Journal of Microbiology

Hong Kum Lee

16 Articles

Cultured Bacterial Diversity and Human Impact on Alpine Glacier Cryoconite: Yung Mi Lee , So-Yeon Kim , Jia Jung , Eun Hye Kim , Kyeung Hee Cho , Franz Schinner , Rosa Margesin , Soon Gyu Hong , Hong Kum Lee; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(3):355-362. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0232-0

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The anthropogenic effect on the microbial communities in alpine glacier cryoconites was investigated by cultivation and physiological characterization of bacteria from six cryoconite samples taken at sites with different amounts of human impact. Two hundred and forty seven bacterial isolates were included in Actinobacteria (9%, particularly Arthrobacter), Bacteroidetes (14%, particularly Olleya), Firmicutes (0.8%), Alphaproteobacteria (2%), Betaproteobacteria (16%, particularly Janthinobacterium), and Gammaproteobacteria (59%, particularly Pseudomonas). Among them, isolates of Arthrobacter were detected only in samples from sites with no human impact, while isolates affiliated with Enterobacteriaceae were detected only in samples from sites with strong human impact. Bacterial isolates included in Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were frequently isolated from pristine sites and showed low maximum growth temperature and enzyme secretion. Bacterial isolates included in Gammaproteobacteria were more frequently isolated from sites with stronger human impact and showed high maximum growth temperature and enzyme secretion. Ecotypic differences were not evident among isolates of Janthinobacterium lividum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas veronii, which were frequently isolated from sites with different degrees of anthropogenic effect.

