- Comprehensive analysis of fungal diversity and enzyme activity in nuruk, a Korean fermenting starter, for acquiring useful fungi
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Emily Carroll , Tran Ngoc Trinh , Hokyoung Son , Yin-Won Lee , Jeong-Ah Seo
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J. Microbiol. 2017;55(5):357-365. Published online April 29, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7114-z
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 Abstract
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Nuruk is a fermenting starter that is involved in the pro-duction of alcoholic beverages, and has been used in South Korea for a very long time. To analyze the fungal diversity, we collected a total of 59 nuruk samples from several com-panies and persons in 2013 to 2014, and obtained 364 iso-lates. All of the single isolated fungi were identified, both morphologically and molecularly, based on the sequences of ribosomal RNA gene [18S, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, and 26S (D1/D2 region)]. In 46 nuruk samples out of 59 (78%), Saccharo-mycopsis fibuligera, a dimorphic yeast, was most frequently isolated. Among the filamentous fungi, Aspergillus and Lich-theimia were found in more than 50% of the samples with lower colony forming unit (CFU/g of sample) than those of yeasts. The yeasts S. fibuligera and Wickerhamomyces ano-malus were counted with maximum 1.3 – 1.8 × 108 CFU/g. Among Mucorales fungi, Lichtheimia and Mucor were iso-lated in much higher numbers than Rhizopus and Rhizo-mucor. Overall, the home-made nuruks tend to contain more diverse filamentous fungi than the commercial nuruks. To acquire industrially useful filamentous fungi and yeasts, we analyzed the enzyme activities of α-amylase, glucoamylase and acid protease associated with brewing properties for 131 strains. Aspergillus oryzae and S. fibuligera had high α- and glucoamylase activities and most isolates of Lichtheimia ramosa had high acid protease activity. For further applica-tions, 27 fungal strains were chosen based on isolation fre-quencies from nuruk, and the ability to produce useful en-zyme.
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Citations
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- FgFlbD Regulates Hyphal Differentiation Required for Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in the Ascomycete Fungus Fusarium graminearum
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Hokyoung Son , Myung-Gu Kim , Suhn-Kee Chae , Yin-Won Lee
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J. Microbiol. 2014;52(11):930-939. Published online October 3, 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4384-6
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Abstract
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Fusarium graminearum is a filamentous fungal plant pathogen that infects major cereal crops. The fungus produces both sexual and asexual spores in order to endure unfavorable environmental conditions and increase their numbers and distribution across plants. In a model filamentous fungus, Aspergillus nidulans, early induction of conidiogenesis is orchestrated by the fluffy genes. The objectives of this study were to characterize fluffy gene homologs involved in conidiogenesis
and their mechanism of action in F. graminearum. We characterized five fluffy gene homologs in F. graminearum and found that FlbD is the only conserved regulator for
conidiogenesis in A. nidulans and F. graminearum. Deletion of fgflbD prevented hyphal differentiation and the formation of perithecia. Successful interspecies complementation using A. nidulans flbD demonstrated that the molecular mechanisms
responsible for FlbD functions are conserved in F. graminearum. Moreover, abaA-wetA pathway is positively regulated by FgFlbD during conidiogenesis in F. graminearum. Deleting fgflbD abolished morphological effects of abaA overexpression, which suggests that additional factors for FgFlbD or an AbaA-independent pathway for conidiogenesis are required for F. graminearum conidiation. Importantly, this study led to the construction of a genetic pathway
of F. graminearum conidiogenesis and provides new insights into the genetics of conidiogenesis in fungi.
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