Journal of Microbiology

Journal Article

Quorum Quenching Potential of Reyranella sp. Isolated from Riverside Soil and Description of Reyranella humidisoli sp. nov.: Dong Hyeon Lee, Seung Bum Kim; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(6):449-461. Published online May 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00131-2

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Quorum quenching refers to any mechanism that inhibits quorum sensing processes. In this study, quorum quenching activity among bacteria inhabiting riverside soil was screened, and a novel Gram-stain-negative, rod shaped bacterial strain designated MMS21-HV4-11(T), which showed the highest level of quorum quenching activity, was isolated and subjected to further analysis. Strain MMS21-HV4-11(T) could be assigned to the genus Reyranella of Alphaproteobacteria based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, as the strain shared 98.74% sequence similarity with Reyranella aquatilis seoho-37(T), and then 97.87% and 97.80% sequence similarity with Reyranella soli KIS14-15(T) and Reyranella massiliensis 521(T), respectively. The decomposed N-acyl homoserine lactone was restored at high concentrations under acidic conditions, implying that lactonase and other enzyme(s) are responsible for quorum quenching. The genome analysis indicated that strain MMS21-HV4-11(T) had two candidate genes for lactonase and one for acylase, and expected protein structures were confirmed. In the quorum sensing inhibition assay using a plant pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum KACC 14888, development of soft rot was significantly inhibited by strain MMS21-HV4-11(T). Besides, the swarming motility by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 was significantly inhibited in the presence of strain MMS21-HV4-11(T). Since the isolate did not display direct antibacterial activity against either of these species, the inhibition was certainly due to quorum quenching activity. In an extended study with the type strains of all known species of Reyranella, all strains were capable of degrading N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs), thus showing quorum quenching potential at the genus level. This is the first study on the quorum quenching potential and enzymes responsible in Reyranella. In addition, MMS21-HV4-11(T) could be recognized as a new species through taxonomic characterization, for which the name Reyranella humidisoli sp. nov. is proposed (type strain = MMS21-HV4-11( T) = KCTC 82780( T) = LMG 32365(T)).

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Study of N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) degradation potential of bacteria isolated from environmental samples and their impact on quorum sensing regulated biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Anju Tomy, Rakesh Yasarla
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering.2025; 13(2): 115974. CrossRef
Research progress of bacterial quorum sensing systems in synthetic biology applications
Boyu Luo, Tuoyu Liu, Zhi Sun, Yue Teng
Chinese Science Bulletin.2024; 69(36): 5213. CrossRef
Validation List no. 220. Valid publication of new names and new combinations effectively published outside the IJSEM
Aharon Oren, Markus Göker
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Review

Insights into the immune responses of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to COVID-19 vaccines: Heedo Park , Mee Sook Park , Jong Hyeon Seok , Jaehwan You , Jineui Kim , Jeonghun Kim , Man-Seong Park; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(3):308-320. Published online March 2, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1598-x

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Abstract

The three types of approved coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) vaccines that have been emergency-use listed (EUL) by the World Health Organization are mRNA vaccines, adenovirus- vectored vaccines, and inactivated vaccines. Canonical vaccine developments usually take years or decades to be completed to commercialization; however, the EUL vaccines being used in the current situation comprise several COVID- 19 vaccine candidates applied in studies and clinical settings across the world. The extraordinary circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic have necessitated the emergency authorization of these EUL vaccines, which have been rapidly developed. Although the benefits of the EUL vaccines outweigh their adverse effects, there have been reports of rare but fatal cases directly associated with COVID-19 vaccinations. Thus, a reassessment of the immunological rationale underlying EUL vaccines in relation to COVID-19 caused by SARSCOV- 2 virus infection is now required. In this review, we discuss the manifestations of COVID-19, immunologically projected effects of EUL vaccines, reported immune responses, informed issues related to COVID-19 vaccination, and the potential strategies for future vaccine use against antigenic variants.

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Journal Articles

Activity of Lactobacillus crispatus isolated from vaginal microbiota against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Youngkyoung Lee , Hoonhee Seo , Sukyung Kim Abdur Rahim , Youjin Yoon , Jehee Jung , Saebim Lee , Chang Beom Ryu , Ho-Yeon Song; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(11):1019-1030. Published online November 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1332-0

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Abstract

Tuberculosis, an infectious disease, is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It remains a significant public health issue around the globe, causing about 1.8 million deaths every year. Drug-resistant M. tuberculosis, including multi-drug-resistant (MDR), extremely-drug-resistant (XDR), and totally drugresistant (TDR) M. tuberculosis, continues to be a threat to public health. In the case of antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis, the treatment effect of conventional antibiotics is low. Side effects caused by high doses over a long period are causing severe problems. To overcome these problems, there is an urgent need to develop a new anti-tuberculosis drug that is different from the existing compound-based antibiotics. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms conferring health benefits. They can be potential therapeutic agents in this context as the effectiveness of probiotics against different infectious diseases has been well established. Here, we report that Lactobacillus crispatus PMC201 shows a promising effect on tuberculosis isolated from vaginal fluids of healthy Korean women. Lactobacillus crispatus PMC201 reduced M. tuberculosis H37Rv under co-culture conditions in broth and reduced M. tuberculosis H37Rv and XDR M. tuberculosis in macrophages. Lactobacillus crispatus PMC201 was not toxic to a guinea pig model and did not induce dysbiosis in a human intestinal microbial ecosystem simulator. Taken together, these
results
indicate that L. crispatus PMC201 can be a promising alternative drug candidate in the current tuberculosis drug regime. Further study is warranted to assess the in vivo efficacy and confirm the mode of action of L. crispatus PMC201.

Citations

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Exploring the potential of Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus PMC203 in inducing autophagy to reduce the burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Md Abdur Rahim, Hoonhee Seo, Sukyung Kim, Indrajeet Barman, Fatemeh Ghorbanian, Mohammed Solayman Hossain, Md Sarower Hossen Shuvo, Saebim Lee, Ho-Yeon Song
Medical Microbiology and Immunology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy of lyophilized Lactobacillus sakei as a potential candidate for preventing carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella infection
Hanieh Tajdozian, Hoonhee Seo, Yoonkyoung Jeong, Fatemeh Ghorbanian, Chae-eun Park, Faezeh Sarafraz, Md Abdur Rahim, Youngkyoung Lee, Sukyung Kim, Saebim Lee, Jung-Hyun Ju, Chul-Ho Kim, Ho-Yeon Song
Annals of Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of Probiotic Strains with Anti-Tuberculosis Activity and Their Characterization as Potential Therapeutic Agents
Mohammed Solayman Hossain, Hoonhee Seo, Md Abