- Indole: a signaling molecule or a mere metabolic byproduct that alters bacterial physiology at a high concentration?
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Jisun Kim , Woojun Park
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J. Microbiol. 2015;53(7):421-428. Published online June 27, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5273-3
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Abstract
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Indole is an organic compound that is widespread in microbial
communities inhabiting diverse habitats, like the soil
environment and human intestines. Measurement of indole
production is a traditional method for the identification of
microbial species. Escherichia coli can produce millimolar
concentrations of indole in the stationary growth phase under
nutrient-rich conditions. Indole has received considerable
attention because of its remarkable effects on various
biological functions of the microbial communities, for example,
biofilm formation, motility, virulence, plasmid stability,
and antibiotic resistance. Indole may function as an
intercellular signaling molecule, like a quorum-sensing signal.
Nevertheless, a receptor system for indole and the function
of this compound in coordinated behavior of a microbial population
(which are requirements for a true signaling molecule)
have not yet been confirmed. Recent findings suggest
that a long-known quorum-sensing regulator, E. coli’s SdiA,
cannot recognize indole and that this compound may simply
cause membrane disruption and energy reduction, which
can lead to various changes in bacterial physiology including
unstable folding of a quorum-sensing regulator. Indole
appears to be responsible for acquisition of antibiotic resistance
via the formation of persister cells and activation of an
exporter. This review highlights and summarizes the current
knowledge about indole as a multitrophic molecule among
bacteria, together with recently identified new avenues of
research.
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Citations
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- Seasonal Changes in Nitrogen-Cycle Gene Abundances and in Bacterial Communities in Acidic Forest Soils
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Jaejoon Jung , Jinki Yeom , Jiwon Han , Jisun Kim , Woojun Park
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J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):365-373. Published online June 30, 2012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1465-2
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The abundance of genes related to the nitrogen biogeochemical cycle and the microbial community in forest soils (bacteria, archaea, fungi) were quantitatively analyzed via real-time PCR using 11 sets of specific primers amplifying nifH, bacterial amoA, archaeal amoA, narG, nirS, nirK, norB, nosZ, bacterial 16S rRNA gene, archaeal 16S rRNA gene, and the ITS sequence of fungi. Soils were sampled from Bukhan Mountain from September of 2010 to July of 2011 (7 times). Bacteria were the predominant microbial community in all samples. However, the abundance of archaeal amoA was greater than bacterial amoA throughout the year. The abundances of nifH, nirS, nirK, and norB genes changed in a similar pattern, while narG and nosZ appeared in sensitive to the environmental changes. Clone libraries of bacterial 16S rRNA genes were constructed from summer and winter soil samples and these revealed that Acidobacteria was the most predominant phylum in acidic forest soil environments in both samples. Although a specific correlation of environmental factor and gene abundance was not verified by principle component analysis, our data suggested that the combination of biological, physical, and chemical characteristics of forest soils created distinct conditions favoring the nitrogen biogeochemical cycle and that bacterial communities in undisturbed acidic forest soils were quite stable during seasonal change.
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