogenesis of macromycetes is a complex multilevel process resulting in a set of molecular-genetic, physiological- biochemical, and morphological-ultrastructural changes in the cells. When the xylotrophic basidiomycetes Lentinus edodes, Grifola frondosa, and Ganoderma lucidum were grown on wood waste as the substrate, the ultrastructural morphology of the mycelial hyphal cell walls differed considerably between mycelium and morphostructures. As the macromycetes passed from vegetative to generative development, the expression of the tyr1, tyr2, chi1, chi2, exg1, exg2, and exg3 genes was acti-vated. These genes encode enzymes such as tyrosinase, chi-tinase, and glucanase, which play essential roles in cell wall growth and morphogenesis.

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Review

MINIREVIEW] High-resolution imaging of the microbial cell surface: Ki Woo Kim; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(11):703-708. Published online October 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6348-5

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Microorganisms, or microbes, can function as threatening pathogens that cause disease in humans, animals, and plants; however, they also act as litter decomposers in natural ecosystems. As the outermost barrier and interface with the environment, the microbial cell surface is crucial for cell-to-cell communication and is a potential target of chemotherapeutic agents. Surface ultrastructures of microbial cells have typically been observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Owing to its characteristics of low-temperature specimen preparation and superb resolution (down to 1 nm), cryo-field emission SEM has revealed paired rodlets, referred to as hydrophobins, on the cell walls of bacteria and fungi. Recent technological advances in AFM have enabled high-speed live cell imaging in liquid at the nanoscale level, leading to clear visualization of celldrug interactions. Platinum-carbon replicas from freeze-fractured fungal spores have been observed using transmission electron microscopy, revealing hydrophobins with varying dimensions. In addition, AFM has been used to resolve bacteriophages in their free state and during infection of bacterial cells. Various microscopy techniques with enhanced spatial resolution, imaging speed, and versatile specimen preparation are being used to document cellular structures and events, thus addressing unanswered biological questions.

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Journal Articles

Functional analysis of recombinant human and Yarrowia lipolytica O-GlcNAc transferases expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Hye Ji Oh , Yun Moon , Seon Ah Cheon , Yoonsoo Hahn , Hyun Ah Kang; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(10):667-674. Published online September 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6401-4

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O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation is an important post-translational modification in many cellular processes. It is mediated by O-GlcNAc transferases (OGTs), which catalyze the addition of O-GlcNAc to serine or threonine residues of the target proteins. In this study, we expressed a putative Yarrowia lipolytica OGT (YlOGT), the only homolog identified in the subphylum Saccharomycotina through bioinformatics analysis, and the human OGT (hOGT) as recombinant proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and performed their functional characterization. Immunoblotting assays using antibody against O-GlcNAc revealed that recombinant hOGT (rhOGT), but not the recombinant YlOGT (rYlOGT), undergoes auto-O-GlcNAcylation in the heterologous host S. cerevisiae. Moreover, the rhOGT expressed in S. cerevisiae showed a catalytic activity during in vitro assays using casein kinase II substrates, whereas no such activity was obtained in rYlOGT. However, the chimeric human-Y. lipolytica OGT, carrying the human tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain along with the Y. lipolytica catalytic domain (CTD), mediated the transfer of O-GlcNAc moiety during the in vitro assays. Although the overexpression of full-length OGTs inhibited the growth of S. cerevisiae, no such inhibition was obtained upon overexpression of only the CTD fragment, indicating the role of TPR domain in growth inhibition. This is the first report on the functional analysis of the fungal OGT, indicating that the Y. lipolytica OGT retains its catalytic activity, although the physiological role and substrates of YlOGT remain to be elucidated.

