Research Article
- Korean Red ginseng enhances ZBP1-mediated cell death to suppress viral protein expression in host defense against Influenza A virus
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Jueun Oh, Hayeon Kim, Jihye Lee, Suhyun Kim, Seyun Shin, Young-Eui Kim, Sehee Park, SangJoon Lee
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J. Microbiol. 2025;63(1):e.2409007. Published online January 24, 2025
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2409007
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Abstract
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Supplementary Material
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Korean Red ginseng has emerged as a potent candidate in the fight against various viral infections, demonstrating significant efficacy both in vitro and in vivo, particularly against influenza A viruses. Despite substantial evidence of its antiviral properties, the detailed molecular mechanisms through which it reduces viral lethality remain insufficiently understood. Our investigations have highlighted the superior effectiveness of Korean Red ginseng against influenza viruses, outperforming its effects on numerous other viral strains. We aim to uncover the specific mechanisms by which Korean Red ginseng exerts its antiviral effects, focusing on influenza A viruses. Our prior studies have identified the role of Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1), a signaling complex involved in inducing programmed cell death in response to influenza virus infection. Given the critical role of ZBP1 as a sensor for viral nucleic acid, we hypothesize that Korean Red ginseng may modulate the ZBP1-derived cell death pathway. This interaction is anticipated to enhance cell death while concurrently suppressing viral protein expression, offering novel insights into the antiviral mechanism of Korean Red ginseng against influenza A viruses.
Journal Articles
- NEDD4 Regulated Pyroptosis Occurred from Co‑infection between Influenza A Virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Jiangzhou You , Linlin Zhou , Xudong San , Hailing Li , Mingyuan Li , Baoning Wang
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J. Microbiol. 2023;61(8):777-789. Published online October 4, 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00076-y
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58
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Abstract
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Co-infection of respiratory tract viruses and bacteria often result in excess mortality, especially pneumonia caused by influenza
viruses and Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, the synergistic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Therefore, it
is necessary to develop a clearer understanding of the molecular basis of the interaction between influenza virus and Streptococcus
pneumonia. Here, we developed the BALB/c mouse model and the A549 cell model to investigate inflammation
and pyroptotic cell death during co-infection. Co-infection significantly activated the NLRP3 inflammasome and induced
pyroptotic cell death, correlated with excess mortality. The E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 interacted with both NLRP3 and
GSDMD, the executor of pyroptosis. NEDD4 negatively regulated NLRP3 while positively regulating GSDMD, thereby
modulating inflammation and pyroptotic cell death. Our findings suggest that NEDD4 may play a crucial role in regulating
the GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis signaling pathway. Targeting NEDD4 represents a promising approach to mitigate excess
mortality during influenza pandemics by suppressing synergistic inflammation during co-infection of influenza A virus and
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Yinqin Qingfei granules alleviate Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated macrophage pyroptosis
Zhe Song, Chengen Han, Guangzhi Luo, Guangyuan Jia, Xiao Wang, Baoqing Zhang
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Overexpression of DTX1 inhibits D-GalN/TNF-α-induced pyroptosis and inflammation in hepatocytes by regulating NLRP3 ubiquitination
Mingshui Liu, Jing Gu, Li Chen, Wei Sun, Xiaoping Huang, Jianhe Gan
Toxicology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - NLRP3 Inflammasomes: Dual Function in Infectious Diseases
Yanbo Li, Rui Qiang, Zhengmin Cao, Qingjuan Wu, Jiuchong Wang, Wenliang Lyu
The Journal of Immunology.2024; 213(4): 407. CrossRef
- Correlation between fat accumulation and fecal microbiota in crossbred pigs
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Xin Li , Mengyu Li , Jinyi Han , Chuang Liu , Xuelei Han , Kejun Wang , Ruimin Qiao , Xiu-Ling Li , Xin-Jian Li
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J. Microbiol. 2022;60(11):1077-1085. Published online September 9, 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2218-5
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74
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4
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3
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Abstract
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Backfat thickness (BF) is an important indicator of fat deposition
capacity and lean meat rate in pigs and is very important
in porcine genetics and breeding. Intestinal microbiota
plays a key role in nutrient digestion and utilization with a
profound impact on fat deposition of livestock animals. To
investigate the relationship between the pig gut microbiome
and BF, 20 low-BF (L-BF) and 20 high-BF (H-BF) pigs were
selected as two groups from Yunong Black pigs in the present
study. Fecal samples from pigs were analyzed for microbial
diversity, composition, and predicted functionality using 16S
rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that there were
significant differences in microbial β diversity between the
two groups. LEfSe analysis revealed a number of bacterial features
being differentially enriched in either L-BF or H-BF pigs.
Spearman correlation analysis identified the abundance of
Oscillospira, Peptococcus, and Bulleidia were significantly
positive correlations with BF (P < 0.05), while Sutterella and
Bifidobacterium were significantly negatively correlated with
BF (P < 0.05). Importantly, the bacteria significantly positively
correlated with BF mainly belong to Clostridium, which can
ferment host-indigestible plant polysaccharides into shortchain
fatty acid (SCFA) and promote fat synthesis and deposition.
Predictive functional analysis indicated that the pathway
abundance of cell motility and glycan biosynthesis were
significantly widespread in the microbiota of the H-BF group.
