Journal of Microbiology

Journal Articles

Soil water content as a critical factor for stable bacterial community structure and degradative activity in maritime Antarctic soil: Dockyu Kim , Namyi Chae , Mincheol Kim , Sungjin Nam , Eungbin Kim , Hyoungseok Lee; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(12):1010-1017. Published online December 2, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0490-9

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Recent increases in air temperature across the Antarctic Peninsula may prolong the thawing period and directly affect the soil temperature (Ts) and volumetric soil water content (SWC) in maritime tundra. Under an 8°C soil warming scenario, two customized microcosm systems with maritime Antarctic soils were incubated to investigate the differential influence of SWC on the bacterial community and degradation activity of humic substances (HS), the largest constituent of soil organic carbon and a key component of the terrestrial ecosystem. When the microcosm soil (KS1-4Feb) was incubated for 90 days (T = 90) at a constant SWC of ~32%, the initial HS content (167.0 mg/g of dried soil) decreased to 156.0 mg (approximately 6.6% loss, p < 0.05). However, when another microcosm soil (KS1-4Apr) was incubated with SWCs that gradually decreased from 37% to 9% for T = 90, HS degradation was undetected. The low HS degradative activity persisted, even after the SWC was restored to 30% with water supply for an additional T = 30. Overall bacterial community structure remained relatively stable at a constant SWC setting (KS1-4Feb). In contrast, we saw marked shifts in the bacterial community structure with the changing SWC regimen (KS1-4Apr), suggesting that the soil bacterial communities are vulnerable to drying and re-wetting conditions. These microcosm experiments provide new information regarding the effects of constant SWC and higher Ts on bacterial communities for HS degradation in maritime Antarctic tundra soil.

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Microbial metabolic responses and CO2 emissions differentiated by soil water content variation in subarctic tundra soils
Dockyu Kim, Namyi Chae, Mincheol Kim, Sungjin Nam, Tai Kyoung Kim, Ki-Tea Park, Bang Yong Lee, Eungbin Kim, Hyoungseok Lee
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(12): 1130. CrossRef
Temperature sensitivity of Antarctic soil‐humic substance degradation by cold‐adapted bacteria
Dockyu Kim, Ha Ju Park, Mincheol Kim, Seulah Lee, Soon Gyu Hong, Eungbin Kim, Hyoungseok Lee
Environmental Microbiology.2022; 24(1): 265. CrossRef
Seasonal patterns of rhizosphere microorganisms suggest carbohydrate-degrading and nitrogen-fixing microbes contribute to the attribute of full-year shooting in woody bamboo Cephalostachyum pingbianense
Lushuang Li, Tize Xia, Hanqi Yang
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Inhibitory effects of piceatannol on human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) in vitro: San-Ying Wang , Jing Zhang , Xiao-Gang Xu , Hui-Li Su , Wen-Min Xing , Zhong-Shan Zhang , Wei-Hua Jin , Ji-Huan Dai , Ya-Zhen Wang , Xin-Yue He , Chuan Sun , Jing Yan , Gen-Xiang Mao; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(8):716-723. Published online June 10, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9528-2

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Abstract

Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus, which results in the establishment of a latent infection that persists throughout the life of the host and can be reactivated when the immunity is low. Currently, there is no vaccine for hCMV infection, and the licensed antiviral drugs mainly target the viral enzymes and have obvious adverse reactions. Thus, it is important to search for compounds with antihCMV properties. The present study aimed to investigate the suppressive effects of piceatannol on hCMV Towne strain infection and the putative underlying mechanisms using human diploid fibroblast WI-38 cells. Piceatannol supplementation prevented the lytic changes induced by hCMV infection in WI-38 cells. Furthermore, piceatannol suppressed the expression of hCMV immediate-early (IE) and early (E) proteins as well as the replication of hCMV DNA in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, hCMV-induced cellular senescence was suppressed by piceatannol, as shown by a decline in the senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity and decreased production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). p16INK4a, a major senescence-associated molecule, was dramatically elevated by current hCMV infection that was attenuated by pre-incubation with piceatannol in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrated that piceatannol suppressed the hCMV infection via inhibition of the activation of p16INK4a and cellular senescence induced by hCMV. Together, these findings indicate piceatannol as a novel and potent anti-hCMV agent with the potential to be developed as an effective treatment for chronic hCMV infection.

