Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-highest cause of cancer-associated mortality among both men and women worldwide. One of the risk factors for CRC is obesity, which is correlated with a high-fat diet prevalent in Western dietary habits. The association between an obesogenic high-fat diet and CRC has been established for several decades; however, the mechanisms by which a high-fat diet increases the risk of CRC remain unclear. Recent studies indicate that gut microbiota strongly infuence the pathogenesis of both high-fat diet-induced obesity and CRC. The gut microbiota is composed of hundreds of bacterial species, some of which are implicated in CRC. In particular, the expansion of facultative anaerobic Enterobacteriaceae, which is considered a microbial signature of intestinal microbiota functional imbalance (dysbiosis), is associated with both high-fat diet-induced obesity and CRC. Here, we review the interaction between the gut microbiome and its metabolic byproducts in the context of colorectal cancer (CRC) during high-fat diet-induced obesity. In addition, we will cover how a high-fat diet can drive the expansion of genotoxin-producing Escherichia coli by altering intestinal epithelial cell metabolism during gut infammation conditions.
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In recent years, the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens
is increasing rapidly. There is growing concern as
the development of antibiotics is slower than the increase in
the resistance of pathogenic bacteria. Antimicrobial peptides
(AMPs) are promising alternatives to antibiotics. Despite their
name, which implies their antimicrobial activity, AMPs have
recently been rediscovered as compounds having antifungal,
antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, and insecticidal effects.
Moreover, many AMPs are relatively safe from toxic side effects
and the generation of resistant microorganisms due to
their target specificity and complexity of the mechanisms underlying
their action. In this review, we summarize the history,
classification, and mechanisms of action of AMPs, and
provide descriptions of AMPs undergoing clinical trials. We
also discuss the obstacles associated with the development of
AMPs as therapeutic agents and recent strategies formulated
to circumvent these obstacles.
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