The results of this study will be useful for the development of
microbial biomarkers for predicting and improving porcine
BF, as well as for the investigation of targets for dietary strategies.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Carboxymethyl chitosan-dialdehyde glucan/polydopamine carrier targeted delivery Bacillus subtilis on enhancing oral utilization and intestinal colonization in mice
Lulu Chu, Luyu Xie, Bingzhi Chen, Yuji Jiang, Wenjie Wang
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2024; 280: 135574. CrossRef - Impact of Early Weaning on Development of the Swine Gut Microbiome
Benoit St-Pierre, Jorge Yair Perez Palencia, Ryan S. Samuel
Microorganisms.2023; 11(7): 1753. CrossRef - Comparison of Conjunctival Sac Microbiome between Low and High Myopic Eyes
Kang Xiao, Zhengyu Chen, Qin Long
Journal of Microbiology.2023; 61(5): 571. CrossRef
- Vibrio vulnificus PlpA facilitates necrotic host cell death induced by the pore forming MARTX toxin
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Changyi Cho , Sanghyeon Choi , Myung Hee Kim , Byoung Sik Kim
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J. Microbiol. 2022;60(2):224-233. Published online February 1, 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1448-x
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61
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9
Web of Science
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6
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Abstract
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Opportunistic pathogen Vibrio vulnificus causes severe systemic
infection in humans with high mortality. Although multiple
exotoxins have been characterized in V. vulnificus, their
interactions and potential synergistic roles in pathogen-induced
host cell death have not been investigated previously.
By employing a series of multiple exotoxin deletion mutants,
we investigated whether specific exotoxins of the pathogen
functioned together to achieve severe and rapid necrotic cell
death. Human epithelial cells treated with V. vulnificus with
a plpA deletion background exhibited an unusually prolonged
cell blebbing, suggesting the importance of PlpA, a phospholipase
A2, in rapid necrotic cell death by this pathogen. Additional
deletion of the rtxA gene encoding the multifunctional
autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxin did not result
in necrotic cell blebs. However, if the rtxA gene was engineered
to produce an effector-free MARTX toxin, the cell
blebbing was observed, indicating that the pore forming activity
of the MARTX toxin is sufficient, but the MARTX toxin
effector domains are not necessary, for the blebbing. When
a recombinant PlpA was treated on the blebbed cells, the blebs
were completely disrupted. Consistent with this, MARTX
toxin-pendent rapid release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase
was significantly delayed in the plpA deletion background.
Mutations in other exotoxins such as elastase, cytolysin/hemolysin,
and/or extracellular metalloprotease did not affect
the bleb formation or disruption. Together, these findings indicate
that the pore forming MARTX toxin and the phospholipase
A2, PlpA, cooperate sequentially to achieve rapid necrotic
cell death by inducing cell blebbing and disrupting the
blebs, respectively.
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Citations
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- Genome-wide phenotypic profiling of transcription factors and identification of novel targets to control the virulence of Vibrio vulnificus
Dayoung Sung, Garam Choi, Minji Ahn, Hokyung Byun, Tae Young Kim, Hojun Lee, Zee-Won Lee, Ji Yong Park, Young Hyun Jung, Ho Jae Han, Sang Ho Choi
Nucleic Acids Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Vibrio-infecting bacteriophages and their potential to control biofilm
Ana Cevallos-Urena, Jeong Yeon Kim, Byoung Sik Kim
Food Science and Biotechnology.2023; 32(12): 1719. CrossRef -
Pathogenic Mechanism of
Vibrio Vulnificus
Infection
Kun Lu, Yang Li, Rui Chen, Hua Yang, Yong Wang, Wei Xiong, Fang Xu, Qijun Yuan, Haihui Liang, Xian Xiao, Renqiang Huang, Zhipeng Chen, Chunou Tian, Songqing Wang
Future Microbiology.2023; 18(6): 373. CrossRef - Functional conservation of specialized ribosomes bearing genome-encoded variant rRNAs in Vibrio species
Younkyung Choi, Eunkyoung Shin, Minho Lee, Ji-Hyun Yeom, Kangseok Lee, Bashir Sajo Mienda
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(12): e0289072. CrossRef - Complex regulatory networks of virulence factors in Vibrio vulnificus
Garam Choi, Sang Ho Choi
Trends in Microbiology.2022; 30(12): 1205. CrossRef - MARTX toxin of Vibrio vulnificus induces RBC phosphatidylserine exposure that can contribute to thrombosis
Han Young Chung, Yiying Bian, Kyung-Min Lim, Byoung Sik Kim, Sang Ho Choi
Nature Communications.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
- NF-κB/ROS and ERK pathways regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Listeria monocytogenes infected BV2 microglia cells
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Lin Yuan , Yurong Zhu , Shuang Huang , Lin Lin , Xugan Jiang , Shengxia Chen
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J. Microbiol. 2021;59(8):771-781. Published online June 1, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0692-9
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57
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14
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13
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Abstract
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Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen responsible
for neurolisteriosis, which is potentially lethal in immunocompromised
individuals. Microglia are the main target cells
for L. monocytogenes in central nervous system (CNS). However,
the precise mechanisms by which they trigger neuroinflammatory
processes remain unknown. The BV2 microglial
cell line and a murine model of L. monocytogenes infection
were used for experiments in this study. Listeria monocytogenes
induced pyroptosis and nucleotide binding and oligomerization,
leucine-rich repeat, pyrin domain-containing
3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in BV2. Pharmacological
inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome attenuated L. monocytogenes-
induced pyroptosis. Moreover, inhibition of nuclear
factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and extracellular regulated protein
kinases (ERK) pathways induced a decrease in caspase1
activation and mature IL-1β-17 secretion. Our collective findings
support critical involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome
in L. monocytogenes-induced neuroinflammation and,
to an extent, ROS production. In addition, ERK and NF-κB
signaling play an important role in activation of the NLRP3
inflammasome, both in vitro and in vivo.
