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Targeting innate immune sensors for therapeutic strategies in infectious diseases
Seyun Shin, Young Ki Choi, SangJoon Lee
J. Microbiol. 2025;63(6):e2503009.   Published online June 30, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2503009
  • 3,535 View
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  • 3 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF

The innate immune system relies on innate immune sensors, such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), to detect pathogens and initiate immune responses, crucial for controlling infections but also implicated in inflammatory diseases. These innate immune sensors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nod-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), and Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) trigger signaling pathways that produce cytokines, modulating inflammation and cell death. Traditional therapies focus on directly targeting pathogens; however, host-targeting therapeutic strategies have emerged as innovative approaches to modulate innate immune sensor activity. These strategies aim to fine-tune the immune response, either enhancing antiviral defenses or mitigating hyperinflammation to prevent tissue damage. This review explores innate immune sensor-based therapeutic approaches, including inhibitors, agonists, and antagonists, that enhance antiviral defense or suppress harmful inflammation, highlighting innate immune sensors as promising targets in infectious and inflammatory disease treatment.

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  • A new fucosylated glucuronoxylomannan from the fruit bodies of Tremella aurantia: structural characterization and immunoenhancing activity on seasonal influenza mRNA vaccine
    Jing Chen, Yuan Ma, Zhi-Min Rao, Song-Lin Jiang, Ying-Jun Lou, Karim Malik, Arman Chowdhury, Hua-Zhong Ying, Chen-Huan Yu
    Carbohydrate Polymers.2026; 373: 124660.     CrossRef
  • Z-DNA interaction proteins - insights from ChIP-seq data
    Michaela Dobrovolná, Václav Brázda
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2025; 790: 152910.     CrossRef
  • AIM2 drives inflammatory cell death and monkeypox pathogenesis
    Jueun Oh, Yun-Ho Hwang, Jihye Lee, Cheong Seok, SuHyeon Oh, Hye Yoon Kim, Nabukenya Mariam, Jaeyoung Ahn, GyeongJu Yu, Jaewoo Park, Hayeon Kim, Suhyun Kim, Seyun Shin, Min-Chul Jung, Jinwoo Gil, Joo Sang Lee, Young Ki Choi, Dokeun Kim, Daesik Kim, You-Jin
    Cellular & Molecular Immunology.2025; 22(12): 1615.     CrossRef
Microbiome-Mucosal Immunity Nexus: Driving Forces in Respiratory Disease Progression
Young Chae Park, Soo Yeon Choi, Yunah Cha, Hyeong Won Yoon, Young Min Son
J. Microbiol. 2024;62(9):709-725.   Published online September 6, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00167-4
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  • 4 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
The importance of the complex interplay between the microbiome and mucosal immunity, particularly within the respiratory tract, has gained significant attention due to its potential implications for the severity and progression of lung diseases. Therefore, this review summarizes the specific interactions through which the respiratory tract-specific microbiome influences mucosal immunity and ultimately impacts respiratory health. Furthermore, we discuss how the microbiome affects mucosal immunity, considering tissue-specific variations, and its capacity in respiratory diseases containing asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Additionally, we investigate the external factors which affect the relationship between respiratory microbiome and mucosal immune responses. By exploring these intricate interactions, this review provides valuable insights into the potential for microbiome-based interventions to modulate mucosal immunity and alleviate the severity of respiratory diseases.

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  • The impact of environmental factors on respiratory tract microbiome and respiratory system diseases
    Yutao Ge, Guo Tang, Yawen Fu, Peng Deng, Rong Yao
    European Journal of Medical Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Meta-transcriptomics Reveals Dysbiosis of the Respiratory Microbiome in Older Adults with Long COVID
    Meng’en Liao, Jianpeng Cai, Feng Zhu, Yuanbo Lan, Tianqi Xu, Jingxin Guo, Quanlin Xue, Yilong Wen, Fan Zou, Yu Zhang, Shiliang Zhang, Yan Yan, Jingwen Ai, Jie Cui, Wenhong Zhang
    Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Lactobacillus salivarius HHuMin-U attenuates vulvovaginal candidiasis via vaginal epithelial immune enhancement mediated by NF-κB activation
    Juwon Choi, Jay-Young Jo, Ji Su Lee, Joe Eun Son, Sun Young Kim, Hye Eun Lee, Yeong-Je Seong, Keon Heo, Yongbaek Kim, Myeong Soo Park, Sanguine Byun
    New Biotechnology.2025; 90: 36.     CrossRef
  • Immune system - can it be boosted/influenced?
    Jiřina Bartůňková
    Medicína pro praxi.2025; 22(5): 319.     CrossRef
  • Bacteria and fungi of the lung: allies or enemies?
    Enrico Garaci, Marilena Pariano, Emilia Nunzi, Claudio Costantini, Marina Maria Bellet, Cinzia Antognelli, Matteo Antonio Russo, Luigina Romani
    Frontiers in Pharmacology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
Balancing Act of the Intestinal Antimicrobial Proteins on Gut Microbiota and Health
Ye Eun Ra, Ye‑Ji Bang
J. Microbiol. 2024;62(3):167-179.   Published online April 17, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00122-3
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  • 15 Web of Science
  • 17 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
The human gut houses a diverse and dynamic microbiome critical for digestion, metabolism, and immune development, exerting profound efects on human health. However, these microorganisms pose a potential threat by breaching the gut barrier, entering host tissues, and triggering infections, uncontrolled infammation, and even sepsis. The intestinal epithelial cells form the primary defense, acting as a frontline barrier against microbial invasion. Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs), produced by these cells, serve as innate immune efectors that regulate the gut microbiome by directly killing or inhibiting microbes. Abnormal AMP production, whether insufcient or excessive, can disturb the microbiome equilibrium, contributing to various intestinal diseases. This review delves into the complex interactions between AMPs and the gut microbiota and sheds light on the role of AMPs in governing host-microbiota interactions. We discuss the function and mechanisms of action of AMPs, their regulation by the gut microbiota, microbial evasion strategies, and the consequences of AMP dysregulation in disease. Understanding these complex interactions between AMPs and the gut microbiota is crucial for developing strategies to enhance immune responses and combat infections within the gut microbiota. Ongoing research continues to uncover novel aspects of this intricate relationship, deepening our understanding of the factors shaping gut health. This knowledge has the potential to revolutionize therapeutic interventions, ofering enhanced treatments for a wide range of gut-related diseases.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Microbiota-derived D-amino acids in intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease
    Kentaro Miyamoto, Tomohisa Sujino
    Inflammation and Regeneration.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Host-directed therapies modulating innate immunity against infection in hematologic malignancies
    Qiong Wang, Kristján Hermannsson, Egill Másson, Peter Bergman, Guðmundur Hrafn Guðmundsson
    Blood Reviews.2025; 70: 101255.     CrossRef
  • Progress in the Identification and Design of Novel Antimicrobial Peptides Against Pathogenic Microorganisms
    Shengwei Sun
    Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins.2025; 17(2): 918.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of naturalization mouse model setups uncover distinct effects on intestinal mucosa depending on microbial experience
    Henriette Arnesen, Signe Birkeland, Harriet Stendahl, Klaus Neuhaus, David Masopust, Preben Boysen, Harald Carlsen
    Discovery Immunology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Oral administration of LEAP2 enhances immunity against Edwardsiella tarda through regulation of gut bacterial community and metabolite in mudskipper
    Ting-Fang Zhu, Hai-Peng Guo, Li Nie, Jiong Chen
    Fish & Shellfish Immunology.2025; 158: 110128.     CrossRef
  • Pharmacology of Intestinal Inflammation and Repair
    Céline Deraison, Nathalie Vergnolle
    Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology .2025; 65(1): 301.     CrossRef
  • Microbiome dysbiosis in SARS-CoV-2 infection: implication for pathophysiology and management strategies of COVID-19
    Shukur Wasman Smail, Niaz Albarzinji, Rebaz Hamza Salih, Kalthum Othman Taha, Sarah Mousa Hirmiz, Hero M. Ismael, Marwa Fateh Noori, Sarkar Sardar Azeez, Christer Janson
    Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Harnessing the Microbiome: CRISPR-Based Gene Editing and Antimicrobial Peptides in Combating Antibiotic Resistance and Cancer
    Radwa A. Amen, Yaser M. Hassan, Rawan A. Essmat, Rana H. Ahmed, Marwan M. Azab, Nadia R. Shehata, Mariam M. Elgazzar, Wael M. El-Sayed
    Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins.2025; 17(4): 1938.     CrossRef
  • The Role of Functional Feed in Modulating Fish Gut Microbiome to Enhance Resistance Against Aquaculture Pathogens
    Eswar Marcharla, A Vishnuprasadh, Lalitha Gnanasekaran, Saranya Vinayagam, Thanigaivel Sundaram, Swamynathan Ganesan
    Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Metabolic profiling and genetic tool development in the mucosal bacterium Selenomonas sputigena
    Trinh Thi Nguyen, Yu-Kyung Kim, Trang Vu Thien Nguyen, Junbeom Kwon, Ye-Ji Bang
    Genes & Genomics.2025; 47(10): 997.     CrossRef
  • Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus bloodstream infections: a 6-year study in Western Greece
    Maria Lagadinou, Christos Michailides, Christodoulos Chatzigrigoriadis, Ioannis Erginousakis, Prodromos Avramidis, Marina Amerali, Fotini Tasouli, Anna Chondroleou, Katerina Skintzi, Anastasia Spiliopoulou, Fevronia Kolonitsiou, Leonidia Leonidou, Stelios
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Modeling gut inflammation using intestinal organoids: Advances, challenges, and future perspectives
    Justina Guzauskiene, Deimante Valentelyte, Goda Butaite, Ugne Kulokiene, Viltaute Laukaitiene, Ruta Inciuraite, Jurgita Skieceviciene
    Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology.2025; 78: 102048.     CrossRef
  • Rational bioengineering of polysaccharide in designing of microbiome modulation
    Jeong Hyun Moon, Kidong Kim, Yubin Kim, Sejin Son
    Trends in Biotechnology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Swine-Derived Probiotics and Their Metabolites as an Alternative to Veterinary Antibiotics
    Mengshi Zhao, Bihong Chen, Song Peng, Guiheng Mei, Meiqin Li, Fengqiang Lin, Tiecheng Sun, Zhaolong Li
    Veterinary Sciences.2025; 12(11): 1100.     CrossRef
  • Macrophages and Gut Barrier Function: Guardians of Gastrointestinal Health in Post-Inflammatory and Post-Infection Responses
    Edward Xiangtai Meng, George Nicholas Verne, Qiqi Zhou
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(17): 9422.     CrossRef
  • Host-Associated Microbiome
    Woo Jun Sul
    Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(3): 135.     CrossRef
  • Gut Microbiota as Emerging Players in the Development of Alcohol-Related Liver Disease
    Wei Li, Wenkang Gao, Shengqi Yan, Ling Yang, Qingjing Zhu, Huikuan Chu
    Biomedicines.2024; 13(1): 74.     CrossRef
MAPK Cascades in Plant Microbiota Structure and Functioning
Thijs Van Gerrewey, Hoo Sun Chung
J. Microbiol. 2024;62(3):231-248.   Published online April 8, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00114-3
  • 664 View
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  • 14 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules that coordinate diverse biological processes such as plant innate immunity and development. Recently, MAPK cascades have emerged as pivotal regulators of the plant holobiont, infuencing the assembly of normal plant microbiota, essential for maintaining optimal plant growth and health. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge on MAPK cascades, from upstream perception of microbial stimuli to downstream host responses. Synthesizing recent fndings, we explore the intricate connections between MAPK signaling and the assembly and functioning of plant microbiota. Additionally, the role of MAPK activation in orchestrating dynamic changes in root exudation to shape microbiota composition is discussed. Finally, our review concludes by emphasizing the necessity for more sophisticated techniques to accurately decipher the role of MAPK signaling in establishing the plant holobiont relationship.