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Piceatannol, a comprehensive review of health perspectives and pharmacological aspects
Hala I. Al-Jaber, Ashok K. Shakya, Mahmoud A. Al-Qudah, Lina M. Barhoumi, Hana E. Abu-Sal, Hazem S. Hasan, Nezar Al-Bataineh, Sultan Abu-Orabi, Mohammad S. Mubarak
Arabian Journal of Chemistry.2024; 17(9): 105939. CrossRef
Mechanism of PRRSV infection and antiviral role of polyphenols
Fructueux Modeste Amona, Yipeng Pang, Xingyu Gong, Yanhong Wang, Xingtang Fang, Chunlei Zhang, Xi Chen
Virulence.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Predicting phase-I metabolism of piceatannol: an in silico study
Ravi Kumar Rajan, Maida Engels, Muthiah Ramanathan
In Silico Pharmacology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Inhibition of influenza a virus infection by natural stilbene piceatannol targeting virus hemagglutinin
Lianghao Huang, Jinyu Wang, Xiaoyao Ma, Lishan Sun, Cui Hao, Wei Wang
Phytomedicine.2023; 120: 155058. CrossRef
Latin American Plants against Microorganisms
Sofía Isabel Cuevas-Cianca, Cristian Romero-Castillo, José Luis Gálvez-Romero, Eugenio Sánchez-Arreola, Zaida Nelly Juárez, Luis Ricardo Hernández
Plants.2023; 12(23): 3997. CrossRef
Piceatannol as an Antiviral Inhibitor of PRV Infection In Vitro and In Vivo
Zhiying Wang, Xiaojing Cai, Zhiyuan Ren, Yi Shao, Yongkang Xu, Lian Fu, Yan Zhu
Animals.2023; 13(14): 2376. CrossRef
Recent Advances in Antiviral Activities of Triterpenoids
Yue Liu, Liangyu Yang, Hong Wang, Yongai Xiong
Pharmaceuticals.2022; 15(10): 1169. CrossRef
Insights into Antiviral Properties and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Flavonoid Polyphenols against Human Herpesviruses
Sherif T. S. Hassan, Miroslava Šudomová, Alena Mazurakova, Peter Kubatka
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(22): 13891. CrossRef
Suppressive effects of pterostilbene on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and HCMV-induced cellular senescence
Sanying Wang, Xuqiang Zhou, Xinyue He, Shushu Ma, Chuan Sun, Jing Zhang, Xiaogang Xu, Weihua Jin, Jin Yan, Ping Lin, Genxiang Mao
Virology Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Sulphated glucuronomannan tetramer and hexamer from Sargassum thunbergii exhibit anti-human cytomegalovirus activity by blocking viral entry
Sanying Wang, Xiaogang Xu, Chuan Sun, Jing Zhang, Xinyue He, Zhongshan Zhang, Hong Huang, Jing Yan, Weihua Jin, Genxiang Mao
Carbohydrate Polymers.2021; 273: 118510. CrossRef
Chemical constituents from coconut waste and their in silico evaluation as potential antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2
Marwa Elsbaey, Mahmoud A.A. Ibrahim, Fatma Abdel Bar, Abdullah A. Elgazar
South African Journal of Botany.2021; 141: 278. CrossRef

Review

The functional study of human proteins using humanized yeast: Seho Kim , Juhee Park , Taekyung Kim , Jung-Shin Lee; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(5):343-349. Published online April 27, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0136-y

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Abstract

The functional and optimal expression of genes is crucial for survival of all living organisms. Numerous experiments and efforts have been performed to reveal the mechanisms required for the functional and optimal expression of human genes. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has evolved independently of humans for billions of years. Nevertheless, S. cerevisiae has many conserved genes and expression mechanisms that are similar to those in humans. Yeast is the most commonly used model organism for studying the function and expression mechanisms of human genes because it has a relatively simple genome structure, which is easy to manipulate. Many previous studies have focused on understanding the functions and mechanisms of human proteins using orthologous genes and biological systems of yeast. In this review, we mainly introduce two recent studies that replaced human genes and nucleosomes with those of yeast. Here, we suggest that, although yeast is a relatively small eukaryotic cell, its humanization is useful for the direct study of human proteins. In addition, yeast can be used as a model organism in a broader range of studies, including drug screening.