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Genomic insights into abiotic stress tolerance in polar lichen-associated Sphingomonas sp. PAMC26617 and Sphingomonas sp. PAMC26621
Anamika Khanal, So-Ra Han, Jun Hyuck Lee, Tae-Jin Oh
Extremophiles.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Enzymatic activity of cryoconites from glaciers and high-altitude glacial soils in the Central Caucasus
Rustam Tembotov, Evgeny Abakumov
Czech Polar Reports.2026; 16(1): 102. CrossRef
Linking the composition of cryoconite prokaryotic communities in the Arctic, Antarctic, and Central Caucasus with their chemical characteristics
Grigory V. Gladkov, Anastasiia K. Kimeklis, Rustam Kh. Tembotov, Mikhail N. Ivanov, Evgeny E. Andronov, Evgeny V. Abakumov
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Microbial oases in the ice: A state-of-the-art review on cryoconite holes as diversity hotspots and their scientific connotations
Shahnawaz Hassan, Misba Mushtaq, Shahid Ahmad Ganiee, Muzafar Zaman, Aarif Yaseen, Abdul Jalil Shah, Bashir Ahmad Ganai
Environmental Research.2024; 252: 118963. CrossRef
Bacterial diversity and biopotentials of Hamtah glacier cryoconites, Himalaya
Purnima Singh, Shiv Mohan Singh, Takahiro Segawa, Prashant Kumar Singh
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Multilocus sequence based identification and adaptational strategies of Pseudomonas sp. from the supraglacial site of Sikkim Himalaya
Srijana Mukhia, Anil Kumar, Poonam Kumari, Rakshak Kumar, Sanjay Kumar, Tomoo Sawabe
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(1): e0261178. CrossRef
Temperatures beyond the community optimum promote the dominance of heat-adapted, fast growing and stress resistant bacteria in alpine soils
Jonathan Donhauser, Pascal A. Niklaus, Johannes Rousk, Catherine Larose, Beat Frey
Soil Biology and Biochemistry.2020; 148: 107873. CrossRef
Contrasting Patterns of Microbial Communities in Glacier Cryoconite of Nepali Himalaya and Greenland, Arctic
Purnima Singh, Masaharu Tsuji, Shiv Mohan Singh, Nozomu Takeuchi
Sustainability.2020; 12(16): 6477. CrossRef
Biogeography of cryoconite bacterial communities on glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau
Yongqin Liu, Trista J. Vick-Majors, John C. Priscu, Tandong Yao, Shichang Kang, Keshao Liu, Ziyuang Cong, Jingbo Xiong, Yang Li
FEMS Microbiology Ecology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Olleya algicola sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from the green alga Ulva fenestrata
Olga I. Nedashkovskaya, Song-Gun Kim, Natalia V. Zhukova, Valery V. Mikhailov
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2017; 67(7): 2205. CrossRef
Metagenomic survey of bacteria associated with the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Krzysztof DUDEK, Kinga HUMINSKA, Jacek WOJCIECHOWICZ, Piotr TRYJANOWSKI
European Journal of Entomology.2017; 114: 312. CrossRef
First report of microorganisms of Caucasus glaciers (Georgia)
Nicoletta Makowska, Krzysztof Zawierucha, Joanna Mokracka, Ryszard Koczura
Biologia.2016; 71(6): 620. CrossRef
The microorganisms of cryoconite holes (algae, Archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and Protista): a review
Łukasz Kaczmarek, Natalia Jakubowska, Sofia Celewicz-Gołdyn, Krzysztof Zawierucha
Polar Record.2016; 52(2): 176. CrossRef
Cryoconite
Joseph Cook, Arwyn Edwards, Nozomu Takeuchi, Tristram Irvine-Fynn
Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment.2016; 40(1): 66. CrossRef
Microbial communities and primary succession in high altitude mountain environments
Sonia Ciccazzo, Alfonso Esposito, Luigimaria Borruso, Lorenzo Brusetti
Annals of Microbiology.2016; 66(1): 43. CrossRef
Rhizospheric changes of fungal and bacterial communities in relation to soil health of multi-generation apple orchards
F. Caputo, F. Nicoletti, F. De Luca Picione, L.M. Manici
Biological Control.2015; 88: 8. CrossRef
Anthranilate degradation by a cold‐adapted Pseudomonas sp.
Dockyu Kim, Miyoun Yoo, Eungbin Kim, Soon Gyu Hong
Journal of Basic Microbiology.2015; 55(3): 354. CrossRef
Diversity, cold active enzymes and adaptation strategies of bacteria inhabiting glacier cryoconite holes of High Arctic
Purnima Singh, Shiv M. Singh, Prashant Dhakephalkar
Extremophiles.2014; 18(2): 229. CrossRef
The Janthinobacterium sp. HH01 Genome Encodes a Homologue of the V. cholerae CqsA and L. pneumophila LqsA Autoinducer Synthases
Claudia Hornung, Anja Poehlein, Frederike S. Haack, Martina Schmidt, Katja Dierking, Andrea Pohlen, Hinrich Schulenburg, Melanie Blokesch, Laure Plener, Kirsten Jung, Andreas Bonge, Ines Krohn-Molt, Christian Utpatel, Gabriele Timmermann, Eva Spieck, Andr
PLoS ONE.2013; 8(2): e55045. CrossRef
Bioprospecting a glacial river in Iceland for bacterial biopolymer degraders
Jón Pétur Jóelsson, Heiða Friðjónsdóttir, Oddur Vilhelmsson
Cold Regions Science and Technology.2013; 96: 86. CrossRef
Characterization of the bacterial archaeal diversity in hydrocarbon-contaminated soil
De-Chao Zhang, Christoph Mörtelmaier, Rosa Margesin
Science of The Total Environment.2012; 421-422: 184. CrossRef
Polar and Alpine Microbial Collection (PAMC): a culture collection dedicated to polar and alpine microorganisms
Yung Mi Lee, GoHeung Kim, You-Jung Jung, Cheng-Dae Choe, Joung Han Yim, Hong Kum Lee, Soon Gyu Hong
Polar Biology.2012; 35(9): 1433. CrossRef

Rescue of a Cold-Sensitive Mutant at Low Temperatures by Cold Shock Proteins from Polaribacter irgensii KOPRI 22228: Ji-hyun Uh , Youn Hong Jung , Yoo Kyung Lee , Hong Kum Lee , Hana Im; J. Microbiol. 2010;48(6):798-802. Published online January 9, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0402-5

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Exposure to low temperatures induces the biosynthesis of specific sets of proteins, including cold shock proteins (Csps). Since many of the specific functions of pychrophilic Csps are unknown, the roles of Csps from an Arctic bacterium, Polaribacter irgensii KOPRI 22228, were examined. The genes encoding CspA and CspC of P. irgensii were cloned in this study. Sequence analysis showed that these proteins have cold shock domains containing two RNA-binding motifs, RNP1 and RNP2. Both proteins bound oligo(dT)-cellulose resins, suggesting single-stranded nucleic acid-binding activity. When the P. irgensii Csps were overexpressed in Escherichia coli, the cold-resistance of the host was increased by more than five-fold. The P. irgensii Csps also rescued a cold-sensitive E. coli csp-quadruple deletion strain, BX04, at low temperatures. These results suggest that Csps from P. irgensii play a role in survival in polar environments.