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GREB1: An evolutionarily conserved protein with a glycosyltransferase domain links ERα glycosylation and stability to cancer
Eun Myoung Shin, Vinh Thang Huynh, Sultan Abda Neja, Chia Yi Liu, Anandhkumar Raju, Kelly Tan, Nguan Soon Tan, Jayantha Gunaratne, Xuezhi Bi, Lakshminarayan M. Iyer, L. Aravind, Vinay Tergaonkar
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Contribution of yeast models to virus research
R Sahaya Glingston, Jyoti Yadav, Jitika Rajpoot, Neha Joshi, Shirisha Nagotu
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2021; 105(12): 4855. CrossRef
A Sweet Embrace: Control of Protein–Protein Interactions by O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosamine
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Identification of D-amino acid dehydrogenase as an upstream regulator of the autoinduction of a putative acyltransferase in Corynebacterium glutamicum: Jung-Hoon Lee , Yong-Jae Kim , Hee-Sung Shin , Heung-Shick Lee , Shouguang Jin , Un-Hwan Ha; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(6):432-439. Published online May 27, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6046-3

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Expression of a putative acyltransferase encoded by NCgl- 0350 of Corynebacterium glutamicum is induced by cell-free culture fluids obtained from stationary-phase growth of both C. glutamicum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, providing evidence for interspecies communication. Here, we further confirmed that such communication occurs by showing that acyltransferase expression is induced by culture fluid obtained from diverse Gram-negative and -positive bacterial strains, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium sp. strain JC1, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. A homologous acyltransferase encoded by PA5238 of P. aeruginosa was also induced by fluids obtained from P. aeruginosa as well as other bacterial strains, as observed for NCgl0350 of C. glutamicum. Because C. glutamicum is difficult to study using molecular approaches, the homologous gene PA5238 of P. aeruginosa was used to identify PA5309 as an upstream regulator of expression. A homologous D-amino acid dehydrogenase encoded by NCgl- 2909 of C. glutamicum was cloned based on amino acid similarity to PA5309, and its role in the regulation of NCgl0350 expression was confirmed. Moreover, NCgl2909 played positive roles in growth of C. glutamicum. Thus, we identified a D-amino acid dehydrogenase as an upstream regulator of the autoinduction of a putative acyltransferase in C. glutamicum.

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Enhanced Bacterial Growth and Gene Expression of D-Amino Acid Dehydrogenase With D-Glutamate as the Sole Carbon Source
Takeshi Naganuma, Yoshiakira Iinuma, Hitomi Nishiwaki, Ryota Murase, Kazuo Masaki, Ryosuke Nakai
Frontiers in Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Effect of promoter-upstream sequence on σ38-dependent stationary phase gene transcription: Hyung-Ju Lim , Kwangsoo Kim , Minsang Shin , Jae-Ho Jeong , Phil Youl Ryu , Hyon E. Choy; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(4):250-255. Published online April 8, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4681-8

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σ38 in Escherichia coli is required for expression of a subset of stationary phase genes. However, the promoter elements for σ38-dependent genes are virtually indistinguishable from that for σ70-dependent house-keeping genes. hdeABp is a σ38-dependent promoter and LEE5p is a σ70-dependent promoter, but both are repressed by H-NS, a bacterial histone- like protein, which acts at promoter upstream sequence. We swapped the promoter upstream sequences of the two promoters and found that the σ dependency was switched. This was further verified using lacUV5 core promoter. The
results
suggested that the determinant for σ38-dependent promoter lies in the promoter upstream sequence.

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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

Multiple cellular roles of Neurospora crassa plc-1, splA2, and cpe-1 in regulation of cytosolic free calcium, carotenoid accumulation, stress responses, and acquisition of thermotolerance§: Ananya Barman , Ranjan Tamuli; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(4):226-235. Published online January 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4465-1

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Phospholipase C1 (PLC1), secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and Ca2+/H+ exchanger proteins regulate calcium signaling and homeostasis in eukaryotes. In this study, we investigate functions for phospholipase C1 (plc-1), sPLA2 (splA2) and a Ca2+/H+ exchanger (cpe-1) in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. The Δplc-1, ΔsplA2, and Δcpe-1 mutants exhibited a growth defect on medium supplemented with the divalent ionophore A23187, suggesting that these genes might play a role in regulation of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) in N. crassa. The strains lacking plc-1, splA2, and cpe-1 possessed higher carotenoid content than wild type at 8°C, 22°C, and 30°C, and showed increased ultraviolet (UV)- survival under conditions that induced carotenoid accumulation. Moreover, Δplc-1, ΔsplA2, and Δcpe-1 mutants showed reduced survival rate under hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and induced thermotolerance after exposure to heat shock temperatures. Thus, this study revealed multiple cellular roles for plc-1, splA2, and cpe-1 genes in regulation of [Ca2+]c, carotenoid accumulation, survival under stress conditions, and acquisition of thermotolerance induced by heat shock.