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  • The microbiome orchestrates contaminant low-dose phytostimulation
    Evgenios Agathokleous, Edward J. Calabrese, Stavros D. Veresoglou
    Trends in Plant Science.2025; 30(5): 515.     CrossRef
  • Lipid transfer protein VAS inhibits the hypersensitive response via reactive oxygen species signaling in Nicotiana benthamiana
    Rina Koyama, Akira Suzuki, Kouhei Ohnishi, Yasufumi Hikichi, Akinori Kiba, Stefanie Ranf
    Journal of Experimental Botany.2025; 76(4): 1285.     CrossRef
  • Short-Term Fertilization with the Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterium (NFB) Kosakonia radicincitans GXGL-4A Agent Can Modify the Transcriptome Expression Profiling of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Root
    Baoyun Feng, Erxing Wang, Yating Zhang, Lurong Xu, Yanwen Xue, Yunpeng Chen
    Microorganisms.2025; 13(3): 506.     CrossRef
  • Genome-wide identification and unveiling the role of MAP kinase cascade genes involved in sugarcane response to abiotic stressors
    Ahmad Ali, Xue-Ting Zhao, Ji-Shan Lin, Ting-Ting Zhao, Cui-Lian Feng, Ling Li, Rui-Jie Wu, Qi-Xing Huang, Hong-Bo Liu, Jun-Gang Wang
    BMC Plant Biology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Comparative transcriptome and co-expression network reveals key genes associated with mesocotyl elongation in foxtail millet (Setaria italica)
    Meiqiang Yin, Mengyao An, Yuxin Gao, Jianjun Guo, Chongyue Wang, Yanjie Wen, Mingjing Huang, Juan Zhao, Yinyuan Wen
    Environmental and Experimental Botany.2025; 234: 106144.     CrossRef
  • Comparative transcriptomic analysis and genome-wide identification provide insights into the potential role of fungal-responsive MAPK cascade genes in tanshinone accumulation in Salvia miltiorrohiza
    Ann Abozeid, Xinru Du, Lan Zhang, Furui Yang, Jianxiong Wu, Lin Zhang, Qi Cui, Zongqi Yang, Dongfeng Yang
    Frontiers in Plant Science.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Lijun Xu, Pengfei Guo, Yong Kuang, Ke Su, Keling Hu, Defang Gan
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    Jing Shi, Lele Li, Hao Zhou, Jialian Su, Song Bai, Miao Li, Jianta Wang, Lei Tang
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  • Unlocking the leaf microcosm: Ecological dynamics, functional roles, and implications for sustainable agriculture
    Hassan Etesami, Umarov Otabek, Bafayeva Zahro, To'rayeva Nargiza, Ochilova Muyassar
    Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology.2025; 139: 102841.     CrossRef
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    Trends in Plant Science.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Yang Zhou, Chenlin Gu, Yan Zhu, Yuting Zhu, Yutong Chen, Li Shi, Yang Yang, Xin Lu, Hanqing Pang
    Frontiers in Pharmacology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Yuqing Yan, Hui Wang, Yan Bi, Fengming Song
    Plant Communications.2024; 5(12): 101128.     CrossRef
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    Woo Jun Sul
    Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(3): 135.     CrossRef
Journal Articles
Evaluation of Cyc1 protein stability in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans bacterium after E121D mutation by molecular dynamics simulation to improve electron transfer
Mahnaz Shojapour , Somayeh Farahmand , Faezeh Fatemi , Marzieh Dehghan Shasaltaneh
J. Microbiol. 2022;60(5):526-532.   Published online March 14, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1645-7
  • 374 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Cyc1 (Cytochrome c552) is a protein in the electron transport chain of the Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (Af) bacteria which obtain their energy from oxidation Fe2+ to Fe3+. The electrons are directed through Cyc2, RCY (rusticyanin), Cyc1, and Cox aa3 proteins to O2. Cyc1 protein consists of two chains, A and B. In the present study, a novel mutation (E121D) in the A chain of Cyc1 protein was selected due to electron receiving from Histidine 143 of RCY. Then, the changes performed in the E121D mutant were evaluated by MD simulations analyzes. Cyc1 and RCY proteins were docked by a Patchdock server. By E121D mutation, the connection between Zn 1388 of chain B and aspartate 121 of chain A weaken. Asp 121 gets farther from Zn 1388. Therefore, the aspartate gets closer to Cu 1156 of the RCY leading to the higher stability of the RCY/ Cyc1 complex. Further, an acidic residue (Glu121) becomes a more acidic residue (Asp121) and improves the electron transfer to Cyc1 protein. The results of RMSF analysis showed further ligand flexibility in mutation. This leads to fluctuation of the active site and increases redox potential at the mutation point and the speed of electron transfer. This study also predicts that in all respiratory chain proteins, electrons probably enter the first active site via glutamate and exit histidine in the second active site of each respiratory chain protein.

