Many of the world's freshwater ecosystems suffer from cyanobacteria-mediated blooms and their toxins. However, a mechanistic understanding of why and how Microcystis aeruginosa dominates over other freshwater cyanobacteria during warmer summers is lacking. This paper utilizes comparative genomics with other cyanobacteria and literature reviews to predict the gene functions and genomic architectures of M. aeruginosa based on complete genomes. The primary aim is to understand this species' survival and competitive strategies in warmer freshwater environments. M. aeruginosa strains exhibiting a high proportion of insertion sequences (~ 11%) possess genomic structures with low synteny across different strains. This indicates the occurrence of extensive genomic rearrangements and the presence of many possible diverse genotypes that result in greater population heterogeneities than those in other cyanobacteria in order to increase survivability during rapidly changing and threatening environmental challenges.
Catalase-less M. aeruginosa strains are even vulnerable to low light intensity in freshwater environments with strong ultraviolet radiation. However, they can continuously grow with the help of various defense genes (e.g., egtBD, cruA, and mysABCD) and associated bacteria. The strong defense strategies against biological threats (e.g., antagonistic bacteria, protozoa, and cyanophages) are attributed to dense exopolysaccharide (EPS)-mediated aggregate formation with efficient buoyancy and the secondary metabolites of M. aeruginosa cells. Our review with extensive genome analysis suggests that the ecological vulnerability of M. aeruginosa cells can be overcome by diverse genotypes, secondary defense metabolites, reinforced EPS, and associated bacteria.
The proliferation of harmful cyanobacterial blooms dominated by Microcystis aeruginosa has become an increasingly serious problem in freshwater ecosystems due to climate change and eutrophication. Microcystis-blooms in freshwater generate compounds with unpleasant odors, reduce the levels of dissolved O2, and excrete microcystins into aquatic ecosystems, potentially harming various organisms, including humans. Various chemical and biological approaches have thus been developed to mitigate the impact of the blooms, though issues such as secondary pollution and high economic costs have not been adequately addressed. Red clays and H2O2 are conventional treatment methods that have been employed worldwide for the mitigation of the blooms, while novel approaches, such as the use of plant or microbial metabolites and antagonistic bacteria, have also recently been proposed. Many of these methods rely on the generation of reactive oxygen species, the inhibition of photosynthesis, and/or the disruption of cellular membranes as their mechanisms of action, which may also negatively impact other freshwater microbiota. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms of anticyanobacterial chemicals and antagonistic bacteria remain unclear. This review thus discusses both conventional and innovative approaches for the management of M. aeruginosa in freshwater bodies.
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Cyanobacterial blooms in freshwaters have become one of the
most widespread of environmental problems and threaten
water resources worldwide. Previous studies on cyanobacteria
in Lake Taihu often collected samples from one site (like
Meiliang Bay or Zhushan Bay) and focused on the variation
in patterns or abundance of Microcystis during the blooming
season. However, the distribution of cyanobacteria in Lake
Taihu shows differing pattern in various seasons. In this
study, water samples were collected monthly for one year at
five sites in Lake Taihu with different trophic status and a
physicochemical analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
(DGGE) were conducted. DGGE fingerprint analysis
showed that Microcystis (7/35 bands) and Synechococcus
(12/35 bands) were the two most dominant genera present
during the study period at all five sites. Cyanobium (3/35
bands) was the third most common genus which has seldom
been previously reported in Lake Taihu. Redundancy analysis
(RDA) indicated that the cyanobacterial community
structure was significantly correlated with NO3
--N, CODMn,
and NH4
+-N in the winter and spring, whereas it was correlated
with water temperature in the summer and autumn.
Limiting the nutrient input (especially of N and C loading) in
Lake Taihu would be a key factor in controlling the growth
of different genera of cyanobacteria.
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