Review
- MINIREVIEW] Clinical relevance of infections with zoonotic and human oral species of Campylobacter
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Soomin Lee , Jeeyeon Lee , Jimyeong Ha , Yukyung Choi , Sejeong Kim , Heeyoung Lee , Yohan Yoon , Kyoung-Hee Choi
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J. Microbiol. 2016;54(7):459-467. Published online June 28, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6254-x
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Abstract
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Genus Campylobacter has been recognized as a causative bacterial
agent of animal and human diseases. Human Campylobacter
infections have caused more concern. Campylobacters
can be classified into two groups in terms of their original host:
zoonotic and human oral species. The major zoonotic species
are Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, which
mostly reside in the intestines of avian species and are transmitted
to humans via consumption of contaminated poultry
products, thus causing human gastroenteritis and other diseases
as sequelae. The other campylobacters, human oral species,
include C. concisus, C. showae, C. gracilis, C. ureolyticus,
C. curvus, and C. rectus. These species are isolated from the
oral cavity, natural colonization site, but have potential clinical
relevance in the periodontal region to varying extent. Two
species, C. jejuni and C. coli, are believed to be mainly associated
with intestinal diseases, but recent studies suggested
that oral Campylobacter species also play a significant role in
intestinal diseases. This review offers an outline of the two
Campylobacter groups (zoonotic and human oral), their virulence
traits, and the associated illnesses including gastroenteritis.
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Citations
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Simultaneous Detection of Waterborne Viruses by Multiplex Real-Time PCR
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Lae-Hyung Kang , Se-hwan Oh , Jeong-Woong Park , Yu-Jung Won , Sangryeol Ryu , Soon-Young Paik
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J. Microbiol. 2013;51(5):671-675. Published online September 14, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3199-1
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44
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Abstract
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Norovirus, Rotavirus group A, the Hepatitis A virus, and Coxsackievirus are all common causes of gastroenteritis. Conventional diagnoses of these causative agents are based on antigen detection and electron microscopy. To improve the diagnostic potential for viral gastroenteritis, internally controlled multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods have been recently developed. In this study, individual real-time PCRs were developed and optimized for specific detections of Norovirus genogroup I, Norovirus genogroup II, Rotavirus group A, the Hepatitis A virus, and Coxsackievirus group B1. Subsequently, individual PCRs were combined with multiplex PCR reactions. In general, multiplex real-time PCR assays showed comparable sensitivities and specificities with individual assays. A retrospective clinical evaluation showed increased pathogen detection in 29% of samples using conventional PCR methods. Prospective clinical evaluations were detected in 123 of the 227 (54%) total samples used in the multiplex realtime PCR analysis. The Norovirus genogroup II was found most frequently (23%), followed by Rotavirus (20%), the Hepatitis A virus (4.5%), Coxsackievirus (3.5%), and Norovirus genogroup I (2.6%). Internally controlled multiplex real-time PCR assays for the simultaneous detection of Rotavirus, Coxsackievirus group B, the Hepatitis A virus, and Norovirus genogroups I and II showed significant improvement in the diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis.
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Citations
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Oluwadara Alegbeleye, Anderson S. Sant’Ana
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Review
- REVIEW] The Role of Type III Secretion System 2 in Vibrio parahaemolyticus Pathogenicity
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Hyeilin Ham , Kim Orth
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J. Microbiol. 2012;50(5):719-725. Published online November 4, 2012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2550-2
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Scopus
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Abstract
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a Gram-negative marine bacterial pathogen, is emerging as a major cause of food-borne illnesses worldwide due to the consumption of raw seafood leading to diseases including gastroenteritis, wound infection, and septicemia. The bacteria utilize toxins and type III secretion system (T3SS) to trigger virulence. T3SS is a multi-subunit needle-like apparatus used to deliver bacterial proteins, termed effectors, into the host cytoplasm which then target various eukaryotic signaling pathways. V. parahaemolyticus carries two T3SSs in each of its two chromosomes, named T3SS1 and T3SS2, both of which play crucial yet distinct roles during infection: T3SS1 causes cytotoxicity whereas T3SS2 is mainly associated with enterotoxicity. Each T3SS secretes a unique set of effectors that contribute to virulence by acting on different host targets and serving different functions. Emerging studies on T3SS2 of V. parahaemolyticus, reveal its regulation, translocation, discovery, characterization of its effectors, and development of animal models to understand the enterotoxicity. This review on recent findings for T3SS2 of V. parahaemolyticus highlights a novel mechanism of invasion that appears to be conserved by other marine bacteria.