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Calcium signaling is involved in diverse cellular processes in fungi
Avishek Roy, Ajeet Kumar, Darshana Baruah, Ranjan Tamuli
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Dominant mutants of the calcineurin catalytic subunit (CNA-1) showed developmental defects, increased sensitivity to stress conditions, and CNA-1 interacts with CaM and CRZ-1 in Neurospora crassa
Ajeet Kumar, Avishek Roy, Mandar V. Deshmukh, Ranjan Tamuli
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Dibakar Gohain, Ranjan Tamuli
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The NcZrg-17 gene of Neurospora crassa encodes a cation diffusion facilitator transporter required for vegetative development, tolerance to endoplasmic reticulum stress and cellulose degradation under low zinc conditions
Anand Tiwari, Serena Daniel Ngiilmei, Ranjan Tamuli
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Phospholipases play multiple cellular roles including growth, stress tolerance, sexual development, and virulence in fungi
Ananya Barman, Dibakar Gohain, Utpal Bora, Ranjan Tamuli
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The pleiotropic vegetative and sexual development phenotypes of Neurospora crassa arise from double mutants of the calcium signaling genes plc-1, splA2, and cpe-1
Ananya Barman, Ranjan Tamuli
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H.F. Shen, B. Zhao, J.J. Xu, W. Liang, W.M. Huang, H.H. Li
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Phenotypic abnormalities of fr , sp , and och-1 single mutants are suppressed by loss of putative GPI-phospholipase A2 in Neurospora crassa
Masayuki Kamei, Yuko Tsukagoshi, Shinpei Banno, Akihiko Ichiishi, Fumiyasu Fukumori, Makoto Fujimura
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Characterization of NpgA, a 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase of Aspergillus nidulans, and evidence of its involvement in fungal growth and formation of conidia and cleistothecia for development: Jung-Mi Kim , Ha-Yeon Song , Hyo-Jin Choi , Kum-Kang So , Dae-Hyuk Kim , Keon-Sang Chae , Dong-Min Han , Kwang-Yeop Jahng; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(1):21-31. Published online January 4, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4657-8

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Abstract PDF

The null pigmentation mutant (npgA1) in Aspergillus nidulans
results
in a phenotype with colorless organs, decreased branching growth, delayed of asexual spore development, and aberrant cell wall structure. The npgA gene was isolated from A. nidulans to investigate these pleiomorphic phenomena of npgA1 mutant. Sequencing analysis of the complementing gene indicated that it contained a 4􍿁-phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) superfamily domain. Enzymatic assay of the PPTase, encoded by the npgA gene, was implemented in vivo and in vitro. Loss-of-function of LYS5, which encoded a PPTase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was functionally complemented by NpgA, and Escherichia coli-derived NpgA revealed phosphopantetheinylation activity with the elaboration of 3􍿁5􍿁-ADP. Deletion of the npgA gene caused perfectly a lethal phenotype and the absence of asexual/sexual sporulation and secondary metabolites such as pigments in A. nidulans. However, a cross feeding effect with A. nidulans wild type allowed recovery from deletion defects, and phased-culture filtrate from the wild type were used to verify that the npgA gene was essential for formation of metabolites needed for development as well as growth. In addition, forced expression of npgA promoted the formation of conidia and cleistothecia as well as growth. These results indicate that the npgA gene is involved in the phosphopantetheinylation required for primary biological processes such as growth, asexual/sexual development, and the synthesis of secondary metabolites in A. nidulans.

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Isolation and Functional Characterization of a Delta 6-Desaturase Gene from the Pike Eel (Muraenesox cinereus): Sun Hee Kim , Kyung Hee Roh , Jung-Bong Kim , Kwang-Soo Kim , Nam Shin Kim , Hyun Uk Kim , Kyeong-Ryeol Lee , Jong-Sug Park , Jong-Bum Kim; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(6):807-813. Published online October 5, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3144-3

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Stearidonic acid (STA; 18:4n-3) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3n-6) are significant intermediates in the biosynthetic pathway for the very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6), respectively. To develop a sustainable system for the production of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, we focused on the action of the enzyme delta 6-desaturase (D6DES) on the essential acids, linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3). A 1,335-bp full-length cDNA encoding D6DES (McD6DES) was cloned from Muraenesox cinereus using degenerate PCR and RACE-PCR
methods
. To investigate the enzymatic activity of McD6DES in the production of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, a recombinant plasmid expressing McD6DES (pYES-McD6DES) was transformed into and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The exogenously expressed McD6DES produced GLA and STA at conversion rates of 14.2% and 45.9%, respectively, from the exogenous LA and ALA substrates. These results indicate that McD6DES is essentially a delta 6-desaturase involved in very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis.