Citations

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  • Point mutation consideration in CcO protein of the electron transfer chain by MD simulation
    Mahnaz Shojapour, Somayeh Farahmand
    Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling.2022; 117: 108309.     CrossRef
Vibrio vulnificus PlpA facilitates necrotic host cell death induced by the pore forming MARTX toxin
Changyi Cho , Sanghyeon Choi , Myung Hee Kim , Byoung Sik Kim
J. Microbiol. 2022;60(2):224-233.   Published online February 1, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1448-x
  • 479 View
  • 3 Download
  • 14 Web of Science
  • 13 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Opportunistic pathogen Vibrio vulnificus causes severe systemic infection in humans with high mortality. Although multiple exotoxins have been characterized in V. vulnificus, their interactions and potential synergistic roles in pathogen-induced host cell death have not been investigated previously. By employing a series of multiple exotoxin deletion mutants, we investigated whether specific exotoxins of the pathogen functioned together to achieve severe and rapid necrotic cell death. Human epithelial cells treated with V. vulnificus with a plpA deletion background exhibited an unusually prolonged cell blebbing, suggesting the importance of PlpA, a phospholipase A2, in rapid necrotic cell death by this pathogen. Additional deletion of the rtxA gene encoding the multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxin did not result in necrotic cell blebs. However, if the rtxA gene was engineered to produce an effector-free MARTX toxin, the cell blebbing was observed, indicating that the pore forming activity of the MARTX toxin is sufficient, but the MARTX toxin effector domains are not necessary, for the blebbing. When a recombinant PlpA was treated on the blebbed cells, the blebs were completely disrupted. Consistent with this, MARTX toxin-pendent rapid release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase was significantly delayed in the plpA deletion background. Mutations in other exotoxins such as elastase, cytolysin/hemolysin, and/or extracellular metalloprotease did not affect the bleb formation or disruption. Together, these findings indicate that the pore forming MARTX toxin and the phospholipase A2, PlpA, cooperate sequentially to achieve rapid necrotic cell death by inducing cell blebbing and disrupting the blebs, respectively.

Citations

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  • Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Vibrio vulnificus outer membrane vesicles in zebrafish: Implications for fish immunization
    Duo Chen, Chengyang Zheng, Jiapeng Wang, Zhenlu Li, Chenhuan Dong, Yuanxin Liang, Yilin Huang, Youqiang Chen, Ting Xue, Chentao Lin
    Fish & Shellfish Immunology.2026; 168: 110981.     CrossRef
  • Genome-wide phenotypic profiling of transcription factors and identification of novel targets to control the virulence of Vibrio vulnificus
    Dayoung Sung, Garam Choi, Minji Ahn, Hokyung Byun, Tae Young Kim, Hojun Lee, Zee-Won Lee, Ji Yong Park, Young Hyun Jung, Ho Jae Han, Sang Ho Choi
    Nucleic Acids Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Qiuhua Yang, Guanghua Sun, Sijia Hong, Qi Lin, Jinjin Yang, Songlin Guo
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    Ana Cevallos-Urena, Jeong Yeon Kim, Byoung Sik Kim
    Food Science and Biotechnology.2023; 32(12): 1719.     CrossRef
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    Kun Lu, Yang Li, Rui Chen, Hua Yang, Yong Wang, Wei Xiong, Fang Xu, Qijun Yuan, Haihui Liang, Xian Xiao, Renqiang Huang, Zhipeng Chen, Chunou Tian, Songqing Wang
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  • Functional conservation of specialized ribosomes bearing genome-encoded variant rRNAs in Vibrio species
    Younkyung Choi, Eunkyoung Shin, Minho Lee, Ji-Hyun Yeom, Kangseok Lee, Bashir Sajo Mienda
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    Garam Choi, Sang Ho Choi
    Trends in Microbiology.2022; 30(12): 1205.     CrossRef
  • MARTX toxin of Vibrio vulnificus induces RBC phosphatidylserine exposure that can contribute to thrombosis
    Han Young Chung, Yiying Bian, Kyung-Min Lim, Byoung Sik Kim, Sang Ho Choi
    Nature Communications.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
Description of Vagococcus coleopterorum sp. nov., isolated from the intestine of the diving beetle, Cybister lewisianus, and Vagococcus hydrophili sp. nov., isolated from the intestine of the dark diving beetle, Hydrophilus acuminatus, and emended description of the genus Vagococcus
Dong-Wook Hyun , Euon Jung Tak , Pil Soo Kim , Jin-Woo Bae
J. Microbiol. 2021;59(2):132-141.   Published online December 23, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0485-1
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AbstractAbstract PDF
A polyphasic taxonomic approach was used to characterize two novel bacterial strains, HDW17AT and HDW17BT, isolated from the intestine of the diving beetle Cybister lewisianus, and the dark diving beetle Hydrophilus acuminatus, respectively. Both strains were Gram-positive and facultative anaerobic cocci forming cream-colored colonies. The isolates grew optimally at 25°C, pH 7, in the presence of 0.3% (wt/vol) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and genome sequences showed that the isolates were members of the genus Vagococcus, and strain HDW17AT was closely related to Vagococcus fessus CCUG 41755T (98.9% of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and 74.3% of average nucleotide identity [ANI]), whereas strain HDW17BT was closely related to Vagococcus fluvialis NCFB 2497T (98.9% of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and 76.6% of ANI). Both strains contained C16:0, and C18:1 ω9c as the major cellular fatty acids, but C16:1 ω9c was also observed only in strain HDW17BT as the major cellular fatty acid. The respiratory quinone of the isolates was MK-7. The major polar lipid components were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The genomic DNA G + C content of strains HDW17AT and HDW17BT were 36.6 and 34.4%, respectively. Both strains had cell wall peptidoglycan composed of the amino acids L-alanine, glycine, D-glutamic acid, L-tryptophan, L-lysine, and L-aspartic acid, and the sugars ribose, glucose, and galactose. Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic analyses, strains HDW17AT and HDW17BT represent two novel species in the genus Vagococcus. We propose the name Vagococcus coleopterorum sp. nov. for strain HDW17AT (= KACC 21348T = KCTC 49324T = JCM 33674T) and the name Vagococcus hydrophili sp. nov. for strain HDW17BT (= KACC 21349T = KCTC 49325T = JCM 33675T).

