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- Advances in functional analysis of the microbiome: Integrating metabolic modeling, metabolite prediction, and pathway inference with Next-Generation Sequencing data
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Sungwon Jung
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J. Microbiol. 2025;63(1):e.2411006. Published online January 24, 2025
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2411006
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This review explores current advancements in microbiome functional analysis enabled by next-generation sequencing technologies, which have transformed our understanding of microbial communities from mere taxonomic composition to their functional potential. We examine approaches that move beyond species identification to characterize microbial activities, interactions, and their roles in host health and disease. Genome-scale metabolic models allow for in-depth simulations of metabolic networks, enabling researchers to predict microbial metabolism, growth, and interspecies interactions in diverse environments. Additionally, computational methods for predicting metabolite profiles offer indirect insights into microbial metabolic outputs, which is crucial for identifying biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Functional pathway analysis tools further reveal microbial contributions to metabolic pathways, highlighting alterations in response to environmental changes and disease states. Together, these methods offer a powerful framework for understanding the complex metabolic interactions within microbial communities and their impact on host physiology. While significant progress has been made, challenges remain in the accuracy of predictive models and the completeness of reference databases, which limit the applicability of these methods in under-characterized ecosystems. The integration of these computational tools with multi-omic data holds promise for personalized approaches in precision medicine, allowing for targeted interventions that modulate the microbiome to improve health outcomes. This review highlights recent advances in microbiome functional analysis, providing a roadmap for future research and translational applications in human health and environmental microbiology.
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- Microbiota, chronic inflammation, and health: The promise of inflammatome and inflammatomics for precision medicine and healthcare
Huan Zhang, Bing Jun Yang Lee, Tong Wang, Xuesong Xiang, Yafang Tan, Yanping Han, Yujing Bi, Fachao Zhi, Xin Wang, Fang He, Seppo J. Salminen, Baoli Zhu, Ruifu Yang
hLife.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Journal Articles
- Comparative Secretory Efficiency of Two Chitosanase Signal Peptides from Bacillus subtilis in Escherichia coli
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Tae-Yang Eom, Yehui Gang, Youngdeuk Lee, Yoon-Hyeok Kang, Eunyoung Jo, Svini Dileepa Marasinghe, Heung Sik Park, Gun-Hoo Park, Chulhong Oh
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J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1155-1164. Published online November 25, 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00186-1
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Abstract
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The production of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli is often challenged by cytoplasmic expression due to proteolytic degradation and inclusion body formation. Extracellular expression can overcome these problems by simplifying downstream processing and improving protein yields. This study aims to compare the efficiency of two Bacillus subtilis chitosanase signal peptides in mediating extracellular secretion in E. coli. We identified a naturally occurring mutant signal peptide (mCsn2-SP) from B. subtilis CH2 chitosanase (CH2CSN), which is characterized by a deletion of six amino acids in the N-region relative to the signal peptide (Csn1-SP) from B. subtilis CH1 chitosanase (CH1CSN). The CH1CSN and CH2CSN genes were cloned into the pET-11a vector and protein secretion was evaluated in E. coli BL21(DE3) host cells. Expression was induced with 0.1 mM and 1 mM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 30 °C for one and three days. CH2CSN showed higher secretion levels compared to CH1CSN under all experimental conditions, especially with 0.1 mM IPTG induction for 3 days, which resulted in a 2.37-fold increase in secretion. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that mCsn2-SP is capable of secreting human Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (hSOD) in E. coli BL21(DE3) and successfully translocating it to the periplasmic region.
This study represents the inaugural investigation into the utilisation of a naturally modified signal peptide, thereby corroborating the assertion that signal peptide deletion variants can influence protein secretion efficiency.
Furthermore, the findings substantiate the proposition that such variants can serve as a viable alternative for the secretion of heterologous proteins in E.
coli.
- Investigation of Bottleneck Enzyme Through Flux Balance Analysis to Improve Glycolic Acid Production in Escherichia coli
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Jungyeon Kim, Ye-Bin Kim, Ju-Young Kim, Min-Ju Seo, Soo-Jin Yeom, Bong Hyun Sung
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J. Microbiol. 2024;62(11):1023-1033. Published online October 28, 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00175-4
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89
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Abstract
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Amid rising environmental concerns, attempts have been made to produce glycolic acid (GA) using microbial processes with renewable carbon resources instead of using chemicals. The Dahms pathway for GA production uses xylose as a substrate and consists of relatively simple enzymatic steps. However, employing it leads to a decrease in cell growth and GA productivity. Systematically identifying and addressing metabolic bottlenecks in the Dahms pathway are essential for efficient glycolic acid (GA) production have not yet been performed. Through metabolic flux balance analysis, we found that insufficient aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldA) activity lowers GA production and negatively affects cell growth due to reduced energy production. Thus, we discovered a novel AldA isolated from Buttiauxella agrestis (BaAldA) demonstrated a 1.69-fold lower KM and a 1.49-fold higher turnover rate (kcat/KM) than AldA from Escherichia coli (EcAldA). GA production in E. coli harboring BaAldA was 1.59 times higher than in the original strain. Fed-batch fermentation of E. coli harboring BaAldA produced 22.70 g/L GA with a yield of 0.497 g/gxylose (98.2% of the theoretical maximum yield in the Dahms pathway), showing a higher final yield for GA than previously reported in E. coli. Our novel BaAldA enzyme shows great potential for the production of GA using microorganisms or enzymes. Furthermore, our approach to identifying metabolic bottlenecks using flux balance analysis could be utilized to enhance the microbial production of various desirable products in future studies.