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Cold Shock Protein B as an Alternative to DMSO for Oocyte Vitrification
Xinhai Wang, Jing Guo, Kaiyan Zhang, Yi Fang, Hongyu Liu, He Ding, Yang Lyu, Xin Ma, Wenfa Lyu
Antioxidants.2026; 15(1): 107. CrossRef
Metabolic Pathway of Phenol Degradation of a Cold-Adapted Antarctic Bacteria, Arthrobacter sp.
Gillian Li Yin Lee, Nur Nadhirah Zakaria, Hiroyuki Futamata, Kenshi Suzuki, Azham Zulkharnain, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, Peter Convey, Khadijah Nabilah Mohd Zahri, Siti Aqlima Ahmad
Catalysts.2022; 12(11): 1422. CrossRef
CspB of an arctic bacterium, Polaribacter irgensii KOPRI 22228, confers extraordinary freeze-tolerance
Youn Hong Jung, Yoo Kyung Lee, Hong Kum Lee, Kyunghee Lee, Hana Im
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology.2018; 49(1): 97. CrossRef
Psychrophilic Enzymes: From Folding to Function and Biotechnology
Georges Feller
Scientifica.2013; 2013: 1. CrossRef

Diversity of Cold-Active Protease-Producing Bacteria from Arctic Terrestrial and Marine Environments Revealed by Enrichment Culture: Eun Hye Kim , Kyeung Hee Cho , Yung Mi Lee , Joung Han Yim , Hong Kum Lee , Jang-Cheon Cho , Soon Gyu Hong; J. Microbiol. 2010;48(4):426-432. Published online August 20, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0015-z

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A new approach for enrichment culture was applied to obtain cold-active protease-producing bacteria for marine and terrestrial samples from Svalbard, Norway. The method was developed for the enrichment of bacteria by long-term incubation at low temperatures in semi-solid agar medium containing meat pieces as the main source of carbon and energy. ZoBell and 0.1× nutrient broth were added for marine and terrestrial microorganisms, respectively, to supply basal elements for growth. One to three types of colonies were observed from each enrichment culture, indicating that specific bacterial species were enriched during the experimental conditions. Among 89 bacterial isolates, protease activity was observed from 48 isolates in the screening media containing skim milk. Good growth was observed at 4°C and 10°C while none of the isolates could grow at 37°C. At low temperatures, enzyme activity was equal to or higher than activity at higher temperatures. Bacterial isolates were included in the genera Pseudoalteromonas (33 isolates), Arthrobacter (24 isolates), Pseudomonas (16 isolates), Psychrobacter (6 isolates), Sphingobacterium (6 isolates), Flavobacterium (2 isolates), Sporosarcina (1 isolate), and Stenotrophomonas (1 isolate). Protease activity was observed from Pseudoalteromonas (33 isolates), Pseudomonas (10 isolates), Arthrobacter (4 isolates), and Flavobacterium (1 isolate).

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Anthranilate degradation by a cold‐adapted Pseudomonas sp.
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Polar and Alpine Microbial Collection (PAMC): a culture collection dedicated to polar and alpine microorganisms
Yung Mi Lee, GoHeung Kim, You-Jung Jung, Cheng-Dae Choe, Joung Han Yim, Hong Kum Lee, Soon Gyu Hong
Polar Biology.2012; 35(9): 1433. CrossRef
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Mutant Selection of Hahella chejuensis KCTC 2396 and Statistical Optimization of Medium Components for Prodigiosin Yield-Up: Sung Jin Kim , Hong Kum Lee , Yoo Kyung Lee , Joung Han Yim; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(2):183-188. Published online June 11, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0037-y

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Abstract PDF

Prodigiosin is a natural red pigment with algicidal activity against Cochlodinium polykrikoides, a major harmful red-tide microalga. To increase the yield of prodigiosin, a mutant of Hahella chejuenesis KCTC 2396, assigned M3349, was developed by an antibiotic mutagenesis using chloramphenicol. When cultured in Sucrose-based Marine Broth medium (SMB), M3349 could produce prodigiosin at 1.628±0.06 g/L, while wild type producing at 0.658±0.12 g/L under the same conditions. To increase the yield of prodigiosin production by M3349, significant medium components were determined using a two-level Plackett-Burman statistical design technique. Among fourteen components included in SMB medium, NaCl, Na2SiO3, MgCl2, H3BO3, Na2HPO4, Na2SO4, and CaCl2 were determined to be important for prodigiosin production. The medium formulation was finally optimized using a Box-Behnken design as follows: sucrose 10.0, peptone 8.0, yeast extract 2.0, NaCl 10.0, Na2SO4 12.0, CaCl2 1.8, MgCl2 0.7 g/L; and H3BO3 22.0, Na2HPO4 20.0, Na2SiO3 8.0 mg/L. The predicted maximum yield of prodigiosin in the optimized medium was 2.43 g/L by the Box-Behnken design, while the practical production was 2.60±0.176 g/L, which was 3.9 times higher than wild type with SMB Medium (0.658 g/L).