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  • Vagococcus proximus sp. nov. and Vagococcus intermedius sp. nov., originating from modified atmosphere packaged broiler meat
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  • Vagococcus luciliae sp. nov., isolated from the common green bottle fly Lucilia sericata
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  • Description of Nocardioides piscis sp. nov., Sphingomonas piscis sp. nov. and Sphingomonas sinipercae sp. nov., isolated from the intestine of fish species Odontobutis interrupta (Korean spotted sleeper) and Siniperca scherzeri (leopard mandarin fish)
    Dong-Wook Hyun, Yun-Seok Jeong, Jae-Yun Lee, Hojun Sung, So-Yeon Lee, Jee-Won Choi, Hyun Sik Kim, Pil Soo Kim, Jin-Woo Bae
    Journal of Microbiology.2021; 59(6): 552.     CrossRef
Vagococcus zengguangii sp. nov., isolated from yak faeces
Yajun Ge , Dong Jin , Xin-He Lai , Jing Yang , Shan Lu , Ying Huang , Han Zheng , Xiaoyan Zhang , Jianguo Xu
J. Microbiol. 2021;59(1):1-9.   Published online December 23, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0406-3
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Two unknown Gram-stain-positive, catalase- and oxidasenegative, non-motile, and coccus-shaped bacteria, designated MN-17T and MN-09, were isolated from yaks faeces (Bos grunniens) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. 16S rRNA gene sequence-based comparative analyses revealed that the two strains were grouped within the genus Vagococcus, displaying the highest similarity with Vagococcus xieshaowenii CGMCC 1.16436T (98.6%) and Vagococcus elongatus CCUG 51432T (96.4%). Both strains grew optimally at 37°C and pH 7.0 in the presence of 0.5% (w/v) NaCl. The complete genome of MN-17T comprises 2,085 putative genes with a total of 2,190,262 bp and an average G + C content of 36.7 mol%. The major fatty acids were C16:0 (31.2%), C14:0 (28.5%), and C18:1ω9c (13.0%); the predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7 (68.8%); the peptidoglycan type was A4α(L-Lys-DAsp); and the major polar lipid was diphosphatidylglycerol. Together, these supported the affiliation of strain MN-17T to the genus Vagococcus. In silico DNA-DNA hybridization and the average nucleotide identity values between MN-17T and all recognized species in the genus were 21.6–26.1% and 70.7–83.0%, respectively. MN-17T produced acid from D-cellobiose, D-fructose, glycerol, D-glucose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, gentiobiose, D-mannose, D-maltose, D-ribose, Dsaccharose, salicin, D-trehalose, and D-xylose. These results distinguished MN-17T and MN-09 from closely related species in Vagococcus. Thus, we propose that strains MN-17T and MN-09 represent a novel species in the genus Vagococcus, with the name Vagococcus zengguangii sp. The type strain is MN-17T (= CGMCC 1.16726T = GDMCC 1.1589T = JCM 33478T).

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  • Vagococcus proximus sp. nov. and Vagococcus intermedius sp. nov., originating from modified atmosphere packaged broiler meat
    Per Johansson, Elina Jääskeläinen, Elina Säde, Johanna Björkroth
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Phenotypic and genomic characteristics of Brevibacterium zhoupengii sp. nov., a novel halotolerant actinomycete isolated from bat feces
    Yuyuan Huang, Lingzhi Dong, Jian Gong, Jing Yang, Shan Lu, Xin-He Lai, Dong Jin, Qianni Huang, Ji Pu, Liyun Liu, Jianguo Xu
    Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(10): 977.     CrossRef
Review
Regulation of the AcrAB efflux system by the quorum-sensing regulator AnoR in Acinetobacter nosocomialis
Bindu Subhadra , Surya Surendran , Bo Ra Lim , Jong Sung Yim , Dong Ho Kim , Kyungho Woo , Hwa-Jung Kim , Man Hwan Oh , Chul Hee Choi
J. Microbiol. 2020;58(6):507-518.   Published online May 27, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0185-2
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Multidrug efflux pumps play an important role in antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity in bacteria. Here, we report the functional characterization of the RND (resistance-nodulation- division) efflux pump, AcrAB, in Acinetobacter nosocomialis. An in silico analysis revealed that homologues of the AcrAB efflux pump, comprising AcrA and AcrB, are widely distributed among different bacterial species. Deletion of acrA and/or acrB genes led to decreased biofilm/pellicle formation and reduced antimicrobial resistance in A. nosocomialis. RNA sequencing and mRNA expression analyses showed that expression of acrA/B was downregulated in a quorum sensing (QS) regulator (anoR)-deletion mutant, indicating transcriptional activation of the acrAB operon by AnoR in A. nosocomialis. Bioassays showed that secretion of N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) was unaffected in acrA and acrB deletion mutants; however, AHL secretion was limited in a deletion mutant of acrR, encoding the acrAB regulator, AcrR. An in silico analysis indicated the presence of AcrR-binding motifs in promoter regions of anoI (encoding AHL synthase) and anoR. Specific binding of AcrR was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, which revealed that AcrR binds to positions -214 and -217 bp upstream of the translational start sites of anoI and anoR, respectively, demonstrating transcriptional regulation of these QS genes by AcrR. The current study further addresses the possibility that AcrAB is controlled by the osmotic stress regulator, OmpR, in A. nosocomialis. Our data demonstrate that the AcrAB efflux pump plays a crucial role in biofilm/pellicle formation and antimicrobial resistance in A. nosocomialis, and is under the transcriptional control of a number of regulators. In addition, the study emphasizes the interrelationship of QS and AcrAB efflux systems in A. nosocomialis.

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  • Types and Mechanisms of Efflux Pump Systems and the Potential of Efflux Pump Inhibitors in the Restoration of Antimicrobial Susceptibility, with a Special Reference to Acinetobacter baumannii
    Kira M. Zack, Trent Sorenson, Suresh G. Joshi
    Pathogens.2024; 13(3): 197.     CrossRef
  • Lysine Trimethylation in Planktonic and Pellicle Modes of Growth in Acinetobacter baumannii
    Nicolas Nalpas, Takfarinas Kentache, Emmanuelle Dé, Julie Hardouin
    Journal of Proteome Research.2023; 22(7): 2339.     CrossRef
  • The Mechanism of Tigecycline Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii Revealed by Proteomic and Genomic Analysis
    Cunwei Liu, Lei Wang, Ping Wang, Di Xiao, Qinghua Zou
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(10): 8652.     CrossRef
  • Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against oral biofilm: influencing factors, mechanisms, and combined actions with other strategies
    Yijun Li, Guanwen Sun, Jingchan Xie, Suli Xiao, Chen Lin
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The multifaceted genusAcinetobacter: from infection to bioremediation
    Ujwal Dahal, Karan Paul, Shelly Gupta
    Journal of Applied Microbiology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Efflux pumps and microbial biofilm formation
    Mahdyeh Neghabi Hajiagha, Hossein Samadi Kafil
    Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2023; 112: 105459.     CrossRef
  • Targeting the Holy Triangle of Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria
    Ronit Vogt Sionov, Doron Steinberg
    Microorganisms.2022; 10(6): 1239.     CrossRef
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    Rakesh Sikdar, Mikael H. Elias, Giordano Rampioni
    Microbiology Spectrum.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Update on Multidrug Resistance Efflux Pumps in Acinetobacter spp.
    Vanessa Kornelsen, Ayush Kumar
    Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Orthopedic Implant-Related Biofilm Pathophysiology: A Review of the Literature
    Meletis Rozis, Dimitrios S Evangelopoulos, Spyros G Pneumaticos
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    Xinyi Zhang, Zhendong Li, Shengmei Pang, Boyu Jiang, Yang Yang, Qiangde Duan, Guoqiang Zhu
    Archives of Microbiology.2021; 203(2): 431.     CrossRef
Journal Articles
Development of a real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for the detection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus
Jae Woong Lee , Yu-Jung Won , Lae Hyung Kang , Sung-Geun Lee , Seung-Won Park , Soon-Young Paik
J. Microbiol. 2020;58(8):711-715.   Published online May 18, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0109-1
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is being reported annually in South Korea since its first detection there in 2010. The causal agent is a negative-strand RNA virus 80–100 nm in diameter. It causes fever, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia, gastrointestinal symptoms, and neural symptoms. The mortality rate of SFTS was 32.6% among 172
case
s reported from 2012 to 2015 in South Korea. Thus, is necessary to develop an effective diagnostic method that selectively identifies the isolates circulating in South Korea. The real-time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for molecular diagnosis. Here, we designed novel primers for this assay and found that the technique had very high specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency. This real-time RTLAMP approach using the novel primers developed herein can be applied for early diagnosis of SFTSV strains in South Korea to reduce the mortality rate of SFTS.

