Journal of Microbiology

Hyojeung Kang

9 Articles

Phylogenetic comparison of Epstein-Barr virus genomes: Su Jin Choi , Seok Won Jung , Sora Huh , Hyosun Cho , Hyojeung Kang; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(8):525-533. Published online June 14, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8039-x

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Technologies used for genome analysis and whole genome sequencing are useful for us to understand genomic characterization and divergence. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus that causes diverse diseases such as Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), and gastric carcinoma (GC). EBV genomes found in these diseases can be classified either by phases of EBV latency (type-I, -II, and -III latency) or types of EBNA2 sequence difference (type-I EBV, type-II EBV or EBV-1, EBV-2). EBV from EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) establishes type-III latency, EBV from NPC establishes type-II latency, and EBV from GC establishes type-I latency. However, other important factors play key roles in classifying numerous EBV strains because EBV genomes are highly diverse and not phylogenetically related to types of EBV-associated diseases. Herein, we first reviewed previous studies to describe molecular characteristics of EBV genomes. Then, using comparative and phylogenetic analyses, we phylogenetically analyzed molecular variations of EBV genomes and proteins. The review of previous studies and our phylogenetic analysis showed that EBV genomes and proteins were highly diverse regardless of types of EBV-associated diseases. Other factors should be considered in determining EBV taxonomy. This review will be helpful to understand complicated phylogenetic relationships of EBV genomes.

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Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of chronic active Epstein–Barr virus infection
Yu Wang, Jiaying Wu, Xiaobing Huang, Yi Xiao
Cell Transplantation.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular genetic factors of oncogenesis associated with the Epstein–Barr virus
Nikolay A. Sakharnov, Oleg V. Utkin, Sergey P. Dmitriev, Elena N. Filatova, Svyatoslav V. Zinoviev, Nikita A. Suslov, Sergey V. Gamayunov
Advances in Molecular Oncology.2026; 13(1): 30. CrossRef
Targeted Epstein–Barr virus capture sequencing identifies BBLF4-L322M as an independent prognostic variant in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Shi Luo, Zongjian Huang, Nan Shi, Fangfang Chen, Weiren Xiang, Yu Ren, Wei Xia, Anzhou Tang, Hyun Jin Kwun
Microbiology Spectrum.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
An Ancient Epstein-Barr Virus Genome Recovered From a Museum Penis Sheath From Papua
Anaïs Augias, Gabriel Yaxal Ponce-Soto, Amélie Chimènes, Philippe Charlier, Nicolás Rascovan
The Journal of Infectious Diseases.2025; 232(3): 745. CrossRef
EBV-miR-BART5-5p regulates RORA to promote proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells
Changqi Du, Shuang Liang, Xia Wang, Yujiao Qi, Shangdong Li, Hongling Li, Luwen Zhang
PLOS One.2025; 20(7): e0327323. CrossRef
Main immunogenetic, pathogenetic, and clinical features of Epstein-Barr virus infection (literature review)
M. Chemych, O. Saienko, V. Svitailo, N. Klymenko, O. Chemych
Inter Collegas.2025; 12(2): 29. CrossRef
Mechanistic Understanding of EBV+Lymphoproliferative Disease Development After Transplantation
Philippe L. Furlano, Georg A. Böhmig, Elisabeth Puchhammer-Stöckl, Hannes Vietzen
Transplantation.2024; 108(9): 1867. CrossRef
Aquaporin-3 is down-regulated by LMP1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells to regulate cell migration and affect EBV latent infection
Jing Li, Duo Shi, Zhiyuan Gong, Wen Liu, Yan Zhang, Bing Luo
Virus Genes.2024; 60(5): 488. CrossRef
Characterization of a new CCCTC-binding factor binding site as a dual regulator of Epstein-Barr virus latent infection
Sun Hee Lee, Kyoung-Dong Kim, Miyeon Cho, Sora Huh, Seong Ho An, Donghyun Seo, Kyuhyun Kang, Minhee Lee, Hideki Tanizawa, Inuk Jung, Hyosun Cho, Hyojeung Kang, JJ Miranda
PLOS Pathogens.2023; 19(1): e1011078. CrossRef
Profiling genome-wide recombination in Epstein Barr virus reveals type-specific patterns and associations with endemic-Burkitt lymphoma
Eddy O. Agwati, Cliff I. Oduor, Cyrus Ayieko, John Michael Ong’echa, Ann M. Moormann, Jeffrey A. Bailey
Virology Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) Epithelial Associated Malignancies: Exploring Pathologies and Current Treatments
Oren Shechter, Daniel G. Sausen, Elisa S. Gallo, Harel Dahari, Ronen Borenstein
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(22): 14389. CrossRef
Current approach and novel perspectives in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: the role of targeting proteasome dysregulation as a molecular landmark in nasopharyngeal cancer
Ramon Yarza, Mateo Bover, Maria Teresa Agulló-Ortuño, Lara Carmen Iglesias-Docampo
Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Interplay between Epstein-Barr virus infection and environmental xenobiotic exposure in cancer
Francisco Aguayo, Enrique Boccardo, Alejandro Corvalán, Gloria M. Calaf, Rancés Blanco
Infectious Agents and Cancer.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Stress-Induced Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation
Daniel Sausen, Maimoona Bhutta, Elisa Gallo, Harel Dahari, Ronen Borenstein
Biomolecules.2021; 11(9): 1380. CrossRef
Epstein‐Barr virus strain variation and cancer
Teru Kanda, Misako Yajima, Kazufumi Ikuta
Cancer Science.2019; 110(4): 1132. CrossRef
A reliable Epstein-Barr Virus classification based on phylogenomic and population analyses
Louise Zanella, Ismael Riquelme, Kurt Buchegger, Michel Abanto, Carmen Ili, Priscilla Brebi
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Novel Synthetic DNA Immunogens Targeting Latent Expressed Antigens of Epstein–Barr Virus Elicit Potent Cellular Responses and Inhibit Tumor Growth
Krzysztof Wojtak, Alfredo Perales-Puchalt, David B. Weiner
Vaccines.2019; 7(2): 44. CrossRef