-
Citations
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- Deletion of Nox from Listeria monocytogenes Strain EGDe Enhances Bacterial Virulence and Reduces the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Inflammatory Factors In Vivo
Dezhi Li, Wenwen Ma, Guowei Chen, Zhiqiang Huang, Qing Liu
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease.2025; 22(3): 177. CrossRef - MAPK pathways regulated apoptosis and pyroptosis in respiratory epithelial cells of a primitive vertebrate model during bacterial infection
Zixi Song, Mingxu Jiang, Mengya Wang, Jiahong Zou, Zhenwei Chen, Feifei Zheng, Qingchao Wang
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2025; 286: 138587. CrossRef - NLRP12 c.1382dup promotes the development of Crohn’s disease through the ERK/NLRP3/ IL-1β pathway
Yang Huang, Lincheng Xu, Qingqing Yang, Xueyi Xiao, Zhenyu Ye, Rongqing Li, Yanyan Guan, Xudong Wu
Gene.2024; 931: 148855. CrossRef - The critical role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Streptococcus suis-induced blood-brain barrier disruption
Xinrui Cao, Kaixiang Jia, Qian Liu, Hang Yin, Xiaoying Yu, Xiaoxiang Hu, Chao Ye, Lianci Peng, Rendong Fang
Veterinary Microbiology.2024; 295: 110161. CrossRef - From cytokines to chemokines: Understanding inflammatory signaling in bacterial meningitis
Ahsan Ibrahim, Nida Saleem, Faiza Naseer, Sagheer Ahmed, Nayla Munawar, Rukhsana Nawaz
Molecular Immunology.2024; 173: 117. CrossRef - Reactive oxygen species trigger inflammasome activation after intracellular microbial interaction
Caio Pupin Rosa, Thiago Caetano Andrade Belo, Natália Cristina de Melo Santos, Evandro Neves Silva, Juciano Gasparotto, Patrícia Paiva Corsetti, Leonardo Augusto de Almeida
Life Sciences.2023; 331: 122076. CrossRef - NLRP3 Inflammasome’s Activation in Acute and Chronic Brain Diseases—An Update on Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives with Respect to Other Inflammasomes
Anna Chiarini, Li Gui, Chiara Viviani, Ubaldo Armato, Ilaria Dal Prà
Biomedicines.2023; 11(4): 999. CrossRef - Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Derived DnaJ Induces the Expression of IL−1β by Engaging the Interplay of p38 and ERK Signaling Pathways in Macrophages
Dae-Kyum Kim, Jin-Won Huh, Hyeonseung Yu, Yeji Lee, Yongxin Jin, Un-Hwan Ha
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(21): 15957. CrossRef - Inflammasome activation by Gram-positive bacteria: Mechanisms of activation and regulation
A. Marijke Keestra-Gounder, Prescilla Emy Nagao
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Sodium butyrate attenuate hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory response and renal injury in diabetic mice
Man Yan, Yan-Yan Zhang, Yue Xi, Long-Kun Ding, Chang Sun, Li-Juan Qu, Xin Qian, Jing-Wen Xu, Wen Sun, Liang Wu
Acta Pharmaceutica.2023; 73(1): 121. CrossRef - TRAF6-TAK1-IKKβ pathway mediates TLR2 agonists activating “one-step” NLRP3 inflammasome in human monocytes
Mengdan Chen, Shi Yu, Yuhui Gao, Jiaxun Li, Xun Wang, Bin Wei, Guangxun Meng
Cytokine.2023; 169: 156302. CrossRef - Chrysophanol-8-O-glucoside protects mice against acute liver injury by inhibiting autophagy in hepatic stellate cells and inflammatory response in liver-resident macrophages
Tao Wang, Zhuo Lu, Xin-Hui Qu, Zi-Ying Xiong, Ya-Ting Wu, Yong Luo, Zi-Yu Zhang, Xiao-Jian Han, Cai-Feng Xie
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Microglia Pyroptosis: A Candidate Target for Neurological Diseases Treatment
Xian Wu, Teng Wan, Xiaoyu Gao, Mingyuan Fu, Yunfeng Duan, Xiangru Shen, Weiming Guo
Frontiers in Neuroscience.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Review
- Recent advances in the development of β-lactamase inhibitors
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Shivakumar S. Jalde , Hyun Kyung Choi
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J. Microbiol. 2020;58(8):633-647. Published online July 27, 2020
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0285-z
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60
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22
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22
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Abstract
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β-Lactam antibiotics are the most commonly prescribed antibiotics
worldwide; however, antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
is a global challenge. The β-lactam resistance in Gram-negative
bacteria is due to the production of β-lactamases, including
extended-spectrum β-lactamases, metallo-β-lactamases,
and carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D β-lactamases.
