- Electron microscopic observations of prokaryotic surface appendages
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Ki Woo Kim
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J. Microbiol. 2017;55(12):919-926. Published online December 7, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7369-4
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989
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Prokaryotic microbes possess a variety of appendages on their
cell surfaces. The most commonly known surface appendages
of bacteria include flagella, pili, curli, and spinae. Although
archaea have archaella (archaeal flagella) and various types
of pili that resemble those in bacteria, cannulae, and hami
are unique to archaea. Typically involved in cell motility, flagella,
the thickest appendages, are 20–26 nm and 10–14 nm
wide in bacteria and archaea, respectively. Bacterial and archaeal
pili are distinguished by their thin, short, hair-like
structures. Curli appear as coiled and aggregative thin fibers,
whereas spinae are tubular structures 50–70 nm in diameter
in bacteria. Cannulae are characterized by ~25 nm-wide tubules
that enter periplasmic spaces and connect neighboring
archaeal cells. Hami are 1–3 μm in length and similar to
barbed grappling hooks for attachment to bacteria. Recent
advances in specimen preparation methods and image processing
techniques have made cryo-transmission electron
microscopy an essential tool for in situ structural analysis of
microbes and their extracellular structures.
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Journal of Microbiology.2020; 58(5): 357. CrossRef - Role of Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Other Apparatuses in Cell Communication
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- High-resolution imaging of the microbial cell surface
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Ki Woo Kim
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J. Microbiol. 2016;54(11):703-708. Published online October 29, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6348-5
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948
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Abstract
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Microorganisms, or microbes, can function as threatening
pathogens that cause disease in humans, animals, and plants;
however, they also act as litter decomposers in natural ecosystems.
As the outermost barrier and interface with the environment,
the microbial cell surface is crucial for cell-to-cell
communication and is a potential target of chemotherapeutic
agents. Surface ultrastructures of microbial cells have typically
been observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Owing to its characteristics
of low-temperature specimen preparation and superb
resolution (down to 1 nm), cryo-field emission SEM has
revealed paired rodlets, referred to as hydrophobins, on the
cell walls of bacteria and fungi. Recent technological advances
in AFM have enabled high-speed live cell imaging in liquid
at the nanoscale level, leading to clear visualization of celldrug
interactions. Platinum-carbon replicas from freeze-fractured
fungal spores have been observed using transmission
electron microscopy, revealing hydrophobins with varying
dimensions. In addition, AFM has been used to resolve bacteriophages
in their free state and during infection of bacterial
cells. Various microscopy techniques with enhanced spatial
resolution, imaging speed, and versatile specimen preparation
are being used to document cellular structures and
events, thus addressing unanswered biological questions.
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Scientific Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
- Multiple roles of a putative vacuolar protein sorting associated protein 74, FgVPS74, in the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum
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Hee-Kyoung Kim , Ki Woo Kim , Sung-Hwan Yun
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J. Microbiol. 2015;53(4):243-249. Published online April 8, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5067-7
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986
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0
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Fusarium graminearum, a member of the F. graminearum
species complex, is a filamentous ascomycetous group that
causes serious diseases in cereal crops. A screen of insertional
mutants of F. graminearum, generated using a restriction
enzyme-mediated integration method, identified a mutant
designated R7048 showing pleiotropic phenotypes in several
mycological traits. The vector insertion site in the R7048 genome
was identified as the KpnI site within an ORF annotated
as FGSG_06346 (designated FgVPS74), which showed
similarity to vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 74
in the baker yeast. Both targeted gene deletion and complementation
analyses confirmed that FgVPS74 was involved
in hyphal growth, conidiation, sexual development, mycotoxin
production, and virulence towards host plants in F.
graminearum. Electron microscopy analysis revealed no significant
changes in morphology of the vacuole or other organelles,
but a greater number of mitochondria were produced
in the ΔFgVPS74 strain compared to the wild-type
progenitor. Expression of a GFP-tagged FgVPS74 construct
under its native promoter in the ΔFgVPS74 strain exhibited
localization of GFP signal to putative vesicle structures, but
not to the vacuolar membrane. Taken together, these findings
demonstrated that a functional vacuolar protein-sorting
pathway mediated by FgVPS74 is crucial for fungal growth
and development in F. graminearum.
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