- In Silico Intensive Analysis for the E4 Gene Evolution of Human Adenovirus Species D
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Chanhee Lee, Anyeseu Park, Jeong Yoon Lee
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J. Microbiol. 2024;62(5):409-418. Published online April 30, 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00132-1
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Abstract
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Adenovirus (Ad) is a ubiquitous pathogen capable of infecting a wide range of animals and humans. Human Adenovirus (HAdV) can cause severe infection, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems. To date, over 110 types of HAdV have been classified into seven species from A to G, with the majority belonging to the human adenovirus species D (HAdV-D). In the HAdV-D, the most significant factor for the creation of new adenovirus types is homologous recombination between viral genes involved in determining the virus tropism or evading immune system of host cells. The E4 gene, consisting of seven Open Reading Frames (ORFs), plays a role in both the regulation of host cell metabolism and the replication of viral genes. Despite long-term studies, the function of each ORF remains unclear. Based on our updated information, ORF2, ORF3, and ORF4 have been identified as regions with relatively high mutations compared to other ORFs in the E4 gene, through the use of in silico comparative analysis. Additionally, we managed to visualize high mutation sections, previously undetectable at the DNA level, through a powerful amino acid sequence analysis tool known as proteotyping. Our research has revealed the involvement of the E4 gene in the evolution of human adenovirus, and has established accurate sequence information of the E4 gene, laying the groundwork for further research.
- CA‑CAS‑01‑A: A Permissive Cell Line for Isolation and Live Attenuated Vaccine Development Against African Swine Fever Virus
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Seung-Chul Lee , Yongkwan Kim , Ji-Won Cha , Kiramage Chathuranga , Niranjan Dodantenna , Hyeok-Il Kwon , Min Ho Kim , Weonhwa Jheong , In-Joong Yoon , Joo Young Lee , Sung-Sik Yoo , Jong-Soo Lee
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J. Microbiol. 2024;62(2):125-134. Published online March 13, 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00116-1
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67
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Abstract
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African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of the highly lethal African swine fever disease that affects domestic
pigs and wild boars. In spite of the rapid spread of the virus worldwide, there is no licensed vaccine available. The lack of
a suitable cell line for ASFV propagation hinders the development of a safe and effective vaccine. For ASFV propagation,
primary swine macrophages and monocytes have been widely studied. However, obtaining these cells can be time-consuming
and expensive, making them unsuitable for mass vaccine production. The goal of this study was to validate the suitability
of novel CA-CAS-01-A (CAS-01) cells, which was identified as a highly permissive cell clone for ASFV replication in the
MA-104 parental cell line for live attenuated vaccine development. Through a screening experiment, maximum ASFV replication
was observed in the CAS-01 cell compared to other sub-clones of MA-104 with 14.89 and log10
7.5 ± 0.15 Ct value
and TCID50/
ml value respectively. When CAS-01 cells are inoculated with ASFV, replication of ASFV was confirmed by Ct
value for ASFV DNA, HAD50/
ml assay, TCID50/
ml assay, and cytopathic effects and hemadsoption were observed similar
to those in primary porcine alveolar macrophages after 5th passage. Additionally, we demonstrated stable replication and
adaptation of ASFV over the serial passage. These results suggest that CAS-01 cells will be a valuable and promising cell
line for ASFV isolation, replication, and development of live attenuated vaccines.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Development and characterization of high-efficiency cell-adapted live attenuated vaccine candidate against African swine fever
Min Ho Kim, Ashan Subasinghe, Yongkwan Kim, Hyeok-Il Kwon, Yehjin Cho, Kiramage Chathuranga, Ji-Won Cha, Ji-Yoon Moon, Ji-Hyeon Hong, Jin Kim, Seung-Chul Lee, Niranjan Dodantenna, Nuwan Gamage, W. A. Gayan Chathuranga, Yeonji Kim, In-Joong Yoon, Joo Young
Emerging Microbes & Infections.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Review
- The Fatal Role of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Shiga Toxin‑associated Extracellular Vesicles in Host Cells
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Kyung-Soo Lee , Jun-Young Park , Yu-Jin Jeong , Moo-Seung Lee
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J. Microbiol. 2023;61(8):715-727. Published online September 4, 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00066-0
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61
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2
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Abstract
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Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a specific subset of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains
that are characterized by their ability to cause bloody diarrhea (hemorrhagic colitis) and potentially life-threatening,
extraintestinal complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which is associated with acute renal failure.,
contributing to severe clinical outcomes. The Shiga toxins (Stxs), produced by EHEC, are primary virulence factors. These
potent cytotoxins are composed of one enzymatically active A subunit (StxA) and five receptor-binding B subunits (StxB).
Although the toxins are primarily associated with cytotoxic effects, they also elicit other pathogenic consequences due to
their induction of a number of biological processes, including apoptosis through ER-stress, pro-inflammatory responses,
autophagy, and post-translational modification (PTM). Moreover, several studies have reported the association between Stxs
and extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles and exosomes, demonstrating that Stx-containing EVs secreted
by intoxicated macrophages are taken up by recipient cells, such as toxin-sensitive renal proximal tubular epithelial cells.
This mechanism likely contributes to the spreading of Stxs within the host, and may exacerbate gastrointestinal illnesses
and kidney dysfunction. In this review, we summarize recent findings relating to the host responses, in different types of
cells in vitro and in animal models, mediated by Stxs-containing exosomes. Due to their unique properties, EVs have been
explored as therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and diagnostic tools. Thus, potential therapeutic applications of EVs
in EHEC Stxs-mediated pathogenesis are also briefly reviewed.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Estimation of IL-8 and TNF-α Levels in Pediatric Diarrhea Patients Infected with Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7
Safaa A. AL-Isawi, Shaimaa Jassim Alsultany
Medical Journal of Babylon.2024; 21(3): 533. CrossRef - Structural basis to identify a target site in Shiga toxin for the inhibitor discovery against growth of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
Anuja Prabhudesai, Samir Shaikh, Kayasth Zarna Ashwinbhai, Reeshu Gupta
Bulletin of the National Research Centre.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Journal Articles
- Mst1/2-ALK promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cell apoptosis during Listeria monocytogenes infection
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Aijiao Gao , Huixin Tang , Qian Zhang , Ruiqing Liu , Lin Wang , Yashan Liu , Zhi Qi , Yanna Shen
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J. Microbiol. 2021;59(7):681-692. Published online April 20, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0638-2
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69
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10
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8
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Abstract
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Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a Gram-positive
intracellular foodborne pathogen that causes severe diseases,
such as meningitis and sepsis. The NLR family pyrin
domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been reported
to participate in host defense against pathogen infection.