To restore the efficacy of BLAs, the most successful strategy
is to use them in combination with β-lactamase inhibitors
(BLI). Here we review the medically relevant β-lactamase
families and penicillins, diazabicyclooctanes, boronic acids,
and novel chemical scaffold-based BLIs, in particular approved
and under clinical development.
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Yoshiki Kato, Toshio Yamaguchi, Haruka Nakagawa-Kamura, Yoshikazu Ishii, Akiko Shimizu-Ibuka, Pablo Power
Microbiology Spectrum.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Current Strategy for Targeting Metallo-β-Lactamase with Metal-Ion-Binding Inhibitors
Jessica L. Ortega-Balleza, Lenci K. Vázquez-Jiménez, Eyra Ortiz-Pérez, Guadalupe Avalos-Navarro, Alma D. Paz-González, Edgar E. Lara-Ramírez, Gildardo Rivera
Molecules.2024; 29(16): 3944. CrossRef - Understanding the Functional Dynamics of the TokK Enzyme in Carbapenem Biosynthesis via MD Simulations and QM/MM Calculations
Shakir Ali Siddiqui, Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
Inorganic Chemistry.2024; 63(40): 18963. CrossRef - Recent advances in functionalized macrocyclic polyamines for medicine applications
Hao Chang, Renzhong Qiao, Chao Li
Chinese Chemical Letters.2024; : 110675. CrossRef - Exploring the dynamics of gut microbiota, antibiotic resistance, and chemotherapy impact in acute leukemia patients: A comprehensive metagenomic analysis
Ying Luo, Taha Majid Mahmood Sheikh, Xin Li, YuMeng Yuan, Fen Yao, Meimei Wang, Xiaoling Guo, Jilong Wu, Muhammad Shafiq, Qingdong Xie, Xiaoyang Jiao
Virulence.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Decrypting biocontrol functions and application modes by genomes data of three Trichoderma Strains/Species
Shida Ji, Bin Liu, Jing Han, Ning Kong, Yongfeng Yang, Yucheng Wang, Zhihua Liu
Fungal Genetics and Biology.2024; 172: 103889. CrossRef - Revisiting the Checkerboard to Inform Development of β-Lactam/β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations
Darren J. Bentley
Antibiotics.2024; 13(4): 337. CrossRef - Role of β-Lactamase Inhibitors as Potentiators in Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Targeting Gram-Negative Bacteria
Song Zhang, Xinyu Liao, Tian Ding, Juhee Ahn
Antibiotics.2024; 13(3): 260. CrossRef - The C5α-Methyl-Substituted Carbapenem NA-1-157 Exhibits Potent Activity against Klebsiella spp. Isolates Producing OXA-48-Type Carbapenemases
Clyde A. Smith, Nichole K. Stewart, Marta Toth, Pojun Quan, John D. Buynak, Sergei B. Vakulenko
ACS Infectious Diseases.2023; 9(5): 1123. CrossRef - Phenotypes, genotypes and breakpoints: an assessment of β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations against OXA-48
Tomefa E Asempa, Abigail K Kois, Christian M Gill, David P Nicolau
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.2023; 78(3): 636. CrossRef - Characteristics of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Derived from Food and Humans in Northern Xinjiang, China
Yushuang Wu, Shudi Huang, Donglai Zhang, Hua Ji, Yongqing Ni, Xueling Zhang, Juan Dong, Baokun Li
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease.2023; 20(7): 270. CrossRef - Sequential C−H Methylation Catalyzed by the B12‐Dependent SAM Enzyme TokK: Comprehensive Theoretical Study of Selectivities
Wen‐Hao Deng, Rong‐Zhen Liao
Chemistry – A European Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - CMOS Spectrophotometric Microsystem for Malaria Detection
Gabriel M. Ferreira, Vitória Baptista, Vítor Silva, Maria I. Veiga, Graça Minas, Susana O. Catarino
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.2023; 70(8): 2318. CrossRef - Synthesis and β-Lactamase Inhibition Activity of Imidates of Diazabicyclooctane
Lijuan Zhai, Jian Sun, Jingwen Ji, Lili He, Yuanyu Gao, Jinbo Ji, Yuanbai Liu, Yangxiu Mu, Xueqin Ma, Dong Tang, Haikang Yang, Zafar Iqbal, Zhixiang Yang
Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry.2022; 48(5): 1059. CrossRef - Recent Developments to Cope the Antibacterial Resistance via β-Lactamase Inhibition
Zafar Iqbal, Jian Sun, Haikang Yang, Jingwen Ji, Lili He, Lijuan Zhai, Jinbo Ji, Pengjuan Zhou, Dong Tang, Yangxiu Mu, Lin Wang, Zhixiang Yang
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Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.2022; 77(10): 2622. CrossRef - Carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: implication on future therapeutic strategies
Ilias Karaiskos, Irene Galani, Vassiliki Papoutsaki, Lamprini Galani, Helen Giamarellou
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy.2022; 20(1): 53. CrossRef - Antimicrobial Activity of Dihydroisocoumarin Isolated from Wadi Lajab Sediment-Derived Fungus Penicillium chrysogenum: In Vitro and In Silico Study
Raha Orfali, Shagufta Perveen, Mohamed Fahad AlAjmI, Safina Ghaffar, Md Tabish Rehman, Abdullah R. AlanzI, Saja Bane Gamea, Mona Essa Khwayri
Molecules.2022; 27(11): 3630. CrossRef - The Odd Couple(s): An Overview of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics Bearing More Than One Pharmacophoric Group
Margherita De Rosa, Anna Verdino, Annunziata Soriente, Anna Marabotti
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(2): 617. CrossRef - Drugs That Changed Society: History and Current Status of the Early Antibiotics: Salvarsan, Sulfonamides, and β-Lactams
Søren Brøgger Christensen
