Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a prevalent condition affecting a significant portion of women worldwide. Licochalcone A (LA), a natural compound with diverse biological activities, holds promise as a protective agent against Candida albicans (C. albicans) infection. This study aims to investigate the potential of LA to safeguard vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) from C. albicans infection and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. To simulate VVC in vitro, VK2-E6E7 cells were infected with C. albicans. Candida albicans biofilm formation, C.
albicans adhesion to VK2-E6E7 cells, and C. albicans-induced cell damage and inflammatory responses were assessed by XTT reduction assay, fluorescence assay, LDH assay, and ELISA. CCK-8 assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of LA on VK2-E6E7 cells. Western blotting assay was performed to detect protein expression. LA dose-dependently hindered C. albicans biofilm formation and adhesion to VK2-E6E7 cells. Furthermore, LA mitigated cell damage, inhibited the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and attenuated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in C.
albicans-induced VK2-E6E7 cells. The investigation into LA's impact on the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway revealed that LA downregulated TLR4 expression and inhibited NF-κB activation in C.
albicans-infected VK2-E6E7 cells. Furthermore, TLR4 overexpression partially abated LA-mediated protection, further highlighting the role of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. LA holds the potential to safeguard VECs against C. albicans infection, potentially offering therapeutic avenues for VVC management.
The oleaginous marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica strain IMET1 has attracted increasing attention as a promising
photosynthetic cell factory due to its unique excellent capacity to accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerols and eicosapentaenoic
acid. To complete the genomic annotation for genes in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway of N. oceanica, we
conducted the present study to identify a novel candidate gene encoding the archetypical chloroplast stromal acyl-acyl carrier
protein Δ9 desaturase. The full-length cDNA was generated using rapid-amplification of cDNA ends, and the structure of
the coding region interrupted by four introns was determined. The RT-qPCR results demonstrated the upregulated transcriptional
abundance of this gene under nitrogen starvation condition. Fluorescence localization studies using EGFP-fused
protein revealed that the translated protein was localized in chloroplast stroma. The catalytic activity of the translated protein
was characterized by inducible expression in Escherichia coli and a mutant yeast strain BY4389, indicating its potential
desaturated capacity for palmitoyl-ACP (C16:0-ACP) and stearoyl-ACP (C18:0-ACP). Further functional complementation
assay using BY4839 on plate demonstrated that the expressed enzyme restored the biosynthesis of oleic acid. These results
support the desaturated activity of the expressed protein in chloroplast stroma to fulfill the biosynthesis and accumulation
of monounsaturated fatty acids in N. oceanica strain IMET1.
Candida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen (Beck-Sague and Jarvis, 1993). It is normally a harmless commensal organism. However, it is a opportunistic pathogen for some immunologically weak and immunocompromised people. It is responsible for painful mucosal infections such as the vaginitis in
women and oral-pharangeal thrush in AIDS patients. In certain groups of vulnerable patients it causes severe, life-threatening bloodstream infections and it causes severe, life-threatening bloodstream infections and subsequent infections in the internal organs. There are various fascinating features of the C. albicans life cycle and biology that have made the pathogen the subject of extensive research, including its ability to grow in unicellular yeast, psudohyphal, and hyphal forms (Fig. 1A); its ability to switch between different but stable phenotypic states, and the way that it retains the ability to mate but apparently loses the ability to go through meiosis to complete the sexual cycle. This research has been greatly facilitated by the derivation of the complete C. albicans genome sequence (Braun et al., 2005), the development of a variety of molecular tools for gene manipulation, and a store of underpinning knowledge of cell biology borrowed from the distantly related model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Berman and Sudbery, 2002; Noble and Johnson,
2007). This review will provide a brief overview of the importance of C. albicans as a public health issue, the experimental tools developed to study its fascinating biology, and some examples of how these have been applied.