However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying
NLRP3 inflammasome activation remain to be fully elucidated.
In the present study, the roles of mammalian Ste20-
like kinases 1/2 (Mst1/2) and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
(ALK) in the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome induced
by L. monocytogenes infection were investigated. The
expression levels of Mst1/2, phospho (p)-ALK, p-JNK, Nek7,
and NLRP3 downstream molecules including activated caspase-
1 (p20) and mature interleukin (IL)-1β (p17), were upregulated
in L. monocytogenes-infected macrophages. The
ALK inhibitor significantly decreased the expression of p-JNK,
Nek7, and NLRP3 downstream molecules in macrophages infected
with L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, the Mst1/2 inhibitor
markedly inhibited the L. monocytogenes-induced activation
of ALK, subsequently downregulating the expression
of p-JNK, Nek7, and NLRP3 downstream molecules. Therefore,
our study demonstrated that Mst1/2-ALK mediated
the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting
the interaction between Nek7 and NLRP3 via JNK during
L. monocytogenes infection, which subsequently increased the
maturation and release of proinflammatory cytokine to resist
pathogen infection. Moreover, Listeriolysin O played a
key role in the process. In addition, we also found that the L.
monocytogenes-induced apoptosis of J774A.1 cells was reduced
by the Mst1/2 or ALK inhibitor. The present study reported,
for the first time, that the Mst1/2-ALK-JNK-NLRP3 signaling
pathway plays a vital proinflammatory role during L. monocytogenes
infection.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- IL-18 biology in severe asthma
Sarita Thawanaphong, Aswathi Nair, Emily Volfson, Parameswaran Nair, Manali Mukherjee
Frontiers in Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - TRAF6-TAK1-IKKβ pathway mediates TLR2 agonists activating “one-step” NLRP3 inflammasome in human monocytes
Mengdan Chen, Shi Yu, Yuhui Gao, Jiaxun Li, Xun Wang, Bin Wei, Guangxun Meng
Cytokine.2023; 169: 156302. CrossRef - ALK-JNK signaling promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis via NEK7 during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection
Xia Wang, Yan Zhao, Dan Wang, Chang Liu, Zhi Qi, Huixin Tang, Yashan Liu, Shiqi Zhang, Yali Cui, Yingying Li, Ruiqing Liu, Yanna Shen
Molecular Immunology.2023; 157: 78. CrossRef - Inflammasome activation by Gram-positive bacteria: Mechanisms of activation and regulation
A. Marijke Keestra-Gounder, Prescilla Emy Nagao
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Toxoplasma gondii profilin induces NLRP3 activation and IL-1β production/secretion in THP-1 cells
Hossein Pazoki, Hamed Mirjalali, Maryam Niyyati, Seyed Javad Seyed Tabaei, Nariman Mosaffa, Shabnam Shahrokh, Hamid Asadzadeh Ahdaei, Andreas Kupz, Mohammad Reza Zali
Microbial Pathogenesis.2023; 180: 106120. CrossRef - The Critical Role of Potassium Efflux and Nek7 in Pasteurella multocida-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation
Yu Wang, Zheng Zeng, Jinrong Ran, Lianci Peng, Xingping Wu, Chao Ye, Chunxia Dong, Yuanyi Peng, Rendong Fang
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Coral and it's symbionts responses to the typical global marine pollutant BaP by 4D-Proteomics approach
Yuebin Pei, Shuai Chen, Yuting Zhang, Volovych Olga, Yuanchao Li, Xiaoping Diao, Hailong Zhou
Environmental Pollution.2022; 307: 119440. CrossRef - NEK7-Mediated Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Is Coordinated by Potassium Efflux/Syk/JNK Signaling During Staphylococcus aureus Infection
Ruiqing Liu, Yashan Liu, Chang Liu, Aijiao Gao, Lin Wang, Huixin Tang, Qiang Wu, Xia Wang, Derun Tian, Zhi Qi, Yanna Shen
Frontiers in Immunology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
- Deep convolutional neural network: a novel approach for the detection of Aspergillus fungi via stereomicroscopy
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Haozhong Ma , Jinshan Yang , Xiaolu Chen , Xinyu Jiang , Yimin Su , Shanlei Qiao , Guowei Zhong
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J. Microbiol. 2021;59(6):563-572. Published online March 29, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1013-z
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62
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12
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Abstract
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Fungi of the genus Aspergillus are ubiquitously distributed
in nature, and some cause invasive aspergillosis (IA) infections
in immunosuppressed individuals and contamination
in agricultural products. Because microscopic observation
and molecular detection of Aspergillus species represent the
most operator-dependent and time-intensive activities, automated
and cost-effective approaches are needed. To address
this challenge, a deep convolutional neural network (CNN)
was used to investigate the ability to classify various Aspergillus
species. Using a dissecting microscopy (DM)/stereomicroscopy
platform, colonies on plates were scanned with
a 35× objective, generating images of sufficient resolution for
classification. A total of 8,995 original colony images from
seven Aspergillus species cultured in enrichment medium
were gathered and autocut to generate 17,142 image crops
as training and test datasets containing the typical representative
morphology of conidiophores or colonies of each strain.
