- Genetic diversity and population structure of the amylolytic yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera associated with Baijiu fermentation in China
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Ju-Wei Wang , Pei-Jie Han , Da-Yong Han , Sen Zhou , Kuan Li , Peng-Yu He , Pan Zhen , Hui-Xin Yu , Zhen-Rong Liang , Xue-Wei Wang , Feng-Yan Bai
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J. Microbiol. 2021;59(8):753-762. Published online July 5, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1115-7
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The amylolytic yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera is a predominant
species in starters and the early fermentation stage
of Chinese liquor (Baijiu). However, the genetic diversity of
the species remains largely unknown. Here we sequenced
the genomes of 97 S. fibuligera strains from different Chinese
Baijiu companies. The genetic diversity and population structure
of the strains were analyzed based on 1,133 orthologous
genes and the whole genome single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs). Four main lineages were recognized. One lineage
contains 60 Chinese strains which are exclusively homozygous
with relatively small genome sizes (18.55–18.72 Mb) and low
sequence diversity. The strains clustered in the other three
lineages are heterozygous with larger genomes (21.85–23.72
Mb) and higher sequence diversity. The genomes of the homozygous
strains showed nearly 100% coverage with the genome
of the reference strain KPH12 and the sub-genome A
of the hybrid strain KJJ81 at the above 98% sequence identity
level. The genomes of the heterozygous strains showed
nearly 80% coverage with both the sub-genome A and the
whole genome of KJJ81, suggesting that the Chinese heterozygous
strains are also hybrids with nearly 20% genomes
from an unidentified source. Eighty-three genes were found
to show significant copy number variation between different
lineages. However, remarkable lineage specific variations in
glucoamylase and α-amylase activities and growth profiles in
different carbon sources and under different environmental
conditions were not observed, though strains exhibiting relatively
high glucoamylase activity were mainly found from
the homozygous lineage.
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