Anti-tumor effect of Cordyceps militaris in HCV-infected human hepatocarcinoma 7.5 cells: Seulki Lee , Hwan Hee Lee , Jisung Kim , Joohee Jung , Aree Moon , Choon-Sik Jeong , Hyojeung Kang , Hyosun Cho; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(7):468-474. Published online June 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5198-x

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Abstract PDF

Cordyceps extract has been reported to have various pharmacological activities including an anti-cancer effect. We investigated the inhibitory effect of Cordyceps militaris on hepatitis C virus-infected human hepatocarcinoma 7.5 cells (J6/JFH1-huh 7.5 cells). The huh7.5 cells with or without HCV infection were treated with various concentrations of ethanol extract of Cordyceps militaris (CME) for 48 h and the cytotoxicity was measured by CCK-8 assay. Both J6/JFH1- huh7.5 cells and huh7.5 cells were highly susceptible to CME. To examine the molecular mechanisms of the inhibitory effect on huh7.5 cells, the effect of CME on cell apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry and the expressions of p53, Bim, Bax, PARP, (cleaved) caspase-9, and (cleaved) caspase- 3 in huh 7.5 cells were detected by western blot assays. CME significantly increased early apoptosis and up-regulated the expression of Bim, Bax, cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase 9 and cleaved caspase-3. We also found the decrease of HCV Core or NS3 protein by CME in HCV-infected huh 7.5 cells.

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Visualized Nucleic Acid Hybridization Lateral Flow Strip Integrating with Microneedle for the Point-of-Care Authentication of Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Haibin Liu, Xinyue Wang, Hang Tian, Yi Yuan, Jing Wang, Yani Cheng, Linyao Sun, Hongshuo Chen, Xiaoming Song
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(24): 13599. CrossRef
Novel formulation development from Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) for management of high-altitude maladies
Rakhee, Jigni Mishra, Renu Bala Yadav, D. K. Meena, Rajesh Arora, R. K. Sharma, Kshipra Misra
3 Biotech.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A new nucleoside and two new pyrrole alkaloid derivatives from Cordyceps militaris
Yafu Xue, Leilei Wu, Yulian Ding, Xinming Cui, Zhuzhen Han, Hong Xu
Natural Product Research.2020; 34(3): 341. CrossRef
Antitumor and Anti-Invasive Effect of Apigenin on Human Breast Carcinoma through Suppression of IL-6 Expression
Hwan Hee Lee, Joohee Jung, Aree Moon, Hyojeung Kang, Hyosun Cho
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2019; 20(13): 3143. CrossRef
Cytokine-Modulated Natural Killer Cells Differentially Regulate the Activity of the Hepatitis C Virus
Yoo Cho, Hwan Lee, Hyojeung Kang, Hyosun Cho
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2018; 19(9): 2771. CrossRef
The genus Cordyceps : An extensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology
Opeyemi Joshua Olatunji, Jian Tang, Adesola Tola, Florence Auberon, Omolara Oluwaniyi, Zhen Ouyang
Fitoterapia.2018; 129: 293. CrossRef
Systems Pharmacology-based strategy to screen new adjuvant for hepatitis B vaccine from Traditional Chinese Medicine Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Jingbo Wang, Rui Liu, Baoxiu Liu, Yan Yang, Jun Xie, Naishuo Zhu
Scientific Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Anti-Cancer Effect of Quercetin in Xenograft Models with EBV-Associated Human Gastric Carcinoma
Hwan Lee, Seulki Lee, Yu Shin, Miyeon Cho, Hyojeung Kang, Hyosun Cho
Molecules.2016; 21(10): 1286. CrossRef
Anti-tumor effect of Inonotus obliquus in xenograft animals with EBV+human gastric carcinoma
Seulki Lee, Hyosun Cho
The Korean Journal of Microbiology.2016; 52(4): 482. CrossRef