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  • Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay Using Samples Directly: Point-of-Care Detection of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus
    Marla Anggita, Kyoko Hayashida, Miyuka Nishizato, Hiroshi Shimoda, Daisuke Hayasaka
    Zoonotic Diseases.2025; 5(3): 19.     CrossRef
  • One-pot one-step detection platform for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus via the CRISPR/Cas12a detection system
    Jiwei Shu, Qilong Tan, Zhe Huang, Tongjie Zhang, Ling Ye, Shuqin Fu, Zhilei Mao
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  • Long-Term Detection and Isolation of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) Virus in Dog Urine
    Yumiko Saga, Toshikazu Yoshida, Rieko Yoshida, Shunsuke Yazawa, Takahisa Shimada, Noriko Inasaki, Masae Itamochi, Emiko Yamazaki, Kazunori Oishi, Hideki Tani
    Viruses.2023; 15(11): 2228.     CrossRef
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    Lin Ai, Wei Wang, Zheng Teng
    China CDC Weekly.2023; 5(31): 687.     CrossRef
  • Molecular detection of “Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae” by Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) of the ompA gene
    Jing Xue, Qing Ren, Rui Jian, Guang-Cheng Xie, Yongliang Chen, Jiangli Wang, Luanying Du, Wen-Ping Guo
    Journal of Microbiological Methods.2022; 202: 106601.     CrossRef
  • Dual-gene detection in a single-tube system based on CRISPR-Cas12a/Cas13a for severe fever thrombocytopenia syndrome virus
    Yating Zhu, Chen Xing, Li Yang, Qian Li, Xiaofeng Wang, Jing Zhou, Cong Zhang, Cuiping Ren, Fahu Liu, Jun He, Bing Shen, Yinan Du, Yan Liu
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • CRISPR/Cas12a Technology Combined With RPA for Rapid and Portable SFTSV Detection
    Mengqian Huang, Sihua Liu, Yanan Xu, Aqian Li, Wei Wu, Mifang Liang, Guoyu Niu, Zhiyun Wang, Tao Wang
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Development of monoclonal antibody based IgG and IgM ELISA for diagnosis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection
    Mei Zhang, Yanhua Du, Li Yang, Lin Zhan, Bin Yang, Xueyong Huang, Bianli Xu, Koichi Morita, Fuxun Yu
    The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases.2022; 26(4): 102386.     CrossRef
  • Development of an RT-LAMP Assay for the Rapid Detection of SFTS Virus
    Shiori Sano, Shuetsu Fukushi, Souichi Yamada, Shizuko Harada, Hitomi Kinoshita, Satoko Sugimoto, Tomoki Yoshikawa, Takeshi Kurosu, Yuki Takamatsu, Masayuki Shimojima, Shoichi Toda, Yuka Hamada, Naoki Fujisawa, Takayuki Sugimoto, Masayuki Saijo
    Viruses.2021; 13(4): 693.     CrossRef
  • A Real-Time Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detection of the Wheat Dwarf Virus in Wheat and the Insect VectorPsammotettix alienus
    Xingan Hao, Licheng Wang, Xudong Zhang, Qinrong Zhong, Jamal-U-Ddin Hajano, Liangsheng Xu, Yunfeng Wu
    Plant Disease.2021; 105(12): 4113.     CrossRef
  • Baseline mapping of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virology, epidemiology and vaccine research and development
    Nathen E. Bopp, Jaclyn A. Kaiser, Ashley E. Strother, Alan D. T. Barrett, David W. C. Beasley, Virginia Benassi, Gregg N. Milligan, Marie-Pierre Preziosi, Lisa M. Reece
    npj Vaccines.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
Streptococcus pneumoniae aminopeptidase N contributes to bacterial virulence and elicits a strong innate immune response through MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling
Ling Wang , Xuemei Zhang , Guangying Wu , Yuhong Qi , Jinghui Zhang , Jing Yang , Hong Wang , Wenchun Xu
J. Microbiol. 2020;58(4):330-339.   Published online February 27, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9538-0
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive pathogen with high morbidity and mortality globally but some of its pathogenesis remains unknown. Previous research has provided evidence that aminopeptidase N (PepN) is most likely a virulence factor of S. pneumoniae. However, its role in S. pneumoniae virulence and its interaction with the host remains to be confirmed. We generated a pepN gene deficient mutant strain and found that its virulence for mice was significantly attenuated as were in vitro adhesion and invasion of host cells. The PepN protein could induce a strong innate immune response in vivo and in vitro and induced secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α by primary peritoneal macrophages via the rapid phosphorylation of MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways and this was confirmed using specific pathway inhibitors. In conclusion, PepN is a novel virulence factor that is essential for the virulence of S. pneumoniae and induces host innate immunity via MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling.

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    Mingzhu Zhou, Yan Liu, Xin Yin, Jiannan Gong, Jianqiang Li
    Discover Oncology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Tian Man, Huiyong Yu, Lei Li, Weicheng Nie, Chengxiang Wang
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    Ye Li, Guixiang Yao, Rui Wang, Jiashu Zhu, Hongyu Li, Deguang Yang, Shuqin Ma, Youjuan Fu, Can Liu, Suzhen Guan
    International Immunopharmacology.2024; 126: 111308.     CrossRef
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    Lichao Han, Xingzhao Ji, Shihong Fan, Jirao Shen, Bin Liang, Zhenjun Li
    Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Chenglai Xia, Jiyan Su, Can Liu, Zhikai Mai, Shuanghong Yin, Chuansheng Yang, Liwu Fu
    MedComm.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Yanan He, Jixin Li, Yanjun Qu, Liyuan Sun, Xibo Zhao, Han Wu, Guangmei Zhang, Amar Singh
    Journal of Immunology Research.2023; 2023: 1.     CrossRef
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    Nathanial J. Torres, Devon N. Rizzo, Maria A. Reinberg, Mary-Elizabeth Jobson, Brendan C. Totzke, Jessica K. Jackson, Wenqi Yu, Lindsey N. Shaw
    Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Xiaokai Bao, Weijun Wang, Xipan Chen, Yanwei Feng, Xiaohui Xu, Guohua Sun, Bin Li, Xiumei Liu, Zan Li, Jianmin Yang
    Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Pathogenicity and virulence ofStreptococcus pneumoniae: Cutting to the chase on proteases
    Mary E. Marquart
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    Chang Yi Shi, Chen Huan Yu, Wen Ying Yu, Hua Zhong Ying, Hua Zhang
    Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology.2021; 2021: 1.     CrossRef
The discovery of potent immunostimulatory CpG-ODNs widely distributed in bacterial genomes
Juan Liu , Yan Wei , Yongling Lu , Yangyuling Li , Qian Chen , Yan Li
J. Microbiol. 2020;58(2):153-162.   Published online December 23, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9289-y
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides (CpG-ODN) can be specifically recognized by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), provoking innate immune responses. Designed according to this structural feature, many synthetic phosphorothioate CpG-ODNs successfully activate macrophages. However, it is difficult to find potent stimulatory CpG-DNA fragments in microbial genomes. Therefore, whether microbial CpG-DNA substantially contributes to infectious and immune diseases remains controversial. In this study, high-throughput scanning was carried out for thousands of bacterial genomes with bioinformatics tools to comprehensively evaluate the distribution of CpG-DNA fragments. A random sampling test was then performed to verify their immunostimulatory properties by experiments in vitro and in vivo. Natural TLR9-dependent and potent stimulatory CpG-DNA fragments were found in microbial genomes. Interestingly, highly conserved stimulatory CpG-DNA fragments were found in 16S and 23S rDNA sequences with multiple copies, while others were species-specific. Additionally, we found that the reported active motifs were mostly nonstimulatory in natural CpG fragments. This evidence indicates that the previous structural descriptions of functional CpG-ODNs are incomplete. Our study has assessed the distribution of microbial CpG-DNA fragments, and identified natural stimulatory CpG-DNA fragments. These findings provide a deeper understanding of CpG-ODN structures and new evidence for microbial DNA inflammatory function and pathogenicity.