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Analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags from the Red Alga Griffithsia okiensis: Hyoungseok Lee , Hong Kum Lee , Gynheung An , Yoo Kyung Lee; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(6):541-546.; DOI: https://doi.org/2611 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: Red algae are distributed globally, and the group contains several commercially important species. Griffithsia okiensis is one of the most extensively studied red algal species. In this study, we conducted expressed sequence tag (ESTs) analysis and synonymous codon usage analysis using cultured G. okiensis samples. A total of 1,104 cDNA clones were sequenced using a cDNA library made from samples collected from Dolsan Island, on the southern coast of Korea. The clustering analysis of these sequences allowed for the identification of 1,048 unigene clusters consisting of 36 consensus and 1,012 singleton sequences. BLASTX searches generated 532 significant hits (E-value <10-4) and via further Gene Ontology analysis, we constructed a functional classification of 434 unigenes. Our codon usage analysis showed that unigene clusters with more than three ESTs had higher GC contents (76.5%) at the third position of the codons than the singletons. Also, the majority of the optimal codons of G. okiensis and Chondrus crispus belonging to Bangiophycidae were C-ending, whereas those of Porphyra yezoensis belonging to Florideophycidae were G-ending. An orthologous gene search for the P. yezoensis EST database resulted in the identification of 39 unigenes commonly expressed in two rhodophytes, which have putative functions for structural proteins, protein degradation, signal transduction, stress response, and physiological processes. Although experiments have been conducted on a limited scale, this study provides a material basis for the development of microarrays useful for gene expression studies, as well as useful information for the comparative genomic analysis of red algae.

Dasania marina gen. nov., sp. nov., of the Order Pseudomonadales, Isolated from Arctic Marine Sediment: Yoo Kyung Lee , Soon Gyu Hong , Hyun Hee Cho , Kyeung Hee Cho , Hong Kum Lee; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(6):505-509.; DOI: https://doi.org/2644 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: An obligately aerobic bacterium, strain KOPRI 20902T, was isolated from a marine sediment in Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen Islands, Norway. Cells were irregular rods and motile with polar monotrichous flagellum. The optimum growth temperature was 17-22°C. Cells grew best in pH 7.0-10.0 and 3-4% sea salts (corresponding to 2.3-3.1% NaCl). The novel strain required Ca2+ or Mg2+ in addition to NaCl for growth. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene revealed that the Arctic isolate is distantly related with established species (<92.4% sequence similarity) and formed a monophyletic group with Cellvibrio, which formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage in the order Pseudomonadales. Predominant cellular fatty acids [C16:1 ω7c/15:0 iso 2OH (45.3%), C16:0 (18.4%), ECL 11.799 (11.2%), C10:0 3OH (10.4%)]; DNA G+C content (37.0 mol%); nitrate reduction to nitrogen; absence of aesculin hydrolysis, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and esterase; no assimilation of arabinose, galactose, glucose, lactose, maltose, and trehalose differentiated the strain from the genus Cellvibrio. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, Dasania marina gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed in the order Pseudomonadales. Strain KOPRI 20902T (=KCTC 12566T=JCM 13441T) is the type strain of Dasania marina.

Marine Bacteria Associated with the Korean Brown Alga, Undaria pinnatifida: Yoo Kyung Lee , Hyun Jung Jung , Hong Kum Lee; J. Microbiol. 2006;44(6):694-698.; DOI: https://doi.org/2453 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: Several marine bacterial strains were isolated from Undaria pinnatifida (Miyok in Korean). Sixty-six strains were isolated on R2A agar media at 10°C and identified by a phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences. They were grouped into 10 different sequence types based on the initial sequence analysis of the 5'''' domain of the gene (approximately 500 bp). Full sequences of 16S rRNA gene were obtained from one strain in each sequence type and the species-affiliation was determined using phylogenetic and sequence similarity analyses. The results of the analyses indicated that they were closely related to Psychrobacter aquimaris, P. celer, P. nivimaris, P. pulmonis, Psychromonas arctica or Bacillus psychrodurans.These bacteria are marine or psychrotrophic bacteria. Because the sporophytes of U.pinnatifida are cultured on the costal area during winter, the U. pinnatifida-associated bacteria appeared to grow at low temperatures. U. pinnatifida sporophytes can be a good source for the isolation of psychrotrophic bacteria.