Molecules.2021; 26(19): 6057. CrossRef - In Crystallo Time-Resolved Interaction of the Clostridioides difficile CDD-1 enzyme with Avibactam Provides New Insights into the Catalytic Mechanism of Class D β-lactamases
Nichole K. Stewart, Marta Toth, Anastasiya Stasyuk, Sergei B. Vakulenko, Clyde A. Smith
ACS Infectious Diseases.2021; 7(6): 1765. CrossRef - Inhibition of the Clostridioides difficile Class D β-Lactamase CDD-1 by Avibactam
Nichole K. Stewart, Marta Toth, Anastasiya Stasyuk, Mijoon Lee, Clyde A. Smith, Sergei B. Vakulenko
ACS Infectious Diseases.2021; 7(5): 1164. CrossRef
Journal Articles
- Efficacy of A/H1N1/2009 split inactivated influenza A vaccine (GC1115) in mice and ferrets
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Hae Jung Han , Min-Suk Song , Su-Jin Park , Han Yeul Byun , Norbert John C. Robles , Suk-Hoon Ha , Young Ki Choi
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J. Microbiol. 2019;57(2):163-169. Published online January 31, 2019
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8504-1
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57
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4
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Abstract
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To evaluate the efficacy of a non-adjuvant A/H1N1/2009 influenza
A vaccine (GC1115), we demonstrated the immunogenicity
and protective efficacy of GC1115 in mouse and
ferret models. The immunogenicity of GC1115 was confirmed
after intramuscular administration of 1.875, 3.75, 7.5, and
15 μg hemagglutinin antigen (HA) in mice and 7.5, 15, and
30 μg HA in ferrets at 3-week intervals. A single immunization
with GC1115 at HA doses > 7.5 μg induced detectable
seroconversion in most mice, and all mice given a second
dose exhibited high antibody responses in a dose-dependent
manner. The mice in the mock (PBS) and 1.875 μg HA immunized
groups succumbed by 13 days following A/California/
04/09 infection, while all mice in groups given more
than 3.75 μg HA were protected from lethal challenge with
the A/California/04/09 virus. In ferrets, although immunization
with even a single dose of 15 or 30 μg of HA induced
detectable HI antibodies, all ferrets given two doses of vaccine
seroconverted and exhibited HI titers greater than 80
units. Following challenge with A/California/04/09, the mock
(PBS) immunized ferrets showed influenza-like clinical symptoms,
such as increased numbers of coughs, elevated body
temperature, and body weight loss, for 7 days, while GC1115-
immunized ferrets showed attenuated clinical symptoms only
for short time period (3–4 days). Further, GC1115-immunized
ferrets displayed significantly lower viral titers in the upper
respiratory tract (nasal cavity) than the mock vaccinated group
in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, this study demonstrates
the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of
GC1115 as a non-adjuvanted vaccine.
-
Citations
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- Dose sparing enabled by immunization with influenza vaccine using orally dissolving film
Keon-Woong Yoon, Ki Back Chu, Gi-Deok Eom, Jie Mao, Su In Heo, Fu-Shi Quan
International Journal of Pharmaceutics.2024; 667: 124945. CrossRef - Ferrets as a model for tuberculosis transmission
Tuhina Gupta, Naveen Somanna, Thomas Rowe, Monica LaGatta, Shelly Helms, Simon Odera Owino, Tomislav Jelesijevic, Stephen Harvey, Wayne Jacobs, Thomas Voss, Kaori Sakamoto, Cheryl Day, Christopher Whalen, Russell Karls, Biao He, S. Mark Tompkins, Abhijeet
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - AddaVax Formulated with PolyI:C as a Potential Adjuvant of MDCK-based Influenza Vaccine Enhances Local, Cellular, and Antibody Protective Immune Response in Mice
Xuanxuan Nian, Jiayou Zhang, Tao Deng, Jing Liu, Zheng Gong, Chuanshuo Lv, Luyao Yao, Junying Li, Shihe Huang, Xiaoming Yang
AAPS PharmSciTech.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - The Intersection of Age and Influenza Severity: Utility of Ferrets for Dissecting the Age-Dependent Immune Responses and Relevance to Age-Specific Vaccine Development
Melissa Rioux, Magen E. Francis, Cynthia L. Swan, Anni Ge, Andrea Kroeker, Alyson A. Kelvin
Viruses.2021; 13(4): 678. CrossRef
- Antiviral activity of Poncirus trifoliata seed extract against oseltamivirresistant influenza virus
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Yoonki Heo , Yeondong Cho , Kwon sung Ju , Hansam Cho , Ki Hoon Park , Hanul Choi , Jong Kwang Yoon , Chiung Moon , Young Bong Kim
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J. Microbiol. 2018;56(8):586-592. Published online July 25, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8222-0
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54
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15
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Abstract
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The emergence of oseltamivir-resistant variants of influenza
virus has highlighted the necessity for the development of
more effective novel antiviral drugs. To date, numerous researchers
have focused on developing antiviral drugs using
natural resources, such as traditional herbal medicines. Poncirus
trifoliata is widely used in oriental medicine as a remedy
for gastritis, dysentery, inflammation and digestive ulcers. In
this study, we investigated the potential antiviral effect of the
Poncirus trifoliata orange seed extract against influenza virus.