Genipin as a novel chemical activator of EBV lytic cycle: Myoungki Son , Minjung Lee , Eunhyun Ryu , Aree Moon , Choon-Sik Jeong , Yong Woo Jung , Gyu Hwan Park , Gi-Ho Sung , Hyosun Cho , Hyojeung Kang; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(2):155-165. Published online January 28, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4672-9

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Abstract PDF

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous gammaherpesvirus that causes acute infection and establishes life-long latency. EBV causes several human cancers, including Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma. Antiviral agents can be categorized as virucides, antiviral chemotherapeutic agents, and immunomodulators. Most antiviral agents affect actively replicating viruses, but not their latent forms. Novel antiviral agents must be active on both the replicating and the latent forms of the virus. Gardenia jasminoides is an evergreen flowering plant belonging to the Rubiaceae family and is most commonly found growing wild in Vietnam, Southern China, Taiwan, Japan, Myanmar, and India. Genipin is an aglycone derived from an iridoid glycoside called geniposide, which is present in large quantities in the fruit of G. jasminoides. In this study, genipin was evaluated for its role as an antitumor and antiviral agent that produces inhibitory effects against EBV and EBV associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC). In SNU719 cells, one of EBVaGCs, genipin caused significant cytotoxicity (70 μM), induced methylation on EBV C promoter and tumor suppressor gene BCL7A, arrested cell-cycle progress (S phases), upregulated EBV latent/lytic genes in a dose-dependent manner, stimulated EBV progeny production, activated EBV F promoter for EBV lytic activation, and suppressed EBV infection. These
results
indicated that genipin could be a promising candidate for antiviral and antitumor agents against EBV and EBVaGC.

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Update of Natural Products and Their Derivatives Targeting Epstein–Barr Infection
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Genipin-Crosslinking Effects on Biomatrix Development for Cutaneous Wound Healing: A Concise Review
Dewi Utami Nike, Nur Izzah Md Fadilah, Nusaibah Sallehuddin, Ahmad Yasser Hamdi Nor Azlan, Farrah Hani Imran, Manira Maarof, Mh Busra Fauzi
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(10): 5637. CrossRef
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Shuang Zhang, Xinxin Fan, Guojing Zhang, Weidong Wang, Lei Yan
Journal of Biomaterials Applications.2022; 36(8): 1469. CrossRef
An Integrated Analysis Reveals Geniposide Extracted From Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis Regulates Calcium Signaling Pathway Essential for Influenza A Virus Replication
Lirun Zhou, Lei Bao, Yaxin Wang, Mengping Chen, Yingying Zhang, Zihan Geng, Ronghua Zhao, Jing Sun, Yanyan Bao, Yujing Shi, Rongmei Yao, Shanshan Guo, Xiaolan Cui
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Comparative investigation on metabolite changes in ‘wu mi’ production by Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. leaves based on multivariate data analysis using UPLC–QToF–MS
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Food Chemistry.2019; 286: 146. CrossRef
Selective oncolytic effect in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma through efficient lytic induction by Euphorbia extracts
Dong-eun Kim, Sunhee Jung, Hyung Won Ryu, Miri Choi, Mingu Kang, Hyunju Kang, Heung Joo Yuk, Hyejeong Jeong, Jiyeon Baek, Jae-Hyoung Song, Janghwan Kim, Hyojeung Kang, Sang-Bae Han, Sei-Ryang Oh, Sungchan Cho
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Geniposide and geniposidic acid, modified forms of genipin, attenuate genipin-induced mitochondrial apoptosis without altering the anti-inflammatory ability in KGN cell line
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Iridoids are natural glycation inhibitors
Brett J. West, Shixin Deng, Akemi Uwaya, Fumiyuki Isami, Yumi Abe, Sho-ichi Yamagishi, C. Jarakae Jensen
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Genipin Enhances Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Genome Maintenance
Miyeon Cho, Seok Won Jung, Soomin Lee, Kuwon Son, Gyu Hwan Park, Jong-Wha Jung, Yu Su Shin, Taegun Seo, Hyosun Cho, Hyojeung Kang, Shou-Jiang Gao
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Anti-cancer effect of Cordyceps militaris in human colorectal carcinoma RKO cells via cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial apoptosis
Hwan Hee Lee, Seulki Lee, Kanghyo Lee, Yu Su Shin, Hyojeung Kang, Hyosun Cho
DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Anti-tumor effect of Cordyceps militaris in HCV-infected human hepatocarcinoma 7.5 cells
Seulki Lee, Hwan Hee Lee, Jisung Kim, Joohee Jung, Aree Moon, Choon-Sik Jeong, Hyojeung Kang, Hyosun Cho
Journal of Microbiology.2015; 53(7): 468. CrossRef