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Alternative Mechanism for the Evaluation of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) Production by Azospirillum brasilense Strains and Its Effects on the Germination and Growth of Maize Seedlings: Oscar Masciarelli , Lucia Urbani , Herminda Reinoso , Virginia Luna; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(5):590-597. Published online September 14, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3136-3

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We evaluated the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by Azospirillum brasilense strains in vitro (cell culture supernatants) and in vivo (stems and roots of maize seedlings) to clarify the role of this phytohormone as a signaling and effector molecule in the symbiotic interaction between maize and A. brasilense. The three strains all showed IAA production when cultured in NFb medium supplemented with 100 μg/ml L-tryptophan. The level of IAA production was 41.5 μg/ml for Yu62, 12.9 μg/ml for Az39, and 0.15 μg/ml for ipdC-. The release of IAA into culture medium by the bacteria appeared to be the main activator of the early growth promotion observed in the inoculated maize seedlings. The application of supernatants with different IAA contents caused significant differences in the seedling growth. This observation provides the basis for novel technological tools for effective quality control procedures on inoculants. The approach described can be incorporated into different inoculation methods, including line sowing, downspout, and foliar techniques, and increase the sustainability of symbiotic plant-bacteria systems.

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Phylogenetic Relationships of Korean Sparassis latifolia Based on Morphological and ITS rDNA Characteristics: Rhim Ryoo , Hong-Duck Sou , Kang-Hyeon Ka , Hyun Park; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(1):43-48. Published online March 2, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2503-4

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Recent studies based on morphological characteristics and molecular analyses have revealed that the characteristics of Sparassis crispa from Asia are not concordant with those of collections from Europe and North America. Consequently, the Asian isolate was redefined as Sparassis latifolia. This study is the first report of Sparassis latifolia collected in Korea. The taxonomic relationships and replacement of Sparassis species were inferred from a comparison of the morphological characteristics and by molecular sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA regions. In particular, this study focused on the phylogenetic relationships inferred from the biogeographical distribution of isolates within the genus Sparassis.

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Alginate-Derived Elicitors Enhance β-Glucan Content and Antioxidant Activities in Culinary and Medicinal Mushroom, Sparassis latifolia
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Notes, outline and divergence times of Basidiomycota
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Elicitor-induced β-glucan contents in fruit body of cauliflower mushroom (Sparassis latifolia)
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Sequence Analysis and Expression of a Blue-light Photoreceptor Gene, Slwc-1 from the Cauliflower Mushroom Sparassis latifolia
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Morphological and genetic characteristics of newly crossbred cauliflower mushroom (Sparassis latifolia)
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Clades of γ-Glutamyltransferases (GGTs) in the Ascomycota and Heterologous Expression of Colletotrichum graminicola CgGGT1, a Member of the Pezizomycotina-only GGT Clade: Marco H. Bello , Lynn Epstein; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(1):88-99. Published online March 2, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2434-0

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Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT, EC 2.3.2.2) cleaves the γ-glutamyl linkage in glutathione (GSH). Ascomycetes in either the Saccharomycotina or the Taphrinomycotina have one to three GGTs, whereas members of the Pezizomycotina have two to four GGTs. A Bayesian analysis indicates there are three well-supported main clades of GGTs in the Ascomycota. 1) A Saccharomycotina and a Taphrinomycotinaspecific GGT sub-clade form a yeast main clade. This clade has the three relatively well-characterized fungal GGTs: (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CIS2 and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Ggt1 and Ggt2) and most of its members have all 14 of the highly conserved and critical amino acids that are found in GGTs in the other kingdoms. 2) In contrast, a main clade (GGT3) differs in 11 of the 14 highly conserved amino acids that are found in GGTs in the other kingdoms. All of the 44 Pezizomycotina analyzed have either one or two GGT3s. 3) There is a Pezizomycotina-only GGT clade that has two wellsupported sub-clades (GGT1 and GGT2); this clade differs in only two of the 14 highly conserved amino acids found in GGTs in the other kingdoms. Because the Pezizomycotina GGTs differ in apparently critical amino acids from the crosskingdom consensus, a putative GGT from Colletotrichum graminicola, a member of the Pezizomycotina, was cloned and the protein product was expressed as a secreted protein in Pichia pastoris. A GGT enzyme assay of the P. pastoris supernatant showed that the recombinant protein was active, thereby demonstrating that CgGGT1 is a bona fide GGT.