An ethanol extract of Poncirus trifoliata seeds (PTex) inhibited
the activity of influenza viruses, in particular, oseltamivir-
resistant strains, in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. In
contrast to oseltamivir, PTex exerted a significant inhibitory
effect on the cellular penetration pathway of the virus rather
than HA receptor binding. The potent antiviral effect and novel
working mechanism of PTex support its further development
as an effective natural antiviral drug with a wide spectrum
of activity against influenza and oseltamivir-resistant
viruses.
-
Citations
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- A Comprehensive Study on Natural Products and their Bioactive Constituents
to Cure Respiratory Diseases
Avadh Biharee, Lokesh Chaudhari, Sudha Bhartiya, Shivam Kumar Kori, Anu Chaudhary, Dheeraj Dubey, Arpita Yadav
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Remdesivir and Flavones in SARS-CoV-2 Infection
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Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2019; 120: 109524. CrossRef
- Effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum against influenza viruses in mice
-
Sehee Park , Jin Il Kim , Joon-Yong Bae , Kirim Yoo , Hyunung Kim , In-Ho Kim , Man-Seong Park , Ilseob Lee
-
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(2):145-149. Published online February 2, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-7411-1
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53
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31
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Abstract
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The potential use of dietary measures to treat influenza can
be an important alternative for those who lack access to influenza
vaccines or antiviral drugs. Lactobacillus plantarum
(Lp) is one of many lactic acid bacteria that grow in ‘kimchi’,
an essential part of Korean meal, and several strains of Lp
reportedly show protective effects against influenza. Using
heat-killed Lp (nF1) isolated from kimchi, which is known
for its immunomodulatory effects, we investigated whether
regular oral intake of nF1 could influence the outcome of influenza
virus infection in a mouse model. In a lethal challenge
with influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes) and influenza
B (Yamagata lineage) viruses, daily oral administration
of nF1 delayed the mean number of days to death of the
infected mice and resulted in increased survival rates compared
with those of the non-treated mice. Consistent with
these observations, nF1 treatment also significantly reduced
viral replication in the lungs of the infected mice. Taken together,
our results might suggest the remedial potential of heatkilled
Lactobacillus probiotics against influenza.
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Citations
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- Comparison of anti-influenza virus activity and pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir free base and oseltamivir phosphate
-
Jin Soo Shin , Keun Bon Ku , Yejin Jang , Yi-Seul Yoon , Daeho Shin , Oh Seung Kwon , Yun Young Go , Seong Soon Kim , Myoung Ae Bae , Meehyein Kim
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J. Microbiol. 2017;55(12):979-983. Published online December 7, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7371-x
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58
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0
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10
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Abstract
-
Influenza viruses are major human respiratory pathogens that
cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Currently,
prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic antiviral agents are used
to prevent and control influenza virus infection. Oseltamivir
free base (OSV-FB), a modified generic antiviral drug of
Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate, OSV-P), was launched in
the Republic of Korea last year. Here, we examine the bioequivalence
of these two compounds by assessing their antiviral
efficacy in infected cells and in a mouse model. It was
observed that both antivirals showed comparable efficacy
against 11 different influenza A and B viruses in vitro. Moreover,
in mice infected with influenza A virus (mouse-adapted
A/Puerto Rico/8/34), they showed a dose-dependent therapeutic
activity and alleviated infection-mediated reductions
in body weight, leading to significantly better survival. There
was histopathological disappearance of virus-induced inflammatory
cell infiltration of the lung after oral treatment with
either antiviral agent (at 10 mg/kg). Pharmacokinetic analysis
also exhibited similar plasma concentrations of the active
drug, oseltamivir carboxylate, metabolised from both OSVB
and OSV-P. This is the first report showing bioequivalence
of OSV-FB to its phosphate salt form in the mouse system.
The free base drug has some beneficial points including simple
drug formulation process and reduced risk of undesirable
cation-phosphate precipitation within solution. The long term
stability of OSV-FB requires further monitoring when it is
provided as a national stock in readiness for an influenza
pandemic.
-
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Review
- REVIEW] H5 influenza, a global update
-
Rhodri Harfoot , Richard J. Webby
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J. Microbiol. 2017;55(3):196-203. Published online February 28, 2017
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7062-7
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57
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49
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Abstract
-
H5 influenza viruses have caused much alarm globally due
to their high pathogenic potential. As yet we have not seen
sustained spread of the virus amongst humans despite a high
prevalence of the virus in avian populations. Nevertheless,
isolated human cases of infection have demonstrated high
mortality and there are substantial efforts being taken to
monitor the evolution of the virus and to undertake preparedness
activities. Here we review and discuss the evolution of
the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus with emphasis
on recent events.