Encouragingly, the Xception model exhibited a classification
accuracy of 99.8% on the training image set. After training,
our CNN model achieved a classification accuracy of
99.7% on the test image set. Based on the Xception performance
during training and testing, this classification algorithm
was further applied to recognize and validate a new
set of raw images of these strains, showing a detection accuracy
of 98.2%. Thus, our study demonstrated a novel concept
for an artificial-intelligence-based and cost-effective detection
method
ology for Aspergillus organisms, which also
has the potential to improve the public’s understanding of the
fungal kingdom.
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Citations
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- Outlier classification for microbiological open set recognition
Yining Pan, Wei Ye, Dejin Xie, Jiaoyu Wang, Hongkai Wang, Haiping Qiu
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture.2024; 224: 109104. CrossRef - Harnessing of Artificial Intelligence for the Diagnosis and Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections: A Systematic Review
Buket Baddal, Ferdiye Taner, Dilber Uzun Ozsahin
Diagnostics.2024; 14(5): 484. CrossRef - Current status and new experimental diagnostic methods of invasive fungal infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Zhenhua Tang, HaiTao Wang, Yuankai Liu, Chen Wang, Xinye Li, Qiong Yang
Archives of Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Artificial Intelligence: Exploring utility in detection and typing of fungus with futuristic application in fungal cytology
Nidhi Singla, Reetu Kundu, Pranab Dey
Cytopathology.2024; 35(2): 226. CrossRef - Label-Free Optical Transmission Tomography for Direct Mycological Examination and Monitoring of Intracellular Dynamics
Eliott Teston, Marc Sautour, Léa Boulnois, Nicolas Augey, Abdellah Dighab, Christophe Guillet, Dea Garcia-Hermoso, Fanny Lanternier, Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux, Frédéric Dalle, Louise Basmaciyan, Mathieu Blot, Pierre-Emmanuel Charles, Jean-Pierre Quenot, Bi
Journal of Fungi.2024; 10(11): 741. CrossRef - Artificial Intelligence and Microbiology
Mert Kandilci, Gülfer Yakıcı, Mediha Begüm Kayar
Experimental and Applied Medical Science.2024; 5(2): 119. CrossRef - Attention-Guided Transfer Learning for Identification of Filamentous Fungi Encountered in the Clinical Laboratory
Tsi-Shu Huang, Kevin Wang, Xiu-Yuan Ye, Chii-Shiang Chen, Fu-Chuen Chang, Paschalis Vergidis, Yang Zhang
Microbiology Spectrum.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Artificial Intelligence Based Test Systems to Resist Waterborne Diseases by Early and Rapid Identification of Pathogens: A Review
Chethna Joy, G. Naveen Sundar, D. Narmadha
SN Computer Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Plant and Animal Species Recognition Based on Dynamic Vision Transformer Architecture
Hang Pan, Lun Xie, Zhiliang Wang
Remote Sensing.2022; 14(20): 5242. CrossRef - Machine Learning and Deep Learning Based Computational Approaches in Automatic Microorganisms Image Recognition: Methodologies, Challenges, and Developments
Priya Rani, Shallu Kotwal, Jatinder Manhas, Vinod Sharma, Sparsh Sharma
Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering.2022; 29(3): 1801. CrossRef - A Small Sample Recognition Model for Poisonous and Edible Mushrooms based on Graph Convolutional Neural Network
Li Zhu, Xin Pan, Xinpeng Wang, Fu Haito, Abdul Rehman Javed
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef - Morphologic identification of clinically encountered moulds using a residual neural network
Ran Jing, Xiang-Long Yin, Xiu-Li Xie, He-Qing Lian, Jin Li, Ge Zhang, Wen-Hang Yang, Tian-Shu Sun, Ying-Chun Xu
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
- Streptococcus pneumoniae aminopeptidase N contributes to bacterial virulence and elicits a strong innate immune response through MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling
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Ling Wang , Xuemei Zhang , Guangying Wu , Yuhong Qi , Jinghui Zhang , Jing Yang , Hong Wang , Wenchun Xu
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J. Microbiol. 2020;58(4):330-339. Published online February 27, 2020
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9538-0
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53
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8
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8
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Abstract
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Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive pathogen with
high morbidity and mortality globally but some of its pathogenesis
remains unknown. Previous research has provided
evidence that aminopeptidase N (PepN) is most likely a virulence
factor of S. pneumoniae. However, its role in S. pneumoniae
virulence and its interaction with the host remains
to be confirmed. We generated a pepN gene deficient mutant
strain and found that its virulence for mice was significantly
attenuated as were in vitro adhesion and invasion of host
cells. The PepN protein could induce a strong innate immune
response in vivo and in vitro and induced secretion of IL-6
and TNF-α by primary peritoneal macrophages via the rapid
phosphorylation of MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways
and this was confirmed using specific pathway inhibitors.
In conclusion, PepN is a novel virulence factor that is
essential for the virulence of S. pneumoniae and induces host
innate immunity via MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling.
