Little is known about the distribution of fungal communities
with soil depth on relatively large scales. In this study, typical
paddy soils in three regions (Hailun, Changshu, and Yingtan)
from north to south China were selected to investigate the
vertical distribution (0-100 cm) of the fungal community by
Illumina MiSeq sequencing, and to identify the main factors
influencing the fungal community distribution. The results
indicated that the structure of the soil fungal community
changed significantly with region and soil depth. Soil fungal
taxa such as Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Saccharomycete,
Kazachstania, Mortierella, Massariosphaeria, Hypholoma, and
Zopfiella were enriched at depths of 0–20 cm, whereas Dothideomycetes,
Microbotryomycetes, Tremellomycetes, Sporobolomyces,
Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Fusarium, and Pyrenochaetopsis
had high relative abundances at 80–100 cm.
Variance partitioning analysis indicated that the geographic
distance contributed more to the fungal community variation
than environmental variables on a large scale. In addition,
soil total carbon and nitrogen contents were the main
environmental factors driving the vertical distribution of the
fungal community in paddy soils.
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The patterns of macrobiota in lotic ecosystems have been
extensively explored, however, the dynamics of microbiota
remain poorly investigated, especially in the high-elevation
region. To address this deficit, we collected eight samples to
unveil the bacterial and archaeal community in the Kaidu
river, located at the arid region of northwestern China (an
average of 2,500 m a.s.l.). For the bacterial community, phylogenetically
Betaproteobacteria prevailed, followed by Alphaproteobacteria
and Actinobacteria; at the finer genus level,
Limnohabitans and Variovorax were prominent. Along the
river, the bacterial community showed a continuous succession.
Specifically, their α- and β-diversity gradually increased,
suggesting a distance-decay pattern. Additionally, there was
an ecological transition between the dominant and the rare
sub-community along the river: the relative abundance of the
dominant members gradually decreased as the rare members
increased. We report that temperature and spatial distance
were significantly related to the variation of bacterial community.
Variance partitioning analysis showed that the environmental
factors contributed more to the bacterial community
than did the spatial distance. In the case of the archaeal
community, the methanogenic groups, mainly Methanosaeta
and Methanosarcina, were prominent within the Kaidu
river. Unlike the continuous change in the patterns of the
bacterial community, the archaeal community showed a constant
pattern along the river. Our results showed that the archaeal
community was independent of the environmental and
spatial factors. We propose that the inoculation of soil-derived
archaea is responsible for the archaeal community in
the Kaidu river. Together, our study demonstrated that the
bacterial community in the high-elevation Kaidu river is a
continuum, whereas the archaeal community is not.
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