- Epidemiological Characteristics of Norovirus Outbreaks in Shenyang from 2017 to 2021
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Ying Qi , Xinxin Dong , Xiaowei Cheng , Han Xu , Jin Wang , Bing Wang , Ye Chen , Baijun Sun , Linlin Zhang , Yan Yao
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J. Microbiol. 2023;61(4):471-478. Published online March 27, 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00033-9
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Norovirus is one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. This study aimed to identify the epidemiological
characteristics of norovirus outbreaks and to provide evidence for public health entities. Specimens and epidemiological
survey data were collected to determine if there were differences in the attack rate of norovirus in terms of the
year, season, transmission route, exposure setting, and region and to determine whether there were relationships between
the reporting interval, the number of illnesses in a single outbreak and the duration of the outbreak. Norovirus outbreaks
were reported throughout the year, with seasonal characteristics (i.e., high rates in spring and winter). Among all regions in
Shenyang with the exception of Huanggu and Liaozhong, norovirus outbreaks had been reported, and the primary genotype
was GII.2[P16]. Vomiting was the most common symptom. The main places of occurrence were childcare institutions and
schools. The person-to-person route was the main transmission route. The median duration of norovirus was 3 days (IQR
[interquartile range]: 2–6 days), the median reporting interval was 2 days (IQR: 1–4 days), the median number of illnesses
in a single outbreak was 16 (IQR: 10–25); there was a positive correlation between these parameters. Norovirus surveillance
and genotyping studies still need to be further strengthened to increase knowledge regarding the pathogens and their variant
characteristics, to better characterize the patterns of norovirus outbreaks and to provide information for outbreak prevention.
Norovirus outbreaks should be detected, reported and handled early. Public health entities and the government should
develop corresponding measures for different seasons, transmission routes, exposure settings, and regions.
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Citations
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Elena Yu. Sapega, Liudmila V. Butakova, Olga E. Trotsenko, Tatyana A. Zaitseva, Tatyana N. Karavyanskaya ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И СРЕДА ОБИТАНИЯ - ЗНиСО / PUBLIC HEALTH AND LIFE ENVIRONMENT.2023; : 74. CrossRef - Dual-responsive amplification strategy for ultrasensitive detection of norovirus in food samples: Combining magnetic relaxation switching and fluorescence assay
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- Optimization of Antifungal Lipopeptide Production from Bacillus sp. BH072 by Response Surface Methodology
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Xin Zhao , Ye Han , Xi-qian Tan , Jin Wang , Zhi-jiang Zhou
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J. Microbiol. 2014;52(4):324-332. Published online February 17, 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3354-3
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Antifungal lipopeptide produced by Bacillus sp. BH072 was extracted from fermentation liquor and determined as iturin A by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). For industrial-scale production, the yield of iturin A was
improved by optimizing medium components and fermentation conditions. A one-factor test was conducted; fermentation conditions were then optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) to obtain the following: temperature, 29.5°C; pH 6.45; inoculation quantity, 6.7%; loading volume, 100 ml (in 500 ml flasks); and rotary speed, 150 rpm. Under these conditions, the mass concentration of iturin A was increased from 45.30 mg/ml to 47.87 mg/ml. The following components of the medium were determined: carbon sources (glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose, rhamnose, and soluble starch); nitrogen sources (peptone, soybean meal, NH4Cl, urea, and ammonium citrate); and metal ions (Zn2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, and K+). The effects of these components on iturin A production were observed in LB medium. We
selected sucrose, soybean meal, and Mg2+ for RSM to optimize the conditions because of several advantages, including maximum iturin A production, high antifungal activity, and low cost. The optimum concentrations of these components
were 0.98% sucrose, 0.94% soybean meal, and 0.93% Mg2+. After iturin A production was optimized by RSM, the mass concentration reached 52.21 mg/ml. The antifungal specific activity was enhanced from 350.11 AU/mg to 513.92
AU/mg, which was 46.8% higher than the previous result. The present study provides an important experimental basis for the industrial-scale production of iturin A and the agricultural applications of Bacillus sp. BH072.
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