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- Maternal immune activation mediated prenatal chronic stress induces Th17/Treg cell imbalance may relate to the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in offspring rats
Ye Li, Guixiang Yao, Rui Wang, Jiashu Zhu, Hongyu Li, Deguang Yang, Shuqin Ma, Youjuan Fu, Can Liu, Suzhen Guan
International Immunopharmacology.2024; 126: 111308. CrossRef - Secreted protein NFA47630 from Nocardia farcinica IFM10152 induces immunoprotective effects in mice
Lichao Han, Xingzhao Ji, Shihong Fan, Jirao Shen, Bin Liang, Zhenjun Li
Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Human microbiomes in cancer development and therapy
Chenglai Xia, Jiyan Su, Can Liu, Zhikai Mai, Shuanghong Yin, Chuansheng Yang, Liwu Fu
MedComm.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Identification and Analysis of Potential Immune-Related Biomarkers in Endometriosis
Yanan He, Jixin Li, Yanjun Qu, Liyuan Sun, Xibo Zhao, Han Wu, Guangmei Zhang, Amar Singh
Journal of Immunology Research.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef - The identification of two M20B family peptidases required for full virulence in Staphylococcus aureus
Nathanial J. Torres, Devon N. Rizzo, Maria A. Reinberg, Mary-Elizabeth Jobson, Brendan C. Totzke, Jessica K. Jackson, Wenqi Yu, Lindsey N. Shaw
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Exploration of immune response mechanisms in cadmium and copper co-exposed juvenile golden cuttlefish (Sepia esculenta) based on transcriptome profiling
Xiaokai Bao, Weijun Wang, Xipan Chen, Yanwei Feng, Xiaohui Xu, Guohua Sun, Bin Li, Xiumei Liu, Zan Li, Jianmin Yang
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Pathogenicity and virulence ofStreptococcus pneumoniae: Cutting to the chase on proteases
Mary E. Marquart
Virulence.2021; 12(1): 766. CrossRef - Gut-Lung Microbiota in Chronic Pulmonary Diseases: Evolution, Pathogenesis, and Therapeutics
Chang Yi Shi, Chen Huan Yu, Wen Ying Yu, Hua Zhong Ying, Hua Zhang
Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef
- Analysis of the L-malate biosynthesis pathway involved in poly(β-L-malic acid) production in Aureobasidium melanogenum GXZ-6 by addition of metabolic intermediates and inhibitors
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Wei Zeng , Bin Zhang , Qi Liu , Guiguang Chen , Zhiqun Liang
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J. Microbiol. 2019;57(4):281-287. Published online February 5, 2019
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8424-0
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47
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13
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Abstract
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Poly(β-L-malic acid) (PMA) is a promising polyester formed
from L-malate in microbial cells. Malate biosynthesis is crucial
for PMA production. Previous studies have shown that
the non-oxidative pathway or oxidative pathway (TCA cycle)
is the main biosynthetic pathway of malate in most of PMAproducing
strains, while the glyoxylate cycle is only a supplementary
pathway. In this study, we investigated the effect
of exogenous metabolic intermediates and inhibitors of the
malate biosynthetic pathway on PMA production by Aureobasidium
melanogenum GXZ-6. The results showed that PMA
production was stimulated by maleic acid (a fumarase inhibitor)
and sodium malonate (a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor)
but inhibited by succinic acid and fumaric acid. This
indicated that the TCA cycle might not be the only biosynthetic
pathway of malate. In addition, the PMA titer increased
by 18.1% upon the addition of glyoxylic acid after 72 h of fermentation,
but the PMA titer decreased by 7.5% when itaconic
acid (an isocitrate lyase inhibitor) was added, which indicated
that malate for PMA production was synthesized significantly
via the glyoxylate cycle rather than the TCA cycle. Furthermore,
in vitro enzyme activities of the TCA and glyoxylate
cycles suggested that the glyoxylate cycle significantly contributed
to the PMA production, which is contradictory to what
has been reported previously in other PMA-producing A.
pullulans.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- De novo transcriptome assembly of Aureobasidium melanogenum CGMCC18996 to analyze the β-poly(L-malic acid) biosynthesis pathway under the CaCO3 addition
Genan Wang, Haisong Yin, Tingbin Zhao, Donglin Yang, Shiru Jia, Changsheng Qiao
Food Science and Human Wellness.2023; 12(4): 1248. CrossRef - Microbial L-malic acid production: History, current progress, and perspectives
Yongyan Xi, Feiyu Fan, Xueli Zhang
Green Carbon.2023; 1(2): 118. CrossRef - Evaluation of enhancing effect of soybean oil on polymalic acid production by Aureobasidium pullulans HA-4D
Jun Xia, Sili Liu, Jiali Jiao, Zhongyang Qiu, Xiaoyang Liu, Aiyong He, Ning Xu, Jiaxing Xu
Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering.2022; 45(10): 1673. CrossRef - Cell-Free Supernatant of Odoribacter splanchnicus Isolated From Human Feces Exhibits Anti-colorectal Cancer Activity
Byeong Seob Oh, Won Jung Choi, Ji-Sun Kim, Seoung Woo Ryu, Seung Yeob Yu, Jung-Sook Lee, Seung-Hwan Park, Se Won Kang, Jiyoung Lee, Won Yong Jung, Young-Min Kim, Jae-Ho Jeong, Ju Huck Lee
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Cong-Yan Qi, Shu-Lei Jia, Guang-Lei Liu, Lu Chen, Xin Wei, Zhong Hu, Zhen-Ming Chi, Zhe Chi
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2021; 174: 512. CrossRef - Bioconversion of Untreated Corn Hull into L-Malic Acid by Trifunctional Xylanolytic Enzyme from Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus B-6 and Acetobacter tropicalis H-1
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Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2021; 31(9): 1262. CrossRef - Comparative genome analysis proposes three new Aureobasidium species isolated from grape juice
Cristobal A Onetto, Simon A Schmidt, Michael J Roach, Anthony R Borneman
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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2020; 156: 1053. CrossRef - Poly(malic acid) production from liquefied corn starch by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with a novel isolated Aureobasidium pullulans GXL-1 strain and its techno-economic analysis
Wei Zeng, Bin Zhang, Li Jiang, Yao Liu, Su Ding, Guiguang Chen, Zhiqun Liang
Bioresource Technology.2020; 304: 122990. CrossRef - Recent progress on bio-based production of dicarboxylic acids in yeast
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Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2020; 104(10): 4259. CrossRef
- Metabolomic profiling reveals enrichment of cordycepin in senescence process of Cordyceps militaris fruit bodies
-
Junsang Oh , Deok-Hyo Yoon , Bhushan Shrestha , Hyung-Kyoon Choi , Gi-Ho Sung
-
J. Microbiol. 2019;57(1):54-63. Published online December 29, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8486-z
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Abstract
-
Cordyceps militaris is a species of Cordyceps that is classified
in the Cordycipitaceae family and is well known in East Asia
as a traditional medicinal mushroom. Its artificial fruit body
has been widely cultivated for commercial use in cosmetics,
functional food, and medicine. To explore the metabolites
associated with fruit body development, we conducted gas
chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses based
on developmental stage, which was divided into the growth
period (stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3) and aging period (stage
4). We detected 39 biochemical metabolites associated with
nucleotide, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism. Cordycepin,
one of the representative bioactive compounds in
C. militaris, was significantly enriched in stage 4 of aging period
and is associated with glucose accumulation. The accumulation
of cordycepin in stage 4 of aging period also seems
to be related to the glutamine and glutamic acid pathway. Our
results
also showed enrichment of other bioactive compounds
such as mannitol and xylitol in stage 4 of aging period. Our
metabolomic profiling based on the developmental stages of
C. militaris is useful for exploring bioactive compounds (e.g.,
cordycepin, mannitol, GABA, and xylitol) that are enriched
in stage 4 of aging period and understanding the biosynthetic
mechanisms associated with cordycepin production. Through
optimization of fruit body cultivation by selecting stage 4 of
aging period as a harvesting time, our findings can be utilized
in food and medical applications of C. militaris in future.