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A Humanized Yeast Model for Studying TRAPP Complex Mutations; Proof-of-Concept Using Variants from an Individual with a TRAPPC1-Associated Neurodevelopmental Syndrome
Erta Zykaj, Chelsea Abboud, Paria Asadi, Simane Warsame, Hashem Almousa, Miroslav P. Milev, Brittany M. Greco, Marcos López-Sánchez, Drago Bratkovic, Aashiq H. Kachroo, Luis Alberto Pérez-Jurado, Michael Sacher
Cells.2024; 13(17): 1457. CrossRef
Humanization reveals pervasive incompatibility of yeast and human kinetochore components
Guðjón Ólafsson, Max A B Haase, Jef D Boeke, G Brown
G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Non-Thermal Plasma on Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Peter Polčic, Zdenko Machala
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(5): 2247. CrossRef
Next Generation Winemakers: Genetic Engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Trendy Challenges
Patricia Molina-Espeja
Bioengineering.2020; 7(4): 128. CrossRef

Journal Articles

Astragaloside IV reversed the autophagy and oxidative stress induced by the intestinal microbiota of AIS in mice: Nan Xu , Pengcheng Kan , Xiuhua Yao , Ping Yang , Jiwei Wang , Lei Xiang , Yu Zhu; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(11):838-846. Published online October 24, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8327-5

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Abstract

Acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) seriously affects patient quality of life. We explored the role of the intestinal microbiota on oxidative stress and autophagy in stroke, and Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) reversed the changes induced by intestinal microbiota. We determined the characteristics of the intestinal microbiota of AIS and transient ischaemic attack (TIA) patients by 16S sequencing and found that the structure and diversity of the intestinal microbiota in patients with AIS and TIA were significantly different from those in healthy subjects. Specifically, the abundance of genus Bifidobacterium, Megamonas, Blautia, Holdemanella, and Clostridium, content of homocysteine and triglyceride was increased significantly, thus it may be as a potential mechanism of AIS and TIA. Furthermore, germ-free mice were infused intracolonically with fecal supernatants of TIA and AIS with/without feed AS-IV for 12 weeks, and we found that the feces of AIS up-regulated the autophagy markers Beclin-1, light chain 3 (LC3)-II and autophagy-related gene (Atg)12, and the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NADPH oxidase 2/4 (NOX2/4), malondialdehyde (MDA), however, the expression of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) was down-regulated in brain tissue, the content of homocysteine and free fatty acids (FFA) in serum of the mice. Meanwhile, AS-IV could reverse the above phenomenon, however, it does not affect the motor function of mice. AS-IV reversed these changes and it may be a potential drug for AIS therapeutics.