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NOTE] Effects of PCR Cycle Number and DNA Polymerase Type on the 16S rRNA Gene Pyrosequencing Analysis of Bacterial Communities: Jae-Hyung Ahn , Byung-Yong Kim , Jaekyeong Song , Hang-Yeon Weon; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(6):1071-1074. Published online December 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2642-z

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Abstract PDF: The effects of PCR cycle number and DNA polymerase type on 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing analysis were investigated using an artificially prepared bacterial community (mock community). The bacterial richness was overestimated at increased PCR cycle number mostly due to the occurence of chimeric sequences, and this was more serious with a DNA polymerase having proofreading activity than with Taq DNA polymerase. These results suggest that PCR cycle number must be kept as low as possible for accurate estimation of bacterial richness and that particular care must be taken when a DNA polymerase having proofreading activity is used.

cDNA Cloning of Korean Human Norovirus and Nucleotidylylation of VPg by Norovirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase: Byung Sup Min , Kang Rok Han , Jung Ihn Lee , Jai Myung Yang; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(4):625-630. Published online August 25, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2087-4

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Norovirus, a member of the Caliciviridae family, is a major causative agent of gastroenteritis worldwide. The cDNA of the entire genome of human norovirus (HuNV) was cloned using the RNA extracted from the stool sample of a Korean patient. The RNA genome consists of 7,559 nucleotides, carries 3 open reading frames (ORFs), 5' and 3' noncoding regions, and a poly(A) tail at the 3' end. Phylogenic analysis of the nucleotide sequence indicated that it belongs to GII.4, the most dominant genogroup. To analyze RNA synthesis and nucleotidylylation of VPg by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), recombinant RdRp and VPg were expressed in Escherichia coli as His-tagged forms. The HuNV RdRp exhibited template and divalent cation-dependent RNA synthesis in vitro. The HuNV RdRp nucleotidylylated HuNV VPg but not murine norovirus (MNV) VPg, whereas MNV RdRp nucleotidylylated both MNV and HuNV VPg more efficiently than HuNV RdRp.

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Accumulation of Lipid Production in Chlorella minutissima by Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis-Related Genes Cloned from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica: Hsin-Ju Hsieh , Chia-Hung Su , Liang-Jung Chien; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):526-534. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2041-5

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Discovery of an alternative fuel is now an urgent matter because of the impending issue of oil depletion. Lipids synthesized in algal cells called triacylglycerols (TAGs) are thought to be of the most value as a potential biofuel source because they can use transesterification to manufacture biodiesel. Biodiesel is deemed as a good solution to overcoming the problem of oil depletion since it is capable of providing good performance similar to that of petroleum. Expression of several genomic sequences, including glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, phosphatidic acid phosphatase, diacylglycerol acyltransferase, and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, can be useful for manipulating metabolic pathways for biofuel production. In this study, we found this approach indeed increased the storage lipid content of C. minutissima UTEX 2219 up to 2-fold over that of wild type. Thus, we conclude this approach can be used with the biodiesel production platform of C. minutissima UTEX 2219 for high lipid production that will, in turn, enhance productivity.