Anti-influenza Effect of Cordyceps militaris through Immunomodulation in a DBA/2 Mouse Model: Hwan Hee Lee , Heejin Park , Gi-Ho Sung , Kanghyo Lee , Taeho Lee , Ilseob Lee , Man-seong Park , Yong Woo Jung , Yu Su Shin , Hyojeung Kang , Hyosun Cho; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(8):696-701. Published online July 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4300-0

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Abstract PDF

The immune-modulatory as well as anti-influenza effects of Cordyceps extract were investigated using a DBA/2 mouse model. Three different concentrations of Cordyceps extract, red ginseng extract, or drinking water were orally administered to mice for seven days, and then the mice were intranasally infected with 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 virus. Body weight changes and survival rate were measured daily post-infection. Plasma IL-12, TNF-α, and the frequency of natural killer (NK) cells were measured on day 4 post-infection. The DBA/2 strain was highly susceptible to H1N1 virus infection. We also found that Cordyceps extract had an antiinfluenza effect that was associated with stable body weight and reduced mortality. The anti-viral effect of Cordyceps extract on influenza infection was mediated presumably by increased IL-12 expression and greater number of NK cells. However, high TNF-α expression after infection of H1N1 virus in mice not receiving treatment with Cordyceps extract suggested a two-sided effect of the extract on host immune regulation.

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Bioactive Activities of Natural Products against Herpesvirus Infection: Myoungki Son , Minjung Lee , Gi-Ho Sung , Taeho Lee , Yu Su Shin , Hyosun Cho , Paul M. Lieberman , Hyojeung Kang; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(6):888-888.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-0726-z

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Abstract PDF: In the article by Son et al. published in the Journal of Microbiology 2013; 51, 545-551. - Acknowledgement should appear as shown below. We gratefully acknowledge financial supports of Next Generation BioGreen 21 Program (Project No. PJ009508) and Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ009241) from Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. - Co-corresponding author’s (Dr. Paul M. Lieberman) affiliation should appear as shown below. 6The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA

Bioactive Activities of Natural Products against Herpesvirus Infection: Myoungki Son , Minjung Lee , Gi-Ho Sung , Taeho Lee , Yu Su Shin , Hyosun Cho , Paul M. Lieberman , Hyojeung Kang; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(5):545-551. Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3450-9

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More than 90% of adults have been infected with at least one human herpesvirus, which establish long-term latent infection for the life of the host. While anti-viral drugs exist that limit herpesvirus replication, many of these are ineffective against latent infection. Moreover, drug-resistant strains of herpesvirus emerge following chemotherapeutic treatment. For example, resistance to acyclovir and related nucleoside analogues can occur when mutations arise in either HSV thymidine kinase or DNA polymerases. Thus, there exists an unmet medical need to develop new anti-herpesvirus agents with different mechanisms of action. In this Review, we discuss the promise of anti-herpetic substances derived from natural products including extracts and pure compounds from potential herbal medicines. One example is Glycyrrhizic acid isolated from licorice that shows promising antiviral activity towards human gammaherpesviruses. Secondly, we discuss anti-herpetic mechanisms utilized by several natural products in molecular level. While nucleoside analogues inhibit replicating herpesviruses in lytic replication, some natural products can disrupt the herpesvirus latent infection in the host cell. In addition, natural products can stimulate immune responses against herpesviral infection. These findings suggest that natural products could be one of the best choices for development of new treatments for latent herpesvirus infection, and may provide synergistic anti-viral activity when supplemented with nucleoside analogues. Therefore, it is important to identify which natural products are more efficacious anti-herpetic agents, and to understand the molecular mechanism in detail for further advance in the anti-viral therapies.