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Core microbes in
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Applied Sciences.2024; 14(11): 4610. CrossRef -
Enhancement of Cordycepin Production through Liquid Static Fermentation of Caterpillar Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycetes)
Mahesh Borde, Shweta Kumawat, Sanjay K. Singh
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms.2024; 26(11): 65. CrossRef - Genomic and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Biosynthesis Network of Cordycepin in Cordyceps militaris
Linshan Chai, Jianmei Li, Lingling Guo, Shuyu Zhang, Fei Chen, Wanqin Zhu, Yu Li
Genes.2024; 15(5): 626. CrossRef - Future of Scarlet Caterpillar Club Fungus: A Review on Molecular Strategies for Cordycepin Enhancement
Rubi Kumari, Nayna Mukherjee, Aryan Sharma, Amitesh Chaman, Shankar Narayana Reddy, Shivika Sharma
Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia.2024; 21(3): 839. CrossRef - Transcriptome and metabolome profiling unveils the mechanisms of naphthalene acetic acid in promoting cordycepin synthesis in Cordyceps militaris
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Frontiers in Nutrition.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Enhanced production of cordycepin under solid-state fermentation of Cordyceps militaris by using combinations of grains/substrates
Mahesh Borde, Sanjay K. Singh
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Xiyu Duan, Hui Yang, Chong Wang, Huhu Liu, Xiangyang Lu, Yun Tian
Trends in Food Science & Technology.2023; 132: 162. CrossRef - Air Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet to Improve Fruiting Body Production and Enhance Bioactive Phytochemicals from Mutant Cordyceps militaris (White Cordyceps militaris)
Sujarinee Sangwanna, Weerasak Seelarat, Teerapap Panklai, Natthaphon Chaosuan, Ahkasit Subcharoen, Nuttapon Subcharoen, Nattapong Chanchula, Tanapak Inyod, Thanaphat Toemarrom, Atipong Bootchanont, Chakkaphan Wattanawikkam, Sorapong Pavasupree, Dheerawan
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Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering.2023; 28(3): 406. CrossRef - Functional genomics and systems biology of Cordyceps species for biotechnological applications
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Current Opinion in Biotechnology.2023; 81: 102939. CrossRef - Effect of Cultivation Stages of Hericium erinaceus on the Contents of Major Components and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity
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Weerasak Seelarat, Sujarinee Sangwanna, Teerapap Panklai, Natthaphon Chaosuan, Atipong Bootchanont, Chakkaphan Wattanawikkam, Ahkasit Subcharoen, Nuttapon Subcharoen, Nattapong Chanchula, Dheerawan Boonyawan, Porramain Porjai
Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing.2023; 43(1): 139. CrossRef - Cordycepin production by the potential fungal strains Cordyceps militaris BCC 2819 and Cordyceps cicadae BCC 19788 in submerged culture during batch and Fed-batch fermentation
Werapan Borworn, Nutaratat Pumin, Ariyaphuttarat Siriporn, Prathumpai Wai
African Journal of Biotechnology.2022; 21(10): 483. CrossRef - Research Progress on Cordycepin Synthesis and Methods for Enhancement of Cordycepin Production in Cordyceps militaris
Li Wang, Huanhuan Yan, Bin Zeng, Zhihong Hu
Bioengineering.2022; 9(2): 69. CrossRef - Application of Metabolomics in Fungal Research
Guangyao Li, Tongtong Jian, Xiaojin Liu, Qingtao Lv, Guoying Zhang, Jianya Ling
Molecules.2022; 27(21): 7365. CrossRef - Cordycepin production by a novel endophytic fungus Irpex lacteus CHG05 isolated from Cordyceps hawkesii Gray
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Folia Microbiologica.2022; 67(6): 851. CrossRef - Heavy Metals, Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Phthalates, Glyphosate, Cordycepin, Alcohol, Drugs, and Herbs, Assessed for Liver Injury and Mechanistic Steps
Rolf Teschke, Tran Dang Xuan
Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark.2022;[Epub] CrossRef -
Effects on total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant properties, and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of beans by solid-state fermentation with
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Weiwei Liu, Mengqian Dun, Xinyuan Liu, Guoying Zhang, Jianya Ling
International Journal of Food Properties.2022; 25(1): 477. CrossRef - Effect of Spirulina biomass residue on yield and cordycepin and adenosine production of Cordyceps militaris culture
Siriluck Iamtham, Adisak Kaewkam, Sermsiri Chanprame, Wanida Pan-utai
Bioresource Technology Reports.2022; 17: 100893. CrossRef - Enhancement of cordycepin production from Cordyceps militaris culture by epigenetic modification
Phongsakorn Kunhorm, Phongsakorn Chueaphromsri, Nipha Chaicharoenaudomrung, Parinya Noisa
Biotechnology Letters.2022; 44(4): 581. CrossRef - Improved Cordycepin Production by Cordyceps militaris KYL05 Using Casein Hydrolysate in Submerged Conditions
Soo Kweon Lee, Ju Hun Lee, Hyeong Ryeol Kim, Youngsang Chun, Ja Hyun Lee, Hah Young Yoo, Chulhwan Park, Seung Wook Kim
Biomolecules.2019; 9(9): 461. CrossRef - Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides exerted protective effects on diabetic nephropathy in mice via regulation of autophagy
Dan-Dan Chen, Rui Xu, Jiu-Yao Zhou, Jun-Qi Chen, Lin Wang, Xu-Sheng Liu, Chun-ling Liang, Bi-Hao Liu, Rui-Rui Lu, Jun-Biao Wu, Hua Lin
Food & Function.2019; 10(8): 5102. CrossRef
- Cot kinase plays a critical role in Helicobacter pylori-induced IL-8 expression