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Journal Articles

Regulatory Role of cAMP Receptor Protein over Escherichia coli Fumarase Genes: Yu-Pei Chen , Hsiao-Hsien Lin , Chi-Dung Yang , Shin-Hong Huang , Ching-Ping Tseng; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):426-433. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1542-6

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Abstract PDF

Escherichia coli expresses three fumarase genes, namely, fumA, fumB, and fumC. In the present study, catabolite repression was observed in the fumA-lacZ and fumC-lacZ fusion strains, but not in the fumB-lacZ fusion strain. The Crp-binding sites in fumA and fumC were identified using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and footprint analysis. However, the electrophoretic mobility shift assay did not detect band shifts in fumB. Fnr and ArcA serve as transcription regulators of fumarase gene expression. In relation to this, different mutants, including Δcya, Δcrp, Δfnr, and ΔarcA, were used to explore the regulatory role of Crp over fumA and fumC. The results show that Crp is an activator of fumA and fumC gene expression under various oxygen conditions and growth rates. ArcA was identified as the dominant repressor, with the major repression occurring at 0–4% oxygen. In addition, Fnr was confirmed as a repressor of fumC for the first time. This study elucidates the effects of Crp on fumarase gene expression.

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Disruption of SCO5461 Gene Coding for a Mono-ADP-Ribosyltransferase Enzyme Produces a Conditional Pleiotropic Phenotype Affecting Morphological Differentiation and Antibiotic Production in Streptomyces coelicolor: Krisztina Szirák , Judit Keser&# , Sándor Biró , Iván Schmelczer , György Barabás , András Penyige; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):409-418. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1440-y

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Abstract PDF: The SCO5461 gene of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) codes for an ADP-ribosyltransferase enzyme that is predicted to be a transmembrane protein with an extracellular catalytic domain. PCR-targeted disruption of the gene resulted in a mutant that differentiated normally on complex SFM medium; however, morphological differentiation in minimal medium was significantly delayed and this phenotype was even more pronounced on osmotically enhanced minimal medium. The mutant did not sporulate when it was grown on R5 medium, however the normal morphological differentiation was restored when the strain was cultivated beside the wild-type S. coelicolor M145 strain. Comparison of the pattern of ADP-ribosylated proteins showed a difference between the mutant and the wild type, fewer modified proteins were present in the cellular crude extract of the mutant strain. These results support our previous suggestions that protein ADP-ribosylation is involved in the regulation of differentiation and antibiotic production and secretion in Streptomyces.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

NOTE] Phycicoccus ochangensis sp. nov., Isolated from Soil of a Potato Cultivation Field: Hyangmi Kim , Hyun-Woo Oh , Doo-Sang Park , Kang Hyun Lee , Sung Uk Kim , Hee-Moon Park , Kyung Sook Bae; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(2):349-353. Published online April 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1206-6

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Two novel, Gram-positive, motile, coccal bacteria, strains L1b-b9T and B5a-b5, were isolated from a potato cultivation field in Ochang, Korea. These isolates grew at 10–45°C, pH 5.0–10.0, and in the presence of 8% (w/v) NaCl. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was mesodiaminopimelic acid. The major menaquinone was MK-8(H4) and the main cellular fatty acids were iso-C14:0, iso-C15:0, and anteiso-C15:0. Polar lipids in strain L1b-b9T consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and an unknown glyco-amino lipid. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 73.6 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains L1b-b9T and B5a-b5 shared 99.36% similarity and formed a robust clade with the type species of the genus Phycicoccus. Strain L1b-b9T is related most closely to Phycicoccus cremeus V2M29T (97.52% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). On the basis of phylogenetic characteristics, the name Phycicoccus ochangensis sp. nov. is proposed for strain LIb-b9T (=KCTC 19694T =JCM 17595T).

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NOTE] Mitochondrial Phylogeny Reveals Intraspecific Variation in Peronospora effusa, the Spinach Downy Mildew Pathogen: Young-Joon Choi , Marco Thines , Jae-Gu Han , Hyeon-Dong Shin; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(6):1039-1043. Published online December 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1069-2

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Since about two hundred years, downy mildew caused by Peronospora effusa is probably the most economically important disease of spinach (Spinacia oleracea). However, there is no information on the global phylogeographic structure of the pathogen and thus it is unclear whether a single genotype occurs worldwide
or whether some local genetic variation exists. To investigate the genetic variability of this pathogen, a sequence analysis of two partial mitochondrial DNA genes, cox2 and nad1, was carried out. Thirty-three specimens of Peronospora effusa from four continents were analyzed, including samples from Australia, China, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Russia, Sweden, and the USA. Despite the potential anthropogenic admixture of genotypes, a phylogeographic pattern was observed, which corresponds to two major groups, an Asian/Oceanian clade and another group, which includes American/European specimens. Notably, two of six Japanese specimens investigated did not belong to the Asian/Oceanian clade, but were identical to three of the specimens from the USA, suggestive of a recent introduction from the USA to Japan. As similar introduction events may be occurring as a result of the globalised trade with plant and seed material, a better knowledge of the phylogeographic distribution of pathogens is highly warranted for food security purposes.