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    Yu Zhang, Jingyao Gao, Wenqi Xu, Xingyu Huo, Jingyan Wang, Yirui Xu, Wenting Ding, Zeliang Guo, Rongzeng Liu
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Reviews
[MINIREVIEW] Interdependence between iron acquisition and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Donghoon Kang , Natalia V. Kirienko
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(7):449-457.   Published online June 14, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8114-3
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Bacterial biofilms remain a persistent threat to human healthcare due to their role in the development of antimicrobial resistance. To combat multi-drug resistant pathogens, it is crucial to enhance our understanding of not only the regulation of biofilm formation, but also its contribution to bacterial virulence. Iron acquisition lies at the crux of these two subjects. In this review, we discuss the role of iron acquisition in biofilm formation and how hosts impede this mechanism to defend against pathogens. We also discuss recent findings that suggest that biofilm formation can also have the reciprocal effect, influencing siderophore production and iron sequestration.

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REVIEW] Type 3 regulatory T cells at the interface of symbiosis
Joo-Hong Park , Gérard Eberl
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(3):163-171.   Published online February 28, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-7565-x
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract accommodates trillions of bacteria, many of which provide beneficial effects to the host, including protection from pathogenic microorganisms and essential metabolites. However, the intestinal immune system needs to adapt to the constantly fluctuating microbial environment at mucosal surfaces in order to maintain homeostasis. In particular, the gut microbiota induces the differentiation of effector Th17 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express RORγt, the master regulator of antimicrobial type 3 immunity. RORγt+ Tregs constitute a major population of colonic Tregs that is distinct from thymusderived Tregs and require bacterial antigens for differentiation. The balance between Th17 cells and RORγt+ Tregs, that is, the tone of the local type 3 immune response, is regulated by the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid produced by the host. Furthermore, Th17 cells and RORγt+ Tregs regulate intestinal type 2 immune responses, explaining how bacteria block allergic reactions. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the differentiation, regulation and function of RORγt+ (type 3) Tregs, and discuss the multiple equilibria that exist between effector T cells and Tregs, as well as between different types of immune responses, which are necessary to maintain homeostasis and health.

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REVIEW] Innate host defenses against Cryptococcus neoformans
Camaron Hole , Floyd L. Wormley Jr.
J. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):202-211.   Published online February 27, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5625-7
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Cryptococcus neoformans, the predominant etiological agent of cryptococcosis, can cause life-threatening infections of the central nervous system in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is the most common disseminated fungal infection in AIDS patients, and remains the third most common invasive fungal infection among organ transplant recipients. The administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has
result
ed in a decrease in the number of cases of AIDS-related cryptococcosis in developed countries, but in developing countries where HAART is not readily available, Cryptococcus is still a major concern. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of novel therapies and/or vaccines to combat cryptococcosis. Understanding the protective immune responses against Cryptococcus is critical for development of vaccines and immunotherapies to combat cryptococcosis. Consequently, this review focuses on our current knowledge of protective immune responses to C. neoformans, with an emphasis on innate immune responses.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Therapeutic potential of an AcHERV-HPV L1 DNA vaccine
Hee-Jung Lee , Jong Kwang Yoon , Yoonki Heo , Hansam Cho , Yeondong Cho , Yongdae Gwon , Kang Chang Kim , Jiwon Choi , Jae Sung Lee , Yu-Kyoung Oh , Young Bong Kim
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(6):415-420.   Published online May 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5150-0
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AbstractAbstract
Cervical cancer is strongly associated with chronic human papillomavirus infections, among which HPV16 is the most common. Two commercial HPV vaccines, Gardasil and Cervarix are effective for preventing HPV infection, but cannot be used to treat existing HPV infections. Previously, we developed a human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)-enveloped recombinant baculovirus capable of delivering the L1 genes of HPV types 16, 18, and 58 (AcHERV-HP16/18/58L1, AcHERV-HPV). Intramuscular administration of AcHERVHPV vaccines induced a strong cellular immune response as well as a humoral immune response. In this study, to examine the therapeutic effect of AcHERV-HPV in a mouse model, we established an HPV16 L1 expressing tumor cell line. Compared to Cervarix, immunization with AcHERVHPV greatly enhanced HPV16 L1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in C57BL/6 mice. Although vaccination could not remove preexisting tumors, strong CTL activity retarded the growth of inoculated tumor cells. These results indicate that AcHERV-HPV could serve as a potential therapeutic DNA vaccine against concurrent infection with HPV 16, 18, and 58.

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Reviews
Microbial ecology in Hydra: Why viruses matter
Thomas C.G. Bosch , Juris A. Grasis , Tim Lachnit
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(3):193-200.   Published online March 3, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4695-2
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AbstractAbstract PDF
While largely studied because of their harmful effects on human health, there is growing appreciation that viruses are also important members of the animal holobiont. This review highlights recent findings on viruses associated with Hydra and related Cnidaria. These early evolutionary diverging animals not only select their bacterial communities but also select for viral communities in a species-specific manner. The majority of the viruses associating with these animals are bacteriophages. We demonstrate that the animal host and its virome have evolved into a homeostatic, symbiotic relationship and propose that viruses are an important part of the Hydra holobiont by controlling the species-specific microbiome. We conclude that beneficial virus-bacterial-host interactions should be considered as an integral part of animal development and evolution.

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REVIEW] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Evaluation From Clinical, Immunological and Bacterial Pathogenesis Perspectives
Daniel J. Hassett , Michael T. Borchers , Ralph J. Panos
J. Microbiol. 2014;52(3):211-226.   Published online March 1, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4068-2
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a disease manifested by significantly impaired airflow, afflicts ~14.2 million cases in the United States alone with an estimated 63 million people world-wide. Although there are a number of causes, the predominant cause is excessive tobacco smoke. In fact, in China, there have been estimates of 315,000,000 people that smoke. Other less frequent causes are associated with indirect cigarette smoke, air pollutants, biomass fuels, and genetic mutations. COPD is often associated with heart disease, lung cancer, osteoporosis and conditions can worsen in patients with sudden falls. COPD also affects both innate and adaptive immune processes. Cigarette smoke increases the expression of matrix metalloproteases and proinflammatory chemokines and increases lung titers of natural killer cells and neutrophils. Yet, neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated by the phagocytic respiratory burst and phagocytosis is impaired by nicotine. In contrast to innate immunity in COPD, dendritic cells represent leukocytes recruited to the lung that link the innate immune responses to adaptive immune responses by activating naïve T cells through antigen presentation. The autoimmune process that is also a significant part of inflammation associated with COPD. Moreover, coupled with restricted FEV1 values, are the prevalence of patients with single or multiple infections by bacteria, viruses and fungi. Finally, we focus on one of the more problematic infectious agents, the Gram-negative opportunistic pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Specifically, we delve into the development of highly problematic biofilm infections that are highly refractory to conventional antibiotic therapies in COPD. We offer a nonconventional, biocidal treatment that may be effective for COPD airway infections as well as with combinations of current antibiotic regimens for more effective treatment outcomes and relief for patients with COPD.