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In Situ
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Multi-Locus Next-Generation Sequence Typing of DNA Extracted From Pooled Colonies Detects Multiple Unrelated Candida albicans Strains in a Significant Proportion of Patient Samples Ningxin Zhang, David Wheeler, Mauro Truglio, Cristina Lazzarini, Jenine Upritchard, Wendy McKinney, Karen Rogers, Anna Prigitano, Anna M. Tortorano, Richard D. Cannon, Roland S. Broadbent, Sally Roberts, Jan Schmid Frontiers in Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
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The putative transient receptor potential channel protein encoded by the orf19.4805 gene is involved in cation sensitivity, antifungal tolerance, and filamentation inCandida albicans Linghuo Jiang, Yi Yang Canadian Journal of Microbiology.2018; 64(10): 727. CrossRef
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NGG1
is Required for Morphological Conversion and Virulence of
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C
andida albicans
biofilm formation using
in vivo
bioluminescence
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Isolation of (-)-olivil-9′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside from Sambucus williamsii and its antifungal effects with membrane-disruptive action Hyemin Choi, Juneyoung Lee, Young Su Chang, Eun-Rhan Woo, Dong Gun Lee Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes.2013; 1828(8): 2002. CrossRef
Control of Candida albicans Metabolism and Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Phenazines Diana K. Morales, Nora Grahl, Chinweike Okegbe, Lars E. P. Dietrich, Nicholas J. Jacobs, Deborah A. Hogan, Judith Berman mBio.2013;[Epub] CrossRef
Anionic Antimicrobial and Anticancer Peptides from Plants Saurabh Prabhu, Sarah R. Dennison, Bob Lea, Timothy J. Snape, Iain D. Nicholl, Iza Radecka, Frederick Harris Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences.2013; 32(5): 303. CrossRef
Massive Occult Infection of a Left Ventricular Assist Device With Candida albicans Anton Sabashnikov, Prashant N. Mohite, Bartolomiej Zych, Aron‐Frederick Popov, Diana Garcia, André R. Simon Artificial Organs.2013; 37(6): 582. CrossRef
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of amphotericin B following oral administration of three lipid-based formulations to rats Fady Ibrahim, Pavel Gershkovich, Olena Sivak, Ellen K. Wasan, Kishor M. Wasan Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy.2013; 39(9): 1277. CrossRef
Candida species: current epidemiology, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, natural antifungal products and new therapeutic options J. C. O. Sardi, L. Scorzoni, T. Bernardi, A. M. Fusco-Almeida, M. J. S. Mendes Giannini Journal of Medical Microbiology.2013; 62(1): 10. CrossRef
Molecular Fingerprints to IdentifyCandidaSpecies Claudia Spampinato, Darío Leonardi BioMed Research International.2013; 2013: 1. CrossRef
A novel killer toxin produced by the marine-derived yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus YF07b Feng-Jun Guo, Yan Ma, Hong-Mei Xu, Xiang-Hong Wang, Zhen-Ming Chi Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.2013; 103(4): 737. CrossRef
Vanillin Inhibits Growth, Morphogenesis and Biofilm Formation byCandida albicans Jayant S. Raut, Sandeep B. Rajput, Ravikumar B. Shinde, Babasaheb S. Surwase, S. Mohan Karuppayil Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature.2013; 3(2): 130. CrossRef
The secretory pathway: exploring yeast diversity Marizela Delic, Minoska Valli, Alexandra B. Graf, Martin Pfeffer, Diethard Mattanovich, Brigitte Gasser FEMS Microbiology Reviews.2013; 37(6): 872. CrossRef
Phylogenetic and phenotypic characterisation of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase gene family from the opportunistic human pathogenic fungusCandida albicans Christian Otzen, Sebastian Müller, Ilse D. Jacobsen, Matthias Brock FEMS Yeast Research.2013; 13(6): 553. CrossRef
Bilateral Candida and Atypical Mycobacterial Infection After Frontalis Sling Suspension With Silicone Rod to Correct Congenital Ptosis Brett W. Davies, Emily M. Bratton, Vikram D. Durairaj, Eric M. Hink Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery.2013; 29(4): e111. CrossRef
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Pharmacotherapy approaches to antifungal prophylaxis Tzi Bun Ng, Randy Chi Fai Cheung, Xiu juan Ye, Evandro Fei Fang, Yau Sang Chan, Wen Liang Pan, Xiu Li Dan, Cui Ming Yin, Sze Kwan Lam, Peng Lin, Patrick Hung Kui Ngai, Li Xin Xia, Fang Liu, Xiu Yun Ye, He Xiang Wang, Jack Ho Wong Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy.2012; 13(12): 1695. CrossRef
Farnesol and Cyclic AMP Signaling Effects on the Hypha-to-Yeast Transition in Candida albicans Allia K. Lindsay, Aurélie Deveau, Amy E. Piispanen, Deborah A. Hogan Eukaryotic Cell.2012; 11(10): 1219. CrossRef
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Effectiveness of the Association of 2 Probiotic Strains Formulated in a Slow Release Vaginal Product, in Women Affected by Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Franco Vicariotto, Mario Del Piano, Luca Mogna, Giovanni Mogna Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology.2012; 46: S73. CrossRef
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Invasive candidiasis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Clinical diagnosis is complicated by a lack of specific clinical signs and symptoms of disease. Laboratory diagnosis is also complex because circulating antibodies to Candida species may occur in normal individuals as the result of commensal colonization of mucosal surfaces thereby reducing the usefulness of antibody detection for the diagnosis of this disease. In addition, Candida species antigens are often rapidly cleared from the circulation so that antigen detection tests often lack the desired level of sensitivity. Microbiological confirmation is difficult because blood cultures can be negative in up to 50% of autopsy-proven cases of deep-seated candidiasis or may only become positive late in the infection. Positive cultures from urine or mucosal surfaces do not necessarily indicate invasive disease although can occur during systemic infection. Furthermore, differences in the virulence and in the susceptibility of the various Candida species to antifungal drugs make identification to the species level important for clinical management. Newer molecular biological tests have generated interest but are not yet standardized or readily available in most clinical laboratory settings nor have they been validated in large clinical trials. Laboratory surveillance of at-risk patients could result in earlier initiation of antifungal therapy if sensitive and specific diagnostic tests, which are also cost effective, become available. This review will compare diagnostic tests currently in use as well as those under development by describing their assets and limitations for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.
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