- The Proportion of Non-Aflatoxigenic Strains of the Aspergillus flavus/oryzae Complex from Meju by Analyses of the Aflatoxin Biosynthetic Genes
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Seung-Beom Hong , Mina Lee , Dae-Ho Kim , Soo-Hyun Chung , Hyeon-Dong Shin , Robert A. Samson
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J. Microbiol. 2013;51(6):766-772. Published online December 19, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3128-3
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Abstract
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Strains of the Aspergillus flavus/oryzae complex are frequently
isolated from meju, a fermented soybean product, that is used
as the starting material for ganjang (soy sauce) and doenjang
(soybean paste) production. In this study, we examined the
aflatoxin producing capacity of A. flavus/oryzae strains isolated
from meju. 192 strains of A. flavus/oryzae were isolated
from more than 100 meju samples collected from diverse
regions of Korea from 2008 to 2011, and the norB-cypA,
omtA, and aflR genes in the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene
cluster were analyzed. We found that 178 strains (92.7%)
belonged to non-aflatoxigenic group (Type I of norB-cypA,
IB-L-B-, IC-AO, or IA-L-B- of omtA, and AO type of aflR),
and 14 strains (7.3%) belonged to aflatoxin-producible group
(Type II of norB-cypA, IC-L-B+/B- or IC-L-B+ of omtA, and
AF type of aflR). Only 7 strains (3.6%) in the aflatoxin-producible
group produced aflatoxins on Czapek yeast-extract
medium. The aflatoxin-producing capability of A. flavus/
oryzae strains from other sources in Korea were also investigated,
and 92.9% (52/56) strains from air, 93.9% (31/33)
strains from rice straw, 91.7% (11/12) strains from soybean,
81.3% (13/16) strains from corn, 82% (41/50) strains from
peanut, and 73.2% (41/56) strains from arable soil were included
in the non-aflatoxigenic group. The proportion of
non-aflatoxigenicity of meju strains was similar to that of
strains from soybean, air and rice straw, all of which have
an effect on the fermentation of meju. The data suggest that
meju does not have a preference for non-aflatoxigenic or aflatoxin-producible strains of A. flavus/oryzae from the
environment of meju. The non-aflatoxigenic meju strains
are proposed to be named A. oryzae, while the meju strains
that can produce aflatoxins should be referred to A. flavus
in this study.
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- Aspergillus cibarius sp. nov., from Traditional Meju in Korea
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Seung-Beom Hong , Mina Lee , Dae-Ho Kim , Martin Meijer , Eline Majoor , Patricia A. vanKuyk , Robert A. Samson
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J. Microbiol. 2012;50(4):712-714. Published online August 25, 2012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2347-3
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825
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Aspergillus cibarius sp. nov. isolated from meju, a brick of dried fermented soybeans in Korea, is described. The species was also found from black bean, bread and salami in the Netherlands. It is characterized by abundant yellow to reddish brown ascomata and small lenticular ascospores (4.5–5.5 μm) with a wide furrow, low equatorial crests and tuberculate or reticulate convex surface. The species was resolved as phylogenetically distinct from the other reported Aspergillus species with an Eurotium teleomorph based on multilocus sequence typing using partial fragments of the β-tubulin, calmodulin, ITS and RNA polymerase II genes.
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Kevin D. Hyde, Sinang Hongsanan, Rajesh Jeewon, D. Jayarama Bhat, Eric H. C. McKenzie, E. B. Gareth Jones, Rungtiwa Phookamsak, Hiran A. Ariyawansa, Saranyaphat Boonmee, Qi Zhao, Faten Awad Abdel-Aziz, Mohamed A. Abdel-Wahab, Supharat Banmai, Putarak Chom Fungal Diversity.2016; 80(1): 1. CrossRef - DNA barcoding and isolation of vertically transmitted ascomycetes in sorghum from Burkina Faso: Epicoccum sorghinum is dominant in seedlings and appears as a common root pathogen
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- Zygomycota Associated with Traditional Meju, a Fermented Soybean Starting Material for Soy Sauce and Soybean Paste
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Seung-Beom Hong , Dae-Ho Kim , Mina Lee , Seong-Yeol Baek , Soon-wo Kwon , Jos Houbraken , Robert A. Samson
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J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):386-393. Published online June 30, 2012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1437-6
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744
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Various zygomycota species were detected during a study of the mycobiota of meju, a brick of dried fermented soybeans, used in Korean cuisine. Two hundred and sixty-eight strains were isolated from 98 finished meju products collected in various regions of Korea from 2009 to 2011, and 96 strains were isolated from in-process meju on various farms from 2010 to 2011. The isolated zygomycota were identified using phenotypic characteristics combined with DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA and the D1/D2 nuclear ribosomal large subunit. Of 364 zygomycota strains, 108 were identified as Mucor circinelloides, 96 as M. racemosus, 60 as Lichtheimia ramosa, 22 as Rhizopus stolonifer, 16 as Lichtheimia corymbifera, and the other 62 strains comprised 10 other species. The psychrotrophic species, Mucor circinelloides and M. racemosus were predominantly present during low temperature fermentation (LTF) and the thermotolerant species Lichtheimia ramosa and Rhizomucor species were predominant during high temperature fermentation (HTF). The results suggest that temperature has a large influence on the zygomycota composition during the fermentation process of meju.
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Seung-Beom Hong , Dae-Ho Kim , Mina Lee , Seong-Yeol Baek , Soon-Wo Kwon , Robert A. Samson
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J. Microbiol. 2011;49(4):669-674. Published online September 2, 2011
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0376-y
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700
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Eurotium strains were isolated from 77 loaves of meju (dried fermented soybeans), in various regions of
Korea from 2008 to 2010. Morphological characteristics and DNA sequences of β-tubulin were examined.
They were identified as Eurotium amstelodami, E. chevalieri, E. herbariorum, E. repens, E. rubrum, and
E. tonophilum. Of these species, E. chevalieri and E. tonophilum had not been previously reported in association
with meju. E. chevalieri and E. repens were the species isolated most frequently. This paper summarizes
the morphological characteristics of six Eurotium species and provides key to identify the species from meju.
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- Re-identification of Aspergillus fumigatus sensu lato Based on a New Concept of Species Delimitation
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Seung-Beom Hong , Dae-Ho Kim , In-Cheol Park , Young-Joon Choi , Hyeon-Dong Shin , Robert Samson
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J. Microbiol. 2010;48(5):607-615. Published online November 3, 2010
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0084-z
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The species concept of Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto has recently been defined by polyphasic taxonomy. Based on the new concept of species delimitations, 146 worldwide strains of Aspergillus fumigatus sensu lato were re-identified. Of those 146 strains, 140 (95.8%) could be identified as A. fumigatus sensu stricto, 3 (2.1%) as A. lentulus, and the remaining 3 strains as A. viridinutans complex, Neosartorya udagawae, and N. cf. nishimurae. Of 98 clinical strains, only 1 from dolphin nostril was identified as A. lentulus and not A. fumigatus sensu stricto. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) with primers PELF and URP1F produced nearly the same band patterns among 136 strains of A. fumigatus sensu stricto while discriminated the species from its related species. We also discussed about identification of several atypical A. fumigatus strains from clinical environments.
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