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REVIEW] Enterococcus Infection Biology: Lessons from Invertebrate Host Models
Grace J. Yuen , Frederick M. Ausubel
J. Microbiol. 2014;52(3):200-210.   Published online March 1, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4011-6
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The enterococci are commensals of the gastrointestinal tract of many metazoans, from insects to humans. While they normally do not cause disease in the intestine, they can become pathogenic when they infect sites outside of the gut. Recently, the enterococci have become important nosocomial pathogens, with the majority of human enterococcal infections caused by two species, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Studies using invertebrate infection models have revealed insights into the biology of enterococcal infections, as well as general principles underlying host innate immune defense. This review highlights recent findings on Enterococcus infection biology from two invertebrate infection models, the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella and the free-living bacteriovorous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain 2 (Nod2) Is Dispensable for the Innate Immune Responses of Macrophages against Yersinia enterocolitica
Yu-Jin Jeong , Chang-Hwan Kim , Eun-Jung Song , Min-Jung Kang , Jee-Cheon Kim , Sang-Muk Oh , Kyung-Bok Lee , Jong-Hwan Park
J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):489-495.   Published online June 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1534-6
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (Nod2) is a cytosolic sensor for muramyl dipeptide, a component of bacterial peptidoglycan. In this study, we have examined whether Nod2 mediates the immune response of macrophages against Yersinia enterocolitica. Bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated from WT and Nod2-deficient mice and were infected with various strains of Y. enterocolitica. ELISA showed that the production of IL-6 and TNF-α in BMDMs infected with Y. enterocolitica was not affected by the Nod2 deficiency. iNOS mRNA expression was induced in both WT and Nod2-deficienct BMDMs in response to Y. enterocolitica, beginning 2 h after infection. Nitric oxide (NO) production by Y. enterocolitica did not differ between WT and Nod2-deficient BMDMs. Western blot analysis revealed that Y. enterocolitica induces activation of NF-κB, p38, and ERK MAPK through a Nod2-independent pathway. Neither LDH release by Y. enterocolitica nor the phagocytic activity of the macrophages was altered by Nod2 deficiency. An in vivo experiment showed that bacterial clearance ability and production of IL-6 and KC in serum were comparable in WT and Nod2-deficient mice infected with Y. enterocolitica. These findings suggest that Nod2 may not be critical for initiating the innate immune response of macrophages against Yersinia infection.
Editorial
EDITORIAL] Gut microbiomes and their metabolites shape human and animal health
Woojun Park
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(3):151-153.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-0577-8
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The host genetic background, complex surrounding environments, and gut microbiome are very closely linked to human and animal health and disease. Although significant correlations between gut microbiota and human and animal health have been revealed, the specific roles of each gut bacterium in shaping human and animal health and disease remain unclear. However, recent omics-based studies using experimental animals and surveys of gut microbiota from unhealthy humans have provided insights into the relationships among microbial community, their metabolites, and human and animal health. This editorial introduces six review papers that provide new discoveries of disease-associated microbiomes and suggest possible microbiome-based therapeutic approaches to human disease.