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Astragaloside IV-PESV inhibits prostate cancer tumor growth by restoring gut microbiota and microbial metabolic homeostasis via the AGE-RAGE pathway
Xujun You, Junfeng Qiu, Qixin Li, Qing Zhang, Wen Sheng, Yiguo Cao, Wei Fu
BMC Cancer.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The impact of dysbiosis in oropharyngeal and gut microbiota on systemic inflammatory response and short-term prognosis in acute ischemic stroke with preceding infection
Qiuxing He, Guoshun Li, Jiasheng Zhao, Huishan Zhu, Huanhao Mo, Zhanshi Xiong, Zhan Zhao, Jingyi Chen, Weimin Ning
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Role of gut microbiota in ischemic stroke: A narrative review of human and animal studies
Guangtang Chen, Xiaolin Du, Junshuan Cui, Jiaquan Song, Mingsong Xiong, Xi Zeng, Hua Yang, Kaya Xu
Neuroprotection.2024; 2(2): 120. CrossRef
Research progress in the treatment of an immune system disease—type 1 diabetes—by regulating the intestinal flora with Chinese medicine and food homologous drugs
Yang PING, Jianing LIU, Huilin WANG, Yan WANG, Hongbin QIU, Yu ZHANG
Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health.2024; 43(3): 150. CrossRef
The relationship between oxidative balance scores and chronic diarrhea and constipation: a population-based study
Jiayan Hu, Hede Zou, Xiyun Qiao, Yuxi Wang, Mi Lv, Kunli Zhang, Fengyun Wang
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Astragaloside IV Mitigated Diabetic Nephropathy by Restructuring Intestinal Microflora and Ferroptosis
Xin Lyu, Ting‐ting Zhang, Zhen Ye, Ce Chen
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Dietary flavonoids: Role in preventing neurodegenerative diseases caused by brain aging by modulating the gut microbiota
Siyu Liu, Haochen Dai, Rui Wang, Xin Zhang
Food Bioscience.2024; 61: 104965. CrossRef
Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway through microbiota-gut-brain axis
Shuxia Zhang, Qiuyan Chen, Meiqi Jin, Jiahui Ren, Xiao Sun, Zhixiu Zhang, Yun Luo, Xiaobo Sun
Phytomedicine.2024; 128: 155530. CrossRef
Astragaloside IV ameliorate acute alcohol-induced liver injury in mice via modulating gut microbiota and regulating NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathway
Shan Wu, Fei Wen, Xiangbin Zhong, Wenjing Du, Manlian Chen, Junyi Wang
Annals of Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical evidence and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in major diseases
Binyu Luo, Yiwen Li, Wenting Wang, Yanfei Liu, Yanfang Xian, Yue Liu, Keji Chen
Science of Traditional Chinese Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
New insight into gut microbiota and their metabolites in ischemic stroke: A promising therapeutic target
Shuxia Zhang, Meiqi Jin, Jiahui Ren, Xiao Sun, Zhixiu Zhang, Yun Luo, Xiaobo Sun
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2023; 162: 114559. CrossRef
Astragaloside IV alleviates neuronal ferroptosis in ischemic stroke by regulating fat mass and obesity‐associated—N6‐methyladenosine—acyl‐CoA synthetase long‐chain family member 4 axis
Zhenglong Jin, Wenying Gao, Fu Guo, Shaojun Liao, Mingzhe Hu, Tao Yu, Shangzhen Yu, Qing Shi
Journal of Neurochemistry.2023; 166(2): 328. CrossRef
Dissecting Causal Relationships Between Gut Microbiota, Blood Metabolites, and Stroke: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Qi Wang, Huajie Dai, Tianzhichao Hou, Yanan Hou, Tiange Wang, Hong Lin, Zhiyun Zhao, Mian Li, Ruizhi Zheng, Shuangyuan Wang, Jieli Lu, Yu Xu, Ruixin Liu, Guang Ning, Weiqing Wang, Yufang Bi, Jie Zheng, Min Xu
Journal of Stroke.2023; 25(3): 350. CrossRef
Progress on traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of ischemic stroke via the gut-brain axis
Zhe Zhai, Pei-Wei Su, Lan-ying Ma, Hui Yang, Tong Wang, Zheng-Gen Fei, Ya-Nan Zhang, Yuan Wang, Ke Ma, Bing-Bing Han, Zhi-Chun Wu, Hua-Yun Yu, Hai-Jun Zhao
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Gut microbiota, a hidden protagonist of traditional Chinese medicine for acute ischemic stroke
Lin Gao, Xiuwen Xia, Yinqi Shuai, Hong Zhang, Wei Jin, Xiaoyun Zhang, Yi Zhang
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The mechanism of intestinal microbiota regulating immunity and inflammation in ischemic stroke and the role of natural botanical active ingredients in regulating intestinal microbiota: A review
Jinsong Zeng, Kailin Yang, Huifang Nie, Le Yuan, Shanshan Wang, Liuting Zeng, Anqi Ge, Jinwen Ge
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2023; 157: 114026. CrossRef
Astragaloside IV: A promising natural neuroprotective agent for neurological disorders
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The effects of astragaloside IV on gut microbiota and serum metabolism in a mice model of intracerebral hemorrhage
Zhilin Li, En Hu, Fei Zheng, Song Wang, Wei Zhang, Jiekun Luo, Tao Tang, Qing Huang, Yang Wang
Phytomedicine.2023; 121: 155086. CrossRef
CONSORT-Characteristics and metabolic phenotype of gut microbiota in NAFLD patients
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Review of the pharmacological effects of astragaloside IV and its autophagic mechanism in association with inflammation
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Co-exposure to fluoride and arsenic disrupts intestinal flora balance and induces testicular autophagy in offspring rats
Penghui Liu, Ran Li, Xiaolin Tian, Yannan Zhao, Meng Li, Meng Wang, Xiaodong Ying, Jiyu Yuan, Jiaxin Xie, Xiaoting Yan, Yi Lyu, Cailing Wei, Yulan Qiu, Fengjie Tian, Qian Zhao, Xiaoyan Yan
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Xiao Li, Dan Wu, Jingjie Niu, Yanping Sun, Qiuhong Wang, Bingyou Yang, Haixue Kuang
The American Journal of Chinese Medicine.2021; 49(02): 237. CrossRef
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Yuan Zhou, Shanshan Zhang, Xiang Fan, Wen-Jun Tu
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Hypoglycemic effect of astragaloside IV via modulating gut microbiota and regulating AMPK/SIRT1 and PI3K/AKT pathway
Pin Gong, Xuyang Xiao, Shuang Wang, Fuxiong Shi, Ni Liu, Xuefeng Chen, Wenjuan Yang, Lan Wang, Fuxin Chen
Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2021; 281: 114558. CrossRef
Reciprocal interactions between gut microbiota and autophagy
Pierre Lapaquette, Jean-Baptiste Bizeau, Niyazi Acar, Marie-Agnès Bringer
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Chengjun Hu, Yingli Yan, Fengjie Ji, Hanlin Zhou
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Qiujin Jia, Lirong Wang, Xiaonan Zhang, Yuejia Ding, Hao Li, Yingxi Yang, Ao Zhang, Yanyang Li, Shichao Lv, Junping Zhang
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Morroniside Inhibits H2O2-Induced Podocyte Apoptosis by Down-Regulating NOX4 Expression Controlled by Autophagy In Vitro
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Autoinducer-2 detection among commensal oral streptococci is dependent on pH and boric acid: Giancarlo A. Cuadra , Ashley J. Frantellizzi , Kimberly M. Gaesser , Steven P. Tammariello , Anika Ahmed; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(7):492-502. Published online June 28, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5507-z