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Kanta Subbarao
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Journal Article
- MDA7/IL-24 is an anti-viral factor that inhibits influenza virus replication
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Rak-Kyun Seong , Young-Ki Choi , Ok Sarah Shin
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J. Microbiol. 2016;54(10):695-700. Published online September 30, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6383-2
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54
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13
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Abstract
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Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7)/interleukin-
24 (IL-24) is a secreted cytokine, which plays an essential
role in tumor suppression. Although its role as a multifunctional
protein affecting broad types of cancers is well
described, functions of IL-24 in host defense against virus
infection are yet to be determined. In this study, we explored
the anti-viral effect of recombinant IL-24 treatment during
influenza infection. Infection of human lung adenocarcinoma
cells (A549) with the influenza A virus up-regulated IL-24
mRNA and protein expression in a time-dependent manner.
Pre-treatment of A549 cells with recombinant IL-24 protein
effectively suppressed viral plaque formation. Furthermore,
IL-24 treatment of A549 cells reduced viral non-structural
protein 1 (NS1) synthesis, whereas IL-24 knockdown resulted
in increased viral replication. Interestingly, IL-24 treatment
following influenza A virus infection led to up-regulation of
interferon (IFN)-induced antiviral signaling. Taken together,
our results suggest that IL-24 exerts a potent suppressive effect
on influenza viral replication and can be used in the treatment
of influenza infection.
-
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Novel insight into MDA-7/IL-24: A potent therapeutic target for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
Kangni Feng, Jiemei Cen, Xiaoling Zou, Tiantuo Zhang
Clinical Immunology.2024; 266: 110322. CrossRef - Interleukin-24 Limits Tumor-Infiltrating T Helper 17 Cell Response in Patients with Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Minqi Zhang, Haifeng Zhao, Honglei Gao
Viral Immunology.2022; 35(3): 212. CrossRef - Host–virus interaction and viral evasion
Scheilla T. Strumillo, Denis Kartavykh, Fábio F. de Carvalho , Nicolly C. Cruz, Ana C. de Souza Teodoro, Ricardo Sobhie Diaz, Marli F. Curcio
Cell Biology International.2021; 45(6): 1124. CrossRef - SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Targets RIG-I-Like Receptor Pathways to Inhibit the Induction of Interferon Response
Soo Jin Oh, Ok Sarah Shin
Cells.2021; 10(3): 530. CrossRef - Interleukin-24 as a Pulmonary Target Cytokine in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Ruiwei Gao, Zhihua Li, Danyang Ai, Jinshuai Ma, Chao Chen, Xiuxiang Liu
Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics.2021; 79(2): 311. CrossRef - Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Chia-Jung Li, Yen-Dun Tony Tzeng, Yi-Han Chiu, Hung-Yu Lin, Ming-Feng Hou, Pei-Yi Chu
Cancers.2021; 13(12): 2978. CrossRef - MDA-7/interleukin 24 (IL-24) in tumor gene therapy: application of tumor penetrating/homing peptides for improvement of the effects
Mohammad Rasoolian, Majid Kheirollahi, Seyed Younes Hosseini
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy.2019; 19(3): 211. CrossRef - Alternative Experimental Models for Studying Influenza Proteins, Host–Virus Interactions and Anti-Influenza Drugs
Sonja C. J. H. Chua, Hui Qing Tan, David Engelberg, Lina H. K. Lim
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Sangmin Kang, Jinjong Myoung
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Review
- MINIREVIEW] Advances in novel influenza vaccines: a patent review
-
Jae-Min Song
-
J. Microbiol. 2016;54(6):403-412. Published online May 27, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6176-7
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45
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1
Crossref
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Abstract
-
The threat of a major human influenza pandemic such as
the avian H5N1 or the 2009 new H1N1 has emphasized the
need for effective prevention strategies to combat these pathogens.
Although egg based influenza vaccines have been well
established for a long time, it remains an ongoing public
health need to develop alternative production methods that
ensures improved safety, efficacy, and ease of administration
compared with conventional influenza vaccines. This article
is intended to cover some of the recent advances and related
patents on the development of influenza vaccines including
live attenuated, cell based, genomic and synthetic peptide
vaccines.