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  • A Comprehensive Review on the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Human Neurological Disorders
    Shokufeh Ghasemian Sorboni, Hanieh Shakeri Moghaddam, Reza Jafarzadeh-Esfehani, Saman Soleimanpour
    Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Investigation of memory-enhancing effects of Streptococcus thermophilus EG007 in mice and elucidating molecular and metagenomic characteristics using nanopore sequencing
    Hyaekang Kim, Soomin Jeon, Jina Kim, Donghyeok Seol, JinChul Jo, Seoae Cho, Heebal Kim
    Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Exposure to Bisphenol A Caused Hepatoxicity and Intestinal Flora Disorder in Rats
    Ruijing Liu, Boping Liu, Lingmin Tian, Xinwei Jiang, Xusheng Li, Dongbao Cai, Jianxia Sun, Weibin Bai, Yulong Jin
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(14): 8042.     CrossRef
  • Short-Term Tomato Consumption Alters the Pig Gut Microbiome toward a More Favorable Profile
    Mallory L. Goggans, Emma A. Bilbrey, Cristian D. Quiroz-Moreno, David M. Francis, Sheila K. Jacobi, Jasna Kovac, Jessica L. Cooperstone, Simon Daniels
    Microbiology Spectrum.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • A unique gut microbiota signature in pulmonary arterial hypertension: A pilot study
    Arun Jose, Senu Apewokin, Walaa E. Hussein, Nicholas J. Ollberding, Jean M. Elwing, David B. Haslam
    Pulmonary Circulation.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Pathogenomics of Streptococcus ilei sp. nov., a newly identified pathogen ubiquitous in human microbiome
    Dong-Wook Hyun, Jae-Yun Lee, Min-Soo Kim, Na-Ri Shin, Tae Woong Whon, Kyung Hyun Kim, Pil Soo Kim, Euon Jung Tak, Mi-Ja Jung, June Young Lee, Hyun Sik Kim, Woorim Kang, Hojun Sung, Che Ok Jeon, Jin-Woo Bae
    Journal of Microbiology.2021; 59(8): 792.     CrossRef
  • Comparative Studies on Phospholipase A2 as a Marker for Gut Microbiota- liver-brain Axis in a rodent Model of Autism
    Abeer Al-Dbass, Abir Ben Bacha, Nadine M.S. Moubayed, Ramesa Shafi Bhat, Manar Al-Mutairi, Osima M. Alnakhli, Majidh Al-Mrshoud, Hanan Alfawaz, Maha Daghestani, Afaf El-Ansary
    Current Proteomics.2021; 18(2): 169.     CrossRef
  • Individual and Site-Specific Variation in a Biogeographical Profile of the Coyote Gastrointestinal Microbiota
    Scott Sugden, Colleen Cassady St. Clair, Lisa Y. Stein
    Microbial Ecology.2021; 81(1): 240.     CrossRef
  • Characterization of the gut microbiome in wild rocky mountainsnails (Oreohelix strigosa)
    Bridget Chalifour, Jingchun Li
    Animal Microbiome.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Description of Ornithinimicrobium ciconiae sp. nov., and Ornithinimicrobium avium sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of the endangered and near-threatened birds
    So-Yeon Lee, Hojun Sung, Pil Soo Kim, Hyun Sik Kim, Jae-Yun Lee, June-Young Lee, Yun-Seok Jeong, Euon Jung Tak, Jeong Eun Han, Dong-Wook Hyun, Jin-Woo Bae
    Journal of Microbiology.2021; 59(11): 978.     CrossRef
  • Dynamic Changes in Fecal Microbial Communities of Neonatal Dairy Calves by Aging and Diarrhea
    Eun-Tae Kim, Sang-Jin Lee, Tae-Yong Kim, Hyo-Gun Lee, Rahman M. Atikur, Bon-Hee Gu, Dong-Hyeon Kim, Beom-Young Park, Jun-Kyu Son, Myung-Hoo Kim
    Animals.2021; 11(4): 1113.     CrossRef
  • Impact of oral galenic formulations of Lactobacillus salivarius on probiotic survival and interactions with microbiota in human in vitro gut models
    M.E. Arnal, S. Denis, O. Uriot, C. Lambert, S. Holowacz, F. Paul, S. Kuylle, B. Pereira, M. Alric, S. Blanquet-Diot
    Beneficial Microbes.2021; 12(4): 381.     CrossRef
  • Fatty acid metabolism and acyl-CoA synthetases in the liver-gut axis
    Yunxia Ma, Miljana Nenkov, Yuan Chen, Adrian T Press, Elke Kaemmerer, Nikolaus Gassler
    World Journal of Hepatology.2021; 13(11): 1512.     CrossRef
  • Host phylogeny and host ecology structure the mammalian gut microbiota at different taxonomic scales
    Connie A. Rojas, Santiago Ramírez-Barahona, Kay E. Holekamp, Kevin R. Theis
    Animal Microbiome.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health
    Kirsten Berding, Klara Vlckova, Wolfgang Marx, Harriet Schellekens, Catherine Stanton, Gerard Clarke, Felice Jacka, Timothy G Dinan, John F Cryan
    Advances in Nutrition.2021; 12(4): 1239.     CrossRef
  • MAP, Johne’s disease and the microbiome; current knowledge and future considerations
    Chloe Matthews, Paul D. Cotter, Jim O’ Mahony
    Animal Microbiome.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Effects of alkaline protease on the production performance, egg quality, and cecal microbiota of hens during late laying period
    Xiaochen Chen, Wenfeng Ma, Naizhi Hu, Yan Yan, Yipu Zhu, Zhanbin Wang, Guobao Jiao, Xiaoyu Chen
    Animal Science Journal.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Gut microbiota-derived indole 3-propionic acid protects against radiation toxicity via retaining acyl-CoA-binding protein
    Hui-wen Xiao, Ming Cui, Yuan Li, Jia-li Dong, Shu-qin Zhang, Chang-chun Zhu, Mian Jiang, Tong Zhu, Bin Wang, Hai-Chao Wang, Sai-jun Fan
    Microbiome.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Body site-specific microbiota reflect sex and age-class among wild spotted hyenas
    Connie A Rojas, Kay E Holekamp, Andrew D Winters, Kevin R Theis
    FEMS Microbiology Ecology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Diet Control More Intensively Disturbs Gut Microbiota Than Genetic Background in Wild Type and ob/ob Mice
    Jing-Hua Wang, Na Rae Shin, Soo-Kyoung Lim, Ungjin Im, Eun-Ji Song, Young-Do Nam, Hojun Kim
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Indoles: metabolites produced by intestinal bacteria capable of controlling liver disease manifestation
    T. Hendrikx, B. Schnabl
    Journal of Internal Medicine.2019; 286(1): 32.     CrossRef
  • Beneficial effects of a selected probiotic mixture administered to high fat-fed mice before and after the development of obesity
    Marianna Roselli, Alberto Finamore, Elisa Brasili, Rita Rami, Fabio Nobili, Carla Orsi, Angelo Vittorio Zambrini, Elena Mengheri
    Journal of Functional Foods.2018; 45: 321.     CrossRef
  • Dietary Nutrients, Proteomes, and Adhesion of Probiotic Lactobacilli to Mucin and Host Epithelial Cells
    Hasan Ufuk Celebioglu, Birte Svensson
    Microorganisms.2018; 6(3): 90.     CrossRef
Protective Immune Reponses Induced by Non-infectious L-particles of Equine Herpesvirus Type-1: Implication of Cellular Immunity
Mohd Lila Mohd Azmi , Hugh John Field , Frazer Rixon , John McLauchlan
J. Microbiol. 2002;40(1):11-19.
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Mice immunized with equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) L-particles showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in serum antibody titers. Upon a booster dose four weeks later, antibody titers increased significantly. Interestingly, immunization via intravenous or intramuscular route induced significantly higher (p<0.05) antibody titers. However, mice iummunized with UV-treated L-particles, virions or immunization via intranasal route induced lower antibody titers. Upon challenge inoculation with wild-type EHV-1, our data showed there was a poor correlation between antibody titers and protection against virus replication. Therefore, the role of cell-mediated immunity towards protection was investigated. As predicted, the strongest cell-mediated immunity, as measured by delayed-hypersensitivity test, was detected in mice immunized with live virus particles. The magnitude of cell-mediated immune response correlated with the efficacy of L-particles as immunizing agent. The highest efficacy, as indicated in mice immunized via intranasal route, was highly correlated with cell-mediated immunity. A similar phenomenon was also demonstrated in mice immunized intranasally with UV-treated L-particles. However, the degree of protection was reduced when mice immunized intravenously or intramuscularly with UV-treated L-particles. In conclusion, protection conferred in these animals was highly implicated by immune cells and the least by antibodies. The route of immunization and the nature of the antigen also contributed to the efficacy of L-particles as immunizing agent. In contrast to that of herpes simplex virus type 1, our data showed EHV-1 non-infectious L-particles are highly suitable for immunization of the host against EHV-1 disease.
Histological Alterations and Immune Response Induced by Pet Toxin During Colonization with Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) in a Mouse Model
Teresita Sainz , Julia Perez , Ma. Cristina Fresan , Veronica Flores , Luis Jimenez , Ulises Hernandez , Ismael Herrera , Carlos Eslava
J. Microbiol. 2002;40(2):91-97.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) is an important aethiological causal agent of diarrhea in people of developed and undeveloped countries. Different in vitro and in vivo models have been proposed to study the pathogenic and immune mechanisms of EAEC infection. The aim of this study was to analyze whether BALB/c mice could be used as an animal model to study EAEC pathogenesis. Six-week-old BALB/c mice were inoculated with EAEC strain 042 (O44:H18) nalidixic acid resistant, and re-inoculated ten days after. Mice feces were monitored for the presence of the EAEC strain over a period of 20 days. Bacteria were enumerated on MacConkey agar containing 100 ug of nalidixic acid per ml. Results showed that 35% of the animals were colonized for 3 days, 15% for 5 and 10% for more than 7 days. After re-inoculation only 16% of the animals remained colonized for more than 3 days. During the necropsy, the intestinal fluid of some of the infected animals presented mucus and blood. Six of these fluids showed the presence of IgA antibodies against Pet toxin and IgG antibodies raised against the toxin were also detected in the animal serum. Histopathologic evidence confirms the stimulation of mucus hypersecretion, an increased amount of goblet cells and the presence of bacterial aggregates in the apical surfaces of intestinal epithelial cells. Edema was present in the submucosa. These results suggest that BALB/c mice could be used as an animal model for the in vivo study of EAEC infection.
Protection of Specific-pathogen-free (Spf) Foals from Severe Equine Herpesvirus Type-1 (Ehv-1) Infection Following Immunization with Non-infectious L-particles
Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi , John Gibson , Frazer Rixon , John McLauchlan , Hugh John Field
J. Microbiol. 2002;40(3):183-192.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Cells infected with equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) produced both infectious and non-infectious virus-related particles. Compared to the whole virion, non-infectious particles termed L-particles were determined to lack 150 kDa protein, commonly known as nucleocapsid protein. The potential of L-particles to induce immune responses was studied in mice and foals. Intranasal immunization with L-particles or whole virions induced poor IgG antibody responses in mice. Interestingly, despite the poor antibody response, the conferred immunity protected the host from challenge infections. This was indicated by a significant reduction in virus titers in line with recovery towards normal body weight. Subsequently, the test on the usefulness of L-particles as immunizing agents was extended to foals. Immunization of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) foals resulted in similar results. As determined by a complement-fixing-antibody test (CFT), foals seroconverted when they were immunized either with inactivated L-particles or whole virions via intramuscular (i.m.) injections. The presence of the antibody correlated with the degree of protection. Beyond day 1 post challenge infection (p.i.), there was no virus shedding in the nasal mucus of foals immunized with whole EHV-1 virions. Virus shedding was observed in foals immunized with L-particles but limited to days 6 to 8 p.i. only. In contrast, extended virus shedding was observed in non-immunized foals and it was well beyond day 14 p.i. Viremia was not detected for more than four days except in non-immunized foals. Immunization in mice via intranasal (i.n.) conferred good protection. However, compared to the i.n. route, a greater degree of protection was obtained in foals following immunization via i.m. route. Despite variation in the degree of protection due to different routes of immunization in the two animal species, our results have established significant evidence that immunization with L-particles confers protection in the natural host. It is suggested that non-infectious L-particles should be used as immunizing agents for vaccination of horses against EHV-1 infection.

Journal of Microbiology : Journal of Microbiology
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