Axenic Culture of Gyrodinium impudicum Strain KG03, a Marine Red-tide Microalga that Produces Exopolysaccharide: Joung Han Yim , Hong Kum Lee; J. Microbiol. 2004;42(4):305-314.; DOI: https://doi.org/2106 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: An exopolysaccharide-producing microalgal dinoflagellate was isolated from a red-tide bloom and designated strain KG03. A bacteria-free culture of strain KG03 was achieved using a modified wash with phototaxis and antibiotic treatment. Combined treatment with neomycin and cephalosporin was the most effective for eliminating the bacteria associated with the microalgae. Strain KG03 was identified as Gyrodinium impudicum by analyzing the ITS regions of the 5.8S rDNA, 18S rDNA, morphological phenotype and fatty acid composition. The exopolysaccharide production and cell growth in a 300-ml photobioreactor were increased 2.7- and 2.4-fold, respectively, compared with that in a flask culture at the first isolation step.

Culture and Identification of Bacteria from Marine Biofilms: Yoo Kyung Lee , Kae-Kyung Kwon , Kyeung Hee Cho , Hyo Won Kim , Jae Hyun Park , Hong Kum Lee; J. Microbiol. 2003;41(3):183-188.

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Abstract PDF: We isolated and cultured bacteria that inhabited marine biofilms, and identified them by phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA sequences. In the marine environment, biofilms cover most subtidal and intertidal solid surfaces such as rocks, ships, loops, marine animals, and algae. The bacteria in most biofilms are embedded in extracellular polymeric substances that comprise mainly of exopolysaccharides. The exopolysaccharides are excreted from multiple bacterial species; therefore, biofilms are a good source for screening exopolysaccharide-producing bacteria. Thirty-one strains were cultured, and a total of 17 unique strains were identified. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA sequences indicated that the 17 strains belonged to [alpha]-Proteobacteria (Ochrobactrum anthropi, Paracoccus carotinifaciens); [gamma]-Proteobacteria (Pseudoalteromonas agarovorans, P. piscicida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shewanella baltica, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. pomeroyi); CFB group bacteria (Cytophaga latercula, Tenacibaculum mesophilum); high GC, Gram-positive bacteria (Arthrobacter nicotianae, Brevibacterium casei, B. epidermidis, Tsukamurella inchonensis); and low GC, Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus macroides, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, S. warneri).

Isolation and Identification of Biofilm-Forming Marine Bacteria on Glass Surfaces in Dae-Ho Dike, Korea: Kae Kyoung Kwon , Hyun Sang Lee , Sung-Young Jung , Joung-Han Yim , Jung-Hyun Lee , Hong Kum Lee; J. Microbiol. 2002;40(4):260-266.

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Abstract PDF: Bacterial strains were isolated from biofilms formed on glass slides submerged in seawater in Dae-Ho Dike. Eight strains showing fast attaching ability were selected and identified. Their exopolysaccharide(EPS)-producing ability and EPS properties were characterized. Based on Microlog System, 4 among the 8 strains were identified as Micrococcus luteus and the rest were Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Agrobacterium vitis. A. vitis was reidentified as Sulfitobacter pontiacus based on 16S rDNA sequence data. The amount of water-soluble EPS produced by the 8 strains ranged from 0.114 to 1.329 g·l^-1 and the productivity was negatively correlated with the cell biomass. The molecular weight of the produced EPS ranged from 0.38 to 25.19x 10^4 Da. Glucose and galactose were ubiquitous sugar components. Mannose, ribose, and xylose were also major sugar components. The molecular weight and composition of the EPS showed strain-specific variation.

Morphological Diversity of Marine Microorganisms on Different Isolation Media: Shin Hye Park , Kae Kyoung Kwon , Deuk-Soo Lee , Hong Kum Lee; J. Microbiol. 2002;40(2):161-165.