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Sexual reproduction contributes to the evolution of resistance‐breaking isolates of the spinach pathogen Peronospora effusa
Petros Skiadas, Joël Klein, Thomas Quiroz‐Monnens, Joyce Elberse, Ronnie de Jonge, Guido Van den Ackerveken, Michael F. Seidl
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Monica Blanco‐Meneses, Ignazio Carbone, Jean B. Ristaino
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Population Structure of Peronospora effusa in the Southwestern United States
Rebecca Lyon, James Correll, Chunda Feng, Burt Bluhm, Sandesh Shrestha, Ainong Shi, Kurt Lamour, Rita Grosch
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Evolution of Hyaloperonospora effectors: ATR1 effector homologs from sister species of the downy mildew pathogen H. arabidopsidis are not recognised by RPP1WsB
Irina Solovyeva, Angelika Schmuker, Liliana M. Cano, Mireille van Damme, Sebastian Ploch, Sophien Kamoun, Marco Thines
Mycological Progress.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Towards a universal barcode of oomycetes – a comparison of the cox1 and cox2 loci
Young‐Joon Choi, Gordon Beakes, Sally Glockling, Julia Kruse, Bora Nam, Lisa Nigrelli, Sebastian Ploch, Hyeon‐Dong Shin, Roger G. Shivas, Sabine Telle, Hermann Voglmayr, Marco Thines
Molecular Ecology Resources.2015; 15(6): 1275. CrossRef
Characterisation and risk assessment of the emerging Peronospora disease on Aquilegia
Geoffrey J. Denton, Elizabeth J. Beal, Anne Kilty, Jennifer O. Denton, Young-Joon Choi, Marco Thines
Mycological Progress.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Coupling Spore Traps and Quantitative PCR Assays for Detection of the Downy Mildew Pathogens of Spinach (Peronospora effusa) and Beet (P. schachtii)
Steven J. Klosterman, Amy Anchieta, Neil McRoberts, Steven T. Koike, Krishna V. Subbarao, Hermann Voglmayr, Young-Joon Choi, Marco Thines, Frank N. Martin
Phytopathology®.2014; 104(12): 1349. CrossRef

Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants in Oral Biofilms: Seon-Mi Kim , Hyeong C. Kim , Seok-Woo S. Lee; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(4):595-602. Published online September 2, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0519-1

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Oral biofilms contain numerous antibiotic resistance determinants that can be transferred within or outside of the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and the relative level of antibiotic resistance determinants from oral biofilms. Oral biofilm samples that were collected from healthy subjects and periodontitis patients were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analyses for selected antibiotic resistance determinants using PCR. The prevalence of tet(Q), tet(M), cfxA, and blaTEM was very high both in the patient and the healthy subject group, with a tendency toward higher values in the patient group, with the exception of erm(F), which was more prevalent in the healthy group. The two extended spectrum β-lactam (ESBL) resistance determinants blaSHV and blaTEM showed a dramatic difference, as blaTEM was present in all of the samples and blaSHV was not found at all. The aacA-aphD, vanA, and mecA genes were rarely detected, suggesting that they are not common in oral bacteria. A quantitative PCR analysis showed that the relative amount of resistance determinants present in oral biofilms of the patient group was much greater than that of the healthy group, exhibiting 17-, 13-, 145-, and 3-fold increases for tet(Q), tet(M), erm(F), and cfxA, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the oral antibiotic resistome is more diverse and abundant in periodontitis patients than in healthy subjects, suggesting that there is a difference in the diversity and distribution of antibiotic resistance in oral biofilms associated with health and disease.