-
Sungil Jang , Jinmoon Kim , Jeong-Heon Cha
-
J. Microbiol. 2017;55(4):311-317. Published online March 31, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7052-9
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52
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4
Crossref
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Abstract
-
Helicobacter pylori is a major pathogen causing various gastric
diseases including gastric cancer. Infection of H. pylori
induces pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 expression in gastric
epithelial cells in the initial inflammatory process. It has been
known that H. pylori can modulate Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk signal
pathway for IL-8 induction. Recently, it has been shown that
another signal molecule, cancer Osaka thyroid oncogene/tumor
progression locus 2 (Cot/Tpl2) kinase, activates Mek and
Erk and plays a role in the Erk pathway, similar to MAP3K
signal molecule Raf kinase. Therefore, the objective of this
study was to determine whether Cot kinase might be involved
in IL-8 induction caused by H. pylori infection. AGS gastric
epithelial cells were infected by H. pylori strain G27 or its isogenic
mutants lacking cagA or type IV secretion system followed
by treatment with Cot kinase inhibitor (KI) or siRNA
specific for Cot kinase. Activation of Erk was assessed by
Western blot analysis and expression of IL-8 was measured
by ELISA. Treatment with Cot KI reduced both transient and
sustained Erk activation. It also reduced early and late IL-8
secretion in the gastric epithelial cell line. Furthermore, siRNA
knockdown of Cot inhibited early and late IL-8 secretion
induced by H. pylori infection. Taken together, these results
suggest that Cot kinase might play a critical role in H. pylori
type IV secretion apparatus-dependent early IL-8 secretion
and CagA-dependent late IL-8 secretion as an alternative
signaling molecule in the Erk pathway.
-
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Helicobacter pylori infection is correlated with the incidence of erosive oral lichen planus and the alteration of the oral microbiome composition
Shutong Li, Yangheng Zhang, Zongcheng Yang, Jingyuan Li, Ya Li, Huanjie Li, Wenjuan Li, Jihui Jia, Shaohua Ge, Yundong Sun
BMC Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Structural Protein VP1 Destroys the Stability of the TPL2 Trimer by Degradation of TPL2 To Evade Host Antiviral Immunity
Keshan Zhang, Minghao Yan, Junhong Hao, Chaochao Shen, Zixiang Zhu, Dajun Zhang, Jing Hou, Guowei Xu, Dan Li, Haixue Zheng, Xiangtao Liu, Susana López
Journal of Virology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Discovery and validation of methylated-differentially expressed genes in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer
Duanrui Liu, Xiaoli Ma, Fei Yang, Dongjie Xiao, Yanfei Jia, Yunshan Wang
Cancer Gene Therapy.2020; 27(6): 473. CrossRef - Probiotic effect on Helicobacter�pylori attachment and inhibition of inflammation in human gastric epithelial cells
Hanyi Song, Long Zhou, Dongyan Liu, Lihui Ge, Yan Li
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
- Metagenomic analysis reveals the contribution of anaerobic methanotroph-1b in the oxidation of methane at the Ulleung Basin, East Sea of Korea
-
Jin-Woo Lee , Kae Kyoung Kwon , Jang-Jun Bahk , Dong-Hun Lee , Hyun Sook Lee , Sung Gyun Kang , Jung-Hyun Lee
-
J. Microbiol. 2016;54(12):814-822. Published online November 26, 2016
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6379-y
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57
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4
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Abstract
-
We have previously identified a sulfate methane transition
zone (SMTZ) within the methane hydrate-bearing sediment
in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea of Korea, and the presence of
ANME-1b group in the sediment has been shown by phylogenetic
analysis of a 16S rRNA gene. Herein, we describe
taxonomic and functional profiling in the SMTZ sample by
metagenomic analysis, comparing with that of surface sediment.
Metagenomic sequences of 115 Mbp and 252 Mbp
were obtained from SMTZ and surface sediments, respectively.
The taxonomic profiling using BLASTX against the
SEED within MG-RAST showed the prevalence of methanogens
(19.1%), such as Methanosarcinales (12.0%) and
Methanomicrobiales (4.1%) predominated within the SMTZ
metagenome. A number of 185,200 SMTZ reads (38.9%) and
438,484 surface reads (62.5%) were assigned to functional
categories, and methanogenesis-related reads were statistically
significantly overrepresented in the SMTZ metagenome.
However, the mapping analysis of metagenome reads to the
reference genomes, most of the sequences of the SMTZ metagenome
were mapped to ANME-1 draft genomes, rather
than those of methanogens. Furthermore, the two copies of
the methyl-coenzyme M reductase gene (mcrA) segments
of the SMTZ metagenome were clustered with ANME-1b in
the phylogenetic cluster. These results indicate that ANME-
1b reads were miss-annotated to methanogens due to limitation
of database. Many of key genes necessary for reverse
methanogenesis were present in the SMTZ metagenome,
except for N5,N10-methenyl-H4MPT reductase (mer) and CoBCoM
heterodisulfide reductase subunits D and E (hdrDE). These data suggest that the ANME-1b represents the primary
player the anaerobic methane oxidation in the SMTZ,
of the methane hydrate-bearing sediment at the Ulleung
Basin, East Sea of Korea.