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Abstract

Autoinducer-2, considered a universal signaling molecule, is produced by many species of bacteria; including oral strains. Structurally, autoinducer-2 can exist bound to boron (borated autoinducer-2). Functionally, autoinducer-2 has been linked to important bacterial processes such as virulence and biofilm formation. In order to test production of autoinducer-2 by a given bacterial strain, a bioassay using marine bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio harveyi as a reporter for autoinducer-2 has been designed. We hypothesize that pH adjustment and addition of boron are required for optimal bioluminescence and accurate autoinducer-2 detection. Using this reporter strain we tested autoinducer-2 activity from two oral commensal species, Streptococcus gordonii DL1 and Streptococcus oralis 34. Spent broth was collected and adjusted to pH 7.5 and supplemented with boric acid prior to measuring autoinducer- 2 activity. Results show that low pH inhibits bioluminescence of the reporter strain, but pH 7.5 allows for bioluminescence induction and proper readings of autoinducer-2 activity. Addition of boric acid also has a positive effect on bioluminescence allowing for a more sensitive detection of autoinducer-2 activity. Our data suggests that although autoinducer- 2 is present in spent broth, low pH and/or low levels of boric acid become an obstacle for proper autoinducer-2 detection. For proper autoinducer-2 detection, we propose a protocol using this bioassay to include pH adjustment and boric acid addition to spent broth. Studies on autoinducer-2 activity in several bacteria species represent an important area of study as this universal signaling molecule is involved in critical bacterial phenotypes such as virulence and biofilm formation.

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Inhibitory effect of Lonicera japonica flos on Streptococcus mutans biofilm and mechanism exploration through metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses
Lin Wang, Ping Liu, Yulun Wu, Hairun Pei, Xueli Cao
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
New Insights into Boron Essentiality in Humans and Animals
Andrei Biţă, Ion Romulus Scorei, Tudor Adrian Bălşeanu, Maria Viorica Ciocîlteu, Cornelia Bejenaru, Antonia Radu, Ludovic Everard Bejenaru, Gabriela Rău, George Dan Mogoşanu, Johny Neamţu, Steven A. Benner
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(16): 9147. CrossRef
Exogenous autoinducer-2 inhibits biofilm development of Desulfovibrio sp. Huiquan2017
Ee Li, Jiajia Wu, Dun Zhang
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy of Preprocedural Boric Acid Mouthrinse in Reducing Viable Bacteria in Dental Aerosols Produced during Ultrasonic Scaling
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D-Ribose Interferes with Quorum Sensing to Inhibit Biofilm Formation of Lactobacillus paraplantarum L-ZS9
Lei Liu, Ruiyun Wu, Jinlan Zhang, Nan Shang, Pinglan Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