-
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Plant-made virus-like particles bearing influenza hemagglutinin (HA) recapitulate early interactions of native influenza virions with human monocytes/macrophages
Alexander I. Makarkov, Sabrina Chierzi, Stéphane Pillet, Keith K. Murai, Nathalie Landry, Brian J. Ward
Vaccine.2017; 35(35): 4629. CrossRef
Retracted Publication
- Interferon-mediated antiviral activities of Angelica tenuissima Nakai and its active components
-
Prasanna Weeratunga , Md Bashir Uddin , Myun Soo Kim , Byeong-Hoon Lee , Tae-Hwan Kim , Ji-Eun Yoon , Jin Yeul Ma , Hongik Kim , Jong-Soo Lee
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J. Microbiol. 2016;54(1):57-70. Published online January 5, 2016
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5555-4
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53
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0
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5
Crossref
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Abstract
-
Angelica tenuissima Nakai is a widely used commodity in
traditional medicine. Nevertheless, no study has been conducted
on the antiviral and immune-modulatory properties
of an aqueous extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai. In the
present study, we evaluated the antiviral activities and the
mechanism of action of an aqueous extract of Angelica tenuissima
Nakai both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, an effective
dose of Angelica tenuissima Nakai markedly inhibited the
replication of Influenza A virus (PR8), Vesicular stomatitis
virus (VSV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Coxsackie virus,
and Enterovirus (EV-71) on epithelial (HEK293T/HeLa) and
immune (RAW264.7) cells. Such inhibition can be described
by the induction of the antiviral state in cells by antiviral, IFNrelated
gene induction and secretion of IFNs and pro-inflammatory
cytokines. In vivo, Angelica tenuissima Nakai
treated BALB/c mice displayed higher survivability and lower
lung viral titers when challenged with lethal doses of highly
pathogenic influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H5N2, H7N3, and
H9N2). We also found that Angelica tenuissima Nakai can
induce the secretion of IL-6, IFN-λ, and local IgA in bronchoalveolar
lavage fluid (BALF) of Angelica tenuissima Nakai
treated mice, which correlating with the observed prophylactic
effects. In HPLC analysis, we found the presence of several
compounds in the aqueous fraction and among them; we
evaluated antiviral properties of ferulic acid. Therefore, an
extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai and its components,
including ferulic acid, play roles as immunomodulators and
may be potential candidates for novel anti-viral/anti-influenza
agents.
-
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- The stimulatory effect of Angelica tenuissima Nakai in osteoblastic/odontoblastic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells
Won-Jong Park, Youn Ho Han
Korean Journal of Dental Materials.2022; 49(4): 187. CrossRef - Fermented Angelicae tenussimae with Aspergillus oryzae Improves Skin Barrier Properties, Moisturizing, and Anti-Inflammatory Responses
Chang-Woo Ha, Eun-Hwa Sohn, Sung-Hyeok Kim, Sohee Jang, Myung-Rye Park, Youn-Kyu Kim, In-Young Bae
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(20): 12072. CrossRef - Extract of Polygala tenuifolia, Angelica tenuissima, and Dimocarpus longan Reduces Behavioral Defect and Enhances Autophagy in Experimental Models of Parkinson’s Disease
Huan Li, Joonki Kim, Huynh Nguyen Khanh Tran, Chang Hwan Lee, Jonghyun Hur, Min Cheol Kim, Hyun Ok Yang
NeuroMolecular Medicine.2021; 23(3): 428. CrossRef - Chemical Constituents of the Root of Angelica tenuissima and their Anti-allergic Inflammatory Activity
Hyun Gyu Choi, In-Gyu Je, Geum Jin Kim, Joo-Won Nam, Sang Hee Shim, Sang-Hyun Kim, Hyukjae Choi
Natural Product Communications.2017;[Epub] CrossRef - Inhibitory effects of bee venom and its components against viruses in vitro and in vivo
Md Bashir Uddin, Byeong-Hoon Lee, Chamilani Nikapitiya, Jae-Hoon Kim, Tae-Hwan Kim, Hyun-Cheol Lee, Choul Goo Kim, Jong-Soo Lee, Chul-Joong Kim
Journal of Microbiology.2016; 54(12): 853. CrossRef
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Molecular characterization of mammalian-adapted Korean-type avian H9N2 virus and evaluation of its virulence in mice
-
Kuk Jin Park , Min-Suk Song , Eun-Ha Kim , Hyeok-il Kwon , Yun Hee Baek , Eun-hye Choi , Su-Jin Park , Se Mi Kim , Young-il Kim , Won-Suk Choi , Dae-Won Yoo , Chul-Joong Kim , Young Ki Choi
-
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(8):570-577. Published online July 31, 2015
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5329-4
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56
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0
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14
Crossref
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Abstract
-
Avian influenza A virus (AIV) is commonly isolated from
domestic poultry and wild migratory birds, and the H9N2
subtype is the most prevalent and the major cause of severe
disease in poultry in Korea. In addition to the veterinary concerns
regarding the H9N2 subtype, it is also considered to
be the next potential human pandemic strain due to its rapid
evolution and interspecies transmission. In this study, we
utilize serial lung-to-lung passage of a low pathogenic avian
influenza virus (LPAI) H9N2 (A/Ck/Korea/163/04, WT163)
(Y439-lineage) in mice to increase pathogenicity and investigate
the potential virulence marker. Mouse-adapted H9N2
virus obtained high virulence (100% mortality) in mice after
98 serial passages. Sequence results show that the mouse
adaptation (ma163) possesses several mutations within seven
gene segments (PB2, PA, HA, NP, NA, M, and NS) relative
to the wild-type strain. The HA gene showed the most mutations
(at least 11) with one resulting in the loss of an N-glycosylation
site (at amino acid 166). Moreover, reverse genetic
studies established that an E627K substitution in PB2 and the
loss of the N-glycosylation site in the HA protein (aa166) are
critical virulence markers in the mouse-adapted H9N2 virus.
Thus, these results add to the increasing body of mutational
analysis data defining the function of the viral polymerase
and HA genes and their roles in mammalian host adaptation.
To our knowledge, this is first report of the generation
of a mammalian-adapted Korea H9N2 virus (Y493-lineages).
Therefore, this study offers valuable insights into the molecular
evolution of the LPAI Korean H9N2 in a new host and
adds to the current knowledge of the molecular markers associated
with increased virulence.
-
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