Journal of Microbiology

Ji-Hoi Moon

3 Articles

Whole genome and RNA sequencing of oral commensal bacterium Streptococcus anginosus subsp. anginosus with vancomycin tolerance: Kyu Hwan Kwack , Jae-Hyung Lee , Ji-Hoi Moon; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(2):167-176. Published online January 7, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1425-4

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“Antibiotic tolerance” promotes the rapid subsequent evolution of “antibiotic resistance,” however, it is often overlooked because it is difficult to distinguish between tolerant and susceptible organisms. A commensal bacterium S. anginosus subsp. anginosus strain KHUD_S1, isolated from dental biofilm was found to exhibit a high MBC/MIC ratio of 32 against vancomycin. We observed KHUD_S1 cells exposed to vancomycin did not grow but maintained viability. Transmission electron microscope showed KHUD_S1 cells possessed a dense, thick capsule and maintained the cell wall integrity upon vancomycin exposure. To infer the underlying mechanisms of the vancomycin tolerance in KHUD_S1, we performed whole genome sequencing and RNA sequencing. The KHUD_S1 genome carried three genes encoding branching enzymes that can affect peptidoglycan structure through interpeptide bridge formation. Global gene expression profiling revealed that the vancomycin-induced downregulation of carbohydrate and inorganic ion transport/metabolism as well as translation is less prominent in KHUD_S1 than in the vancomycin susceptible strain KHUD_S3. Based on the transcriptional levels of genes related to peptidoglycan synthesis, KHUD_S1 was determined to have a 3D peptidoglycan architecture distinct from KHUD_S3. It was found that, under vancomycin exposure, the peptidoglycan was remodeled through changes in the interpeptide bridge and transpeptidation reactions. Collectively, these features of S. anginosus KHUD_S1, including a dense capsule and differential gene expression in peptidoglycan synthesis, may contribute to vancomycin tolerance. Our results showing the occurrence of vancomycin tolerance amongst oral commensal bacteria highlight the need for considering future strategies for screening of antibiotic tolerance as an effort to reduce antibiotic resistance.

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From commensal to pathogen: recent advances in the pathogenicity and clinical implications of Streptococcus anginosus
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Antibacterial effects of N-acetylcysteine against endodontic pathogens: Ji-Hoi Moon , Young-Suk Choi , Hyeon-Woo Lee , Jung Sun Heo , Seok Woo Chang , Jin-Yong Lee; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(4):322-329. Published online April 1, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5534-9

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Abstract PDF

The success of endodontic treatment depends on the eradication of microorganisms from the root canal system and the prevention of reinfection. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant mucolytic agent, as an intracanal medicament against selected endodontic pathogens. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of NAC for Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis were determined using the broth microdilution method. NAC showed antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 0.78–1.56 mg/ml. The effect of NAC on biofilm formation of each bacterium and a multispecies culture consisting of the four bacterial species was assessed by crystal violet staining. NAC significantly inhibited biofilm formation by all the monospecies and multispecies bacteria at minimum concentrations of 0.78–3.13 mg/ml. The efficacy of NAC for biofilm disruption was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and ATP-bioluminescence quantification using mature multispecies biofilms. Preformed mature multispecies biofilms on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite disks were disrupted within 10 min by treatment with NAC at concentrations of 25 mg/ml or higher. After 24 h of treatment, the viability of mature biofilms was reduced by > 99% compared with the control. Moreover, the biofilm disrupting activity of NAC was significantly higher than that of saturated calcium hydroxide or 2% chlorhexidine solution. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, we conclude that NAC has excellent antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy against endodontic pathogens and may be used as an alternative intracanal medicament in root canal therapies.

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In vitro effects of N-acetyl cysteine alone and in combination with antibiotics on Prevotella intermedia: Ji-Hoi Moon , Eun-Young Jang , Kyu Sang Shim , Jin-Yong Lee; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(5):321-329. Published online May 3, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4500-2

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Abstract PDF

N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant that possesses anti-inflammatory activities in tissues. In the field of dentistry, NAC was demonstrated to prevent the expression of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators in phagocytic cells and gingival fibroblasts during the inflammatory process, but the effect of NAC on oral pathogens has been rarely studied. Here, we examined the effect of NAC against planktonic and biofilm cells of Prevotella intermedia, a major oral pathogen. NAC showed antibacterial activity against the planktonic P. intermedia with MIC value of 3 mg/ml and significantly decreased biofilm formation by the bacterium even at sub MIC. NAC did not affect the antibiotic susceptibility of planktonic P. intermedia, showing indifference (fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.5?) results against the bacterium in combination with ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline or metronidazole. On the other hand, viability of the pre-established bacterial biofilm exposed to the antibiotics except metronidazole was increased in the presence of NAC. Collectively, NAC may be used for prevention of the biofilm formation by P. intermedia rather than eradication of the pre-established bacterial biofilm. Further studies are required to explore antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of NAC against mixed population of oral bacteria and its modulatory effect on antibiotics used for oral infectious diseases.

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Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces.2018; 172: 627. CrossRef
N -Acetyl- l -Cysteine and Cysteamine as New Strategies against Mixed Biofilms of Nonencapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae and Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae
Mirian Domenech, Ernesto García
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
N‐acetylcysteine eradicates Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in bone cement
Mehmet Emin Onger, Hasan Gocer, Dilek Emir, Suleyman Kaplan
Scanning.2016; 38(6): 766. CrossRef
Antibacterial effect of N‐acetylcysteine on common canine otitis externa isolates
Elizabeth R. May, Katherine A. Conklin, David A. Bemis
Veterinary Dermatology.2016; 27(3): 188. CrossRef
Antibacterial effects of N-acetylcysteine against endodontic pathogens
Ji-Hoi Moon, Young-Suk Choi, Hyeon-Woo Lee, Jung Sun Heo, Seok Woo Chang, Jin-Yong Lee
Journal of Microbiology.2016; 54(4): 322. CrossRef
In Vitro Effects of Polyphosphate against Prevotella intermedia in Planktonic Phase and Biofilm
Eun-Young Jang, Minjung Kim, Mi Hee Noh, Ji-Hoi Moon, Jin-Yong Lee
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2016; 60(2): 818. CrossRef

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