- Chemokine CCL6 Plays Key Role in the Inhibitory Effect of Vitamin A on Norovirus Infection
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Heetae Lee , Giljae Lee , You-Hee Cho , Youngcheon Song , GwangPyo Ko
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J. Microbiol. 2023;61(5):579-587. Published online May 26, 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00047-3
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Abstract
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Norovirus (NoV) is the most common viral cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Vitamin A has demonstrated the
potential to protect against gastrointestinal infections. However, the effects of vitamin A on human norovirus (HuNoV)
infections remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate how vitamin A administration affects NoV replication.
We demonstrated that treatment with retinol or retinoic acid (RA) inhibited NoV replication in vitro based on their effects
on HuNoV replicon-bearing cells and murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1) replication in murine cells. MNV replication in vitro
showed significant transcriptomic changes, which were partially reversed by retinol treatment. RNAi knockdown of CCL6,
a chemokine gene that was downregulated by MNV infection but upregulated by retinol administration, resulted in increased
MNV replication in vitro. This suggested a role of CCL6 in the host response to MNV infections. Similar gene expression
patterns were observed in the murine intestine after oral administration of RA and/or MNV-1.CW1. CCL6 directly decreased
HuNoV replication in HG23 cells, and might indirectly regulate the immune response against NoV infection. Finally, relative
replication levels of MNV-1.CW1 and MNV-1.CR6 were significantly increased in CCL6 knockout RAW 264.7 cells. This
study is the first to comprehensively profile transcriptomes in response to NoV infection and vitamin A treatment in vitro,
and thus may provide new insights into dietary prophylaxis and NoV infections.
- Development of a Latex Agglutination Test for Norovirus Detection
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Heetae Lee , YoungBin Park , Misoon Kim , Youngmee Jee , Doo-sung Cheon , Hae Sook Jeong , GwangPyo Ko
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J. Microbiol. 2010;48(4):419-425. Published online August 20, 2010
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0071-4
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Abstract
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Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Currently, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is used commonly to detect NoVs in both clinical and environmental samples. However, RT-PCR requires expensive equipment and cannot be performed on site. In this study, a latex agglutination test (LAT) using antibody-labeled latex beads for detecting NoVs was developed. Two kinds of polyclonal antibodies, one generated from synthetic peptides and the other from E. coli-expressed NoV capsid proteins, were used to develop the LAT. Each of these polyclonal antibodies was immobilized on the surface of latex beads and tested for the ability to detect NoVs. Under optimized conditions, our LAT detected GII.4 NoV at concentrations as low as 3.3×105 RT-PCR units/ml in stool samples. The detection limit for the LAT was approximately 1.7×103 RT-PCR units. Forty-eight stool samples were tested for NoVs using this LAT. In comparison with an RT-PCR assay, the sensitivity and specificity of the LAT were 35% and 100%, respectively. With further optimization, this LAT used with appropriate antibodies could be applied for convenient detection of NoVs in clinical diagnosis and food monitoring.
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