- Expansion of antibacterial spectrum of xanthorrhizol against Gram-negatives in combination with PMBN and food-grade antimicrobials
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Man Su Kim , Ha-Rim Kim , Haebom Kim , Soo-Keun Choi , Chang-Hwan Kim , Jae-Kwan Hwang , Seung-Hwan Park
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J. Microbiol. 2019;57(5):405-412. Published online February 22, 2019
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8511-2
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Xanthorrhizol (XTZ), isolated from Curcuma xanthorrhiza,
has potent antifungal and antibacterial activity. It shows
very strong activity against Gram-positive bacteria, such as
Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus, but is generally
not active against Gram-negative bacteria. In this study,
we explored the possibility of using a combination strategy
for expanding the antimicrobial spectrum of XTZ against
Gram-negative bacteria. To take advantage of XTZ being a
food-grade material, 10 food-grade or generally recognized
as safe (GRAS) antimicrobial compounds with low toxicities
were selected for combination therapy. In addition, polymyxin
B nonapeptide (PMBN), which is less toxic than polymyxin
B, was also selected as an outer membrane permeabilizer.
The antibacterial activity of various double or triple
combinations with or without XTZ were assayed in vitro
against four Gram-negative bacterial species (Escherichia
coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium, and Vibrio cholerae), with synergistic
combinations exhibiting clear activity subjected to further
screening. The combinations with the greatest synergism
were XTZ + PMBN + nisin, XTZ + PMBN + carvacrol, and
XTZ + PMBN + thymol. These combinations also showed
potent antimicrobial activity against Shigella spp., Yersinia
enterocolitica, and Acinetobacter baumannii. In time-kill
assays, the three combinations achieved complete killing of
E. coli within 2 h, and S. Typhi and V. cholera within 15 min.
This is the first report on expanding the activity spectrum
of XTZ against Gram-negative bacteria through combination with PMBN and food-grade or GRAS substances, with
the resulting findings being particularly useful for increasing
the industrial and medical applications of XTZ.
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- Antibacterial Characteristics of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Extract on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm
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Jung-Eun Kim , Hee-Eun Kim , Jae-Kwan Hwang , Ho-Jeong Lee , Ho-Keun Kwon , Baek-Il Kim
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0167-7
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This study evaluated the antibacterial effects of a natural Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract (Xan) on a Streptococcus mutans biofilm by examining the bactericidal activity, inhibition of acidogenesis and morphological alteration. Xan was obtained from the roots of a medicinal plant in Indonesia, which has shown selective
<br><br>antibacterial effects on planktonic S. mutans. S. mutans biofilms were formed on slide glass over a 72 h period and treated with the following compounds for 5, 30, and 60 min: saline, 1% DMSO, 2 mg/ml chlorhexidine (CHX), and 0.1 mg/ml Xan. The Xan group exposed for 5 and 30 min showed significantly fewer colony forming units (CFU, 57.6 and 97.3%, respectively) than those exposed to 1% DMSO, the negative control group (P<0.05). These CFU were similar in number to those slides exposed to CHX, the positive control group. Xan showed similar bactericidal effect to that of CHX but the dose of Xan was one twentieth that of CHX. In addition, the biofilms treated with Xan and CHX maintained a neutral pH for 4 h, which indicates that Xan and CHX inhibit acid production. Scanning electron microscopy showed morphological changes in the cell wall and membrane of the Xan-treated biofilms; an uneven surface and a deformation in contour. Overall, natural Xan has strong bactericidal activity, inhibitory effects on acidogenesis, and alters the microstructure of S. mutans biofilm. In conclusion, Xan has potential in anti-S. mutans therapy for the prevention of dental caries.
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