Review

Counts and sequences, observations that continue to change our understanding of viruses in nature: K. Eric Wommack , Daniel J. Nasko , Jessica Chopyk , Eric G. Sakowski; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(3):181-192. Published online March 3, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5068-6

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Abstract

The discovery of abundant viruses in the oceans and on land has ushered in a quarter century of groundbreaking advancements in our understanding of viruses within ecosystems. Two types of observations from environmental samples - direct counts of viral particles and viral metagenomic sequences - have been critical to these discoveries. Accurate direct counts have established ecosystem-scale trends in the impacts of viral infection on microbial host populations and have shown that viral communities within aquatic and soil environments respond to both short term and seasonal environmental change. Direct counts have been critical for estimating viral production rate, a measurement essential to quantifying the implications of viral infection for the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients within ecosystems. While direct counts have defined the magnitude of viral processes; shotgun sequences of environmental viral DNA - virome sequences - have enabled researchers to estimate the diversity and composition of natural viral communities. Virome-enabled studies have found the virioplankton to contain thousands of viral genotypes in communities where the most dominant viral population accounts for a small fraction of total abundance followed by a long tail of diverse populations. Detailed examination of long virome sequences has led to new understanding of genotype-to-phenotype connections within marine viruses and revealed that viruses carry metabolic genes that are important to maintaining cellular energy during viral replication. Increased access to long virome sequences will undoubtedly reveal more genetic secrets of viruses and enable us to build a genomics rulebook for predicting key biological and ecological features of unknown viruses.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

The Ecology of Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio cholerae, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in North Carolina Estuaries: Karen Dyer Blackwell , James D. Oliver; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(2):146-153. Published online June 11, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0216-2

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Abstract: While numerous studies have characterized the distribution and/or ecology of various pathogenic Vibrio spp., here we have simultaneously examined several estuarine sites for Vibrio vulnificus, V. cholerae, and V. parahaemolyticus. For a one year period, waters and sediment were monitored for the presence of these <br>three pathogens at six different sites on the east coast of North Carolina in the United States. All three pathogens, identified using colony hybridization and PCR methods, occurred in these estuarine environments, although V. cholerae occurred only infrequently and at very low levels. Seventeen chemical, physical, and biological parameters were investigated, including salinity, water temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, levels of various inorganic nutrients and dissolved organic carbon, as well as total vibrios, total coliforms, and E. coli. We found each of the Vibrio spp. in water and sediment to correlate to several of these environmental measurements, with water temperature and total Vibrio levels correlating highly (P<0.0001) with occurrence of the three pathogens. Thus, these two parameters may represent simple assays for characterizing the potential public health hazard of estuarine waters.

Phylogenetic Diversity of Bacteria in an Earth-Cave in Guizhou Province, Southwest of China: JunPei Zhou , YingQi Gu , ChangSong Zou , MingHe Mo; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(2):105-112.; DOI: https://doi.org/2526 [pii]

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Abstract: The objective of this study was to analyze the phylogenetic composition of bacterial community in the soil of an earth-cave (Niu Cave) using a culture-independent molecular approach. 16S rRNA genes were amplified directly from soil DNA with universally conserved and Bacteria-specific rRNA gene primers and cloned. The clone library was screened by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and representative rRNA gene sequences were determined. A total of 115 bacterial sequence types were found in 190 analyzed clones. Phylogenetic sequence analyses revealed novel 16S rRNA gene sequence types and a high diversity of putative bacterial community. Members of these bacteria included Proteobacteria (42.6%), Acidobacteria (18.6%), Planctomycetes (9.0%), Chloroflexi (Green nonsulfur bacteria, 7.5%), Bacteroidetes (2.1%), Gemmatimonadetes (2.7%), Nitrospirae (8.0%), Actinobacteria (High G+C Gram-positive bacteria, 6.4%) and candidate divisions (including the OP3, GN08, and SBR1093, 3.2%). Thirty-five clones were affiliated with bacteria that were related to nitrogen, sulfur, iron or manganese cycles. The comparison of the present data with the data obtained previously from caves based on 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed similarities in the bacterial community components, especially in the high abundance of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. Furthermore, this study provided the novel evidence for presence of Gemmatimonadetes, Nitrosomonadales, Oceanospirillales, and Rubrobacterales in a karstic hypogean environment.

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