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Dysregulation of KSHV Replication by Extracts from Carthamus tinctorius L.: Han Lee , Hyosun Cho , Myoungki Son , Gi-Ho Sung , Taeho Lee , Sang-Won Lee , Yong Woo Jung , Yu Su Shin , Hyojeung Kang; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(4):490-498. Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3282-7

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Abstract PDF

Carthamus tinctorius L. (CT) is traditionally used to reduce ailments from diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue and diseases of blood circulation and the cardiovascular system. Flower extracts from CT are known to have antibacterial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and to inhibit tumor promotion in mouse skin carcinogenesis. In order to discover new antiviral agents from CT extracts, we tested whether CT extracts contain antiviral activity against gammaherpesvirus infection. This study demonstrated that treatment with CT extracts disrupted KSHV latency in the viral-infected host cells, iSLK-BAC16. n-Hexane and EtOH fractions of CT extracts critically affected at least two stages of the KHSV life-cycle by abnormally inducing KSHV lytic reactivation and by severely preventing KSHV virion release from the viral host cells. In addition to the effects on KSHV itself, CT extract treatments induced cellular modifications by dysregulating cell-cycle and producing strong cytotoxicity. This study demonstrated for the first time that CT extracts have antiviral activities that could be applied to development of new anti-gammaherpesviral agents.

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KSHV Infection of B-Cell Lymphoma Using a Modified KSHV BAC36 and Coculturing System: Hyosun Cho , Hyojeung Kang; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(2):285-292. Published online April 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1495-9

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Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of two B cell lymphoproliferative diseases, namely primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD). KSHV infection of B cell lymphoma in vitro has been a long-standing battle in advancing human KSHV biology. In this study, a modified form of KSHV BAC36 named BAC36A significantly increased the fidelity of gene-targeted site-directed mutagenesis in the KSHV genome. This modification eliminates tedious screening steps required to obtain mutant clones when a KSHV BAC36 reverse genetic system is used. Coculturing B-cell lymphoma BJAB cells with KSHV BAC36A stably transfected 293T cells enabled us to infect BJAB cells with a KSHV virion derived from the KSHV BAC36A. The coculture system produced substantial amounts of KSHV infection to BJAB, meaning that KSHV virions were released from 293T cells and then infected neighboring BJAB cells. Owing to our success with the KSHV BAC36A and coculture system, we propose a new genetic system for the study of KSHV gene expression and regulation in B-cell lymphoma.

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Glycoprotein K8.1A of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Is a Critical B Cell Tropism Determinant Independent of Its Heparan Sulfate Binding Activity
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The PseEF Efflux System Is a Virulence Factor of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae: Hyosun Cho , Hyojeung Kang; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):79-90. Published online February 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1353-9

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An ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, called the PseEF efflux system, was identified at the left border of the syr-syp genomic island of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain B301D. The PseEF efflux system was located within a 3.3-kb operon that encodes a periplasmic membrane fusion protein (PseE), and an ABC-type cytoplasmic membrane protein (PseF). The PseEF efflux system exhibited amino acid homology to a putative ABC efflux system (MacAB) of E. coli W3104 with identities of 47.2% (i.e., PseE to MacA) and 57.6% (i.e., PseF to MacB). A nonpolar mutation within the pseF gene was generated by nptII insertional mutagenesis. The resultant mutant strain showed significant reduction in secretion of syringomycin (74%) and syringopeptin (71%), as compared to parental strain B301D. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to determine transcript levels of the syringomycin (syrB1) and syringopeptin (sypA) synthetase genes in strain B301D-HK7 (a pseF mutant). Expression of the sypA gene by mutant strain B301D-HK7 was approximately 6.9% as compared to that of parental strain B301D, while the syrB1 gene expression by mutant strain B301D-HK7 was nearly 14.6%. In addition, mutant strain B301D-HK7 was less virulent by approximately 67% than parental strain B301D in immature cherry fruits. Mutant strain B301D-HK7 was not reduced in resistance to any antibiotics used in this study as compared to parental strain B301D. Expression (transcript levels) of the pseF gene was induced approximately six times by strain B301D grown on syringomycin minimum medium (SRM) supplemented with the plant signal molecules arbutin and D-fructose (SRMAF), as compared to that of strain B301D grown on SRM (in the absence of plant signal molecules). In addition, during infection of bean plants by P. syringae pv. syringae strain B728a, expression of the pseF gene increased at 3 days after inoculation (dai). More than 180-fold induction was observed in transcript levels of the pseF gene by parental strain B728a as compared to strain B728a-SL7 (a salA mutant). Thus, the PseEF efflux system, an ABC-type efflux system, has an important role in secretion of syringomycin and syringopeptin, and is required for full virulence in P. syringae pv. syringae.

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