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Journal Article

Transcriptional and Biochemical Characterization of Two Azotobacter vinelandii FKBP Family Members: Maria Dimou , Chrysoula Zografou , Anastasia Venieraki , Panagiotis Katinakis; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(4):635-640. Published online September 2, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0498-2

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Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases, EC: 5.2.1.8), a class of enzymes that catalyse the rate-limiting step of the cis/trans isomerization in protein folding, are divided into three structurally unrelated families: cyclophilins, FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), and parvulins. Two recombinant FKBPs from the soil nitrogenfixing bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii, designated as AvfkbX and AvfkbB, have been purified and their peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase activity against Suc-Ala-Xaa-Pro-Phe-pNA synthetic peptides characterised. The substrate specificity of both enzymes is typical for bacterial FKBPs, with Suc-Ala-Phe-Pro-Phe-pNA being the most rapidly catalysed substrate by AvfkbX and Suc-Ala-Leu-Pro-Phe-pNA by AvfkbB. Both FKBPs display chaperone activity as well in the citrate synthase thermal aggregation assay. Furthermore, using real-time RT-qPCR, we demonstrated that both genes were expressed during the exponential growth phase on glucose minimal medium, while their expression declined dramatically during the stationary growth phase as well as when the growth medium was supplied exogenously with ammonium.

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Single-Domain Peptidyl-Prolyl cis / trans Isomerase FkpA from Corynebacterium glutamicum Improves the Biomass Yield at Increased Growth Temperatures
Nicolai Kallscheuer, Michael Bott, Jan van Ooyen, Tino Polen, M. A. Elliot
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2015; 81(22): 7839. CrossRef
Biochemical characterization of two Azotobacter vinelandii FKBPs and analysis of their interaction with the small subunit of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
Maria Dimou, Chrysoula Zografou, Anastasia Venieraki, Panagiotis Katinakis
Molecular Biology Reports.2012; 39(12): 10003. CrossRef

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Isolation and Characterization of a Family VII Esterase Derived from Alluvial Soil Metagenomic Library: Weixin Tao , Myung Hwan Lee , Jing Wu , Nam Hee Kim , Seon-Woo Lee; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(2):178-185. Published online May 3, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1102-5

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A novel esterase gene, estDL30, was isolated from an alluvial metagenomic library using function-driven screening. estDL30 consisted of 1,524 nucleotides and encoded a 507-amino acid protein. Sequence analysis revealed that EstDL30 is similar to many type B carboxylesterases, containing a G-E-S-A-G pentapeptide with a catalytic Ser residue. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that EstDL30 belongs to the family VII lipases, together with esterases from Bacillus subtilis (P37967), Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) (CAA22794), and Arthrobacter oxydans (Q01470). Purified EstDL30 showed its highest catalytic efficiency toward p-nitrophenyl butyrate, with a kcat of 229.3 s-1 and kcat/Km of 176.4 s-1mM-1; however, little activity was detected when the acyl chain length exceeded C8. Biochemical characterization of EstDL30 revealed that it is an alkaline esterase that possesses maximal activity at pH 8 and 40°C. The effects of denaturants and divalent cations were also investigated. EstDL30 tolerated well the presence of methanol and Tween 20. Its activity was strongly inhibited by 1 mM Cu2+ and Zn2+, but stimulated by Fe2+. The unique properties of EstDL30, its high activity under alkaline conditions and stability in the presence of organic solvents, may render it applicable to organic synthesis.

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NOTE] Development of a High-Throughput Screening Method for Recombinant Escherichia coli with Intracellular Dextransucrase Activity: So-Ra Lee , Ah-Rum Yi , Hong-Gyun Lee , Myoung-Uoon Jang , Jung-Mi Park , Nam Soo Han , Tae-Jip Kim; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(2):320-323. Published online May 3, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1078-1

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Abstract PDF: To efficiently engineer intracellular dextransucrase (DSase) expression in Escherichia coli, a high-throughput screening method was developed based on the polymer-forming activity of the enzyme. Recombinant E. coli containing the Leuconostoc citreum DSase (LcDS) gene was grown on Luria-Bertani agar plates, containing 2% sucrose, at 37°C for 8 h. The plates were then evenly overlaid with 0.6% soft agar, containing 1.2 mg/ml D-cycloserine, and incubated at 30°C to allow gradual cell disruption until a dextran polymer grew through the overlaid layer. A significant correlation between dextran size and enzyme activity was established and applied for screening truncated mutants with LcDS activity.

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