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Abstract PDF: Isolation frequency of microorganisms from marine sources was examined with different media and samples collected from the coastal area of Cheju Island. From sea water samples, about 1% of microorganisms from the total number of bacteria were recovered. Microorganisms were cultured at the much lower frequency of 10^-4 ?0^-6 from other marine sources, such as sediment, sponges and corals. The frequency of duplicated isolation was examined with 140 morphologically different colonies isolated on different media. Fourteen percent of them exhibited the same morphology on two different media. The duplication frequency of the isolates among three different media was 33%.

Microbial Symbiosis in Marine Sponges: Yoo Kyung Lee , Jung-Hyun Lee , Hong Kum Lee; J. Microbiol. 2001;39(4):254-264.

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Abstract PDF: Sponges are host organisms for various symbiotic microorganisms such as archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria and microalgae. Sponges are also sources of a wide variety of useful natural products like cytotoxins, antifouling agents, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory and antiviral compounds. Symbiotic microorganisms in sponges can be sources of various natural products, because metabolites previously ascribed to sponges have recently been demonstrated to be biosynthesized by symbionts. If a symbiotic microorganism from which some natural products are derived can be cultured, the microorganism could be used in a mass production of the bioactive compounds. We summarize recent research on isolation and cultivation of sponge-symbiotic microorganisms and the symbiotic relationship.

Preservation of Marine Heterotrophic Bacteria by Using a Deep-freezing Method: Shin Hye Park , Hyun Sang Lee , Hong Kum Lee; J. Microbiol. 2001;39(3):240-243.

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Abstract PDF: The effect of cryoprotectants and suspending solutions on the preservation of marine heterotophic bacteria was investigated. Six halotolerant and four halophilic bacterial isolates suspended in either distilled water or artificial seawater were preserved in glycerol and dimethylsulfoxide at -70 C, respectively. After one year of preservation, the recovery rates on the appropriate agar plates were estimated. The survival rate was found to be dependent on the strain tested, regardless of the preservation conditions tested.

Purification and Characterization of Chitinase from a Marine Bacterium, Vibrio sp. 98CJ11027: Shin Hye Park , Jung-Hyun Lee , Hong Kum Lee; J. Microbiol. 2000;38(4):224-229.

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Abstract PDF: Chitin-degrading marine bacterial strain 98CJ11027 was isolated from bryozoa from the coastal area of Cheju Island, Korea, and identified as a member of the genus Vibrio. The molecular mass of the main extracellular chitinase (chitinase I), purified from strain 98CJ11027, was estimated to be 98 kDa. The optimal condition for chitinase I activity is pH 6.0 and 45 C. The activity was inhibited by Fe^+2 and Cu^+2. Chitinase I displayed the hydrolysis type of chitobiosidase and catalyzed reversed hydrolysis leading to the synthesis of tetraacetylchitotetraose.

Bacterial Diversity of Culturable Isolates from Seawater and a Marine Coral, Plexauridae sp., near Mun-Sum, Cheju-Island: Jung-Hyun Lee , Hyun-Hee Shin , Deuk-Soo Lee , Kae Kyung Kwon , Sang-Jin Kim , Hong Kum Lee; J. Microbiol. 1999;37(4):193-199.

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Abstract PDF: Fifty-eight strains showing different colony morphological characteristics on various media were isolated from marine coral (Plexauridae sp.) and ambient seawater near Mun-Sum, Cheju-Island in 1998. Bacterial diversity was studies by phylogenetic analysis of the partial 16S rRNA gene sequences. All isolates representing the bacterial domain included affiliates of the high G+C (59%) and los G+C (3%) subdivision of Gram positive bacteria, and the alpha (33%) and gamma (5%) subdivision of the Proteobacteria. The 16S rDNA sequence similarity of the isolates was in the 88.3 to 100% range (average, 95.6%) to reported sequence data. In the comparison of the isolates from marine coarl and ambient seawater, more diverse groups belonging to alpha-proteobacteria were preferentially obtained from seawater.

Optimal Protocol for Enumeration of Attached Bacteria on Glass Slides: Hyun Sang Lee , Kae Kyoung Kwon , Jong Ho Lee , Hong Kum Lee; J. Microbiol. 1999;37(4):263-266.

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Abstract PDF: In examining bacterial growth on glass surfaces immersed in sea water, we found serious differences between enumeration methods. Therefore, we compared various methods and found sonication and direct count methods were superior to other methods. Since the direct count method was not suitable for long-term investigation, we chose the sonication method and confirmed that sonication periods 8 times for 30 seconds was optimal for the detachment of bacteria from glass surfaces.

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