-
Citations
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- Methane seepage intensity distinguish microbial communities in sediments at the Mid-Okinawa Trough
Youzhi Xin, Nengyou Wu, Zhilei Sun, Hongmei Wang, Ye Chen, Cuiling Xu, Wei Geng, Hong Cao, Xilin Zhang, Bin Zhai, Dawei Yan
Science of The Total Environment.2022; 851: 158213. CrossRef - Anthropogenic and Environmental Constraints on the Microbial Methane Cycle in Coastal Sediments
Anna J. Wallenius, Paula Dalcin Martins, Caroline P. Slomp, Mike S. M. Jetten
Frontiers in Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef -
Roles of Organohalide-Respiring
Dehalococcoidia
in Carbon Cycling
Yi Yang, Robert Sanford, Jun Yan, Gao Chen, Natalie L. Cápiro, Xiuying Li, Frank E. Löffler, Nick Bouskill
mSystems.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Community structure and distribution of benthic Bacteria and Archaea in a stratified coastal lagoon in the Southern Gulf of Mexico
Santiago Cadena, M. Leopoldina Aguirre-Macedo, Daniel Cerqueda-García, Francisco J. Cervantes, Jorge A. Herrera-Silveira, José Q. García-Maldonado
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science.2019; 230: 106433. CrossRef
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts
- In silico analysis and experimental validation of lipoprotein and novel Tat signal peptides processing in Anabaena sp. PCC7120
-
Sonika Kumari , Akhilesh Kumar Chaurasia
-
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(12):837-846. Published online December 2, 2015
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5281-3
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51
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3
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Abstract
-
Signal peptide (SP) plays a pivotal role in protein translocation.
Lipoprotein- and twin arginine translocase (Tat) dependent
signal peptides were studied in All3087, a homolog of
competence protein of Synechocystis PCC6803 and in two
putative alkaline phosphatases (ALPs, Alr2234 and Alr4976),
respectively. In silico analysis of All3087 is shown to possess
the characteristics feature of competence proteins such as
helix-hairpin-helix, N and C-terminal HKD endonuclease
domain, calcium binding domain and N-terminal lipoprotein
signal peptide. The SP recognition-cleavage site in All3087
was predicted (AIA-AC) using SignalP while further in-depth
analysis using Pred-Lipo and WebLogo analysis for consensus
sequence showed it as IAA-C. Activities of putative
ALPs were confirmed by heterologous overexpression, activity
assessment and zymogram analysis. ALP activity in
Anabaena remains cell bound in log-phase, but during late
log/stationary phase, an enhanced ALP activity was detected
in extracellular milieu. The enhancement of ALP activity
during stationary phase was not only due to inorganic phosphate
limitation but also contributed by the presence of novel
bipartite Tat-SP. The Tat signal transported the folded active
ALPs to the membrane, followed by anchoring into the
membrane and successive cleavage enabling transportation
of the ALPs to the extracellular milieu, because of bipartite
architecture and processing of transit Tat-SP.
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- The wide world of non-mammalian phospholipase D enzymes
Y. Wang, M.J.O. Wakelam, V.A. Bankaitis, M.I. McDermott
Advances in Biological Regulation.2024; 91: 101000. CrossRef - In silico Analysis of Different Signal Peptides for the Excretory Production of Recombinant NS3-GP96 Fusion Protein in Escherichia coli
Shiva Mohammadi, Zohreh Mostafavi-Pour, Younes Ghasemi, Mahdi Barazesh, Soudabeh Kavousi Pour, Amir Atapour, Pooneh Mokarram, Mohammad Hossein Morowvat
International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics.2019; 25(4): 1279. CrossRef - Signal Peptide Sequence Analysis of Selected Protein Sequences from Cryptosporidium parvum
Mohd Aiman Baru, Muhammad Lokman Md , Afzan Mat Yusof
Trends in Bioinformatics.2018; 11(1): 33. CrossRef
- Relationships between the use of Embden Meyerhof pathway (EMP) or Phosphoketolase pathway (PKP) and lactate production capabilities of diverse Lactobacillus reuteri strains
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Grégoire Burgé , Claire Saulou-Bérion , Marwen Moussa , Florent Allais , Violaine Athes , Henry-Eric Spinnler
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J. Microbiol. 2015;53(10):702-710. Published online October 2, 2015
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5056-x
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58
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23
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Abstract
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The aims of this study is to compare the growth and glucose
metabolism of three Lactobacillus reuteri strains (i.e.
DSM 20016, DSM 17938, and ATCC 53608) which are lactic
acid bacteria of interest used for diverse applications such
as probiotics implying the production of biomass, or for the
production of valuable chemicals (3-hydroxypropionaldehyde,
3-hydroxypropionic acid, 1,3-propanediol). However, the
physiological diversity inside the species, even for basic metabolisms,
like its capacity of acidification or glucose metabolism,
has not been studied yet. In the present work, the
growth and metabolism of three strains representative of
the species diversity have been studied in batch mode. The
strains were compared through characterization of growth
kinetics and evaluation of acidification kinetics, substrate consumption
and product formation. The results showed significant
differences between the three strains which may be
explained, at least in part, by variations in the distribution
of carbon source between two glycolytic pathways during the
bacterial growth: the phosphoketolase or heterolactic pathway
(PKP) and the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP). It was
also shown that, in the context of obtaining a large amount
of biomass, DSM 20016 and DSM 17938 strains were the
most effective in terms of growth kinetics. The DSM 17938
strain, which shows the more significant metabolic shift from
EMP to PKP when the pH decreases, is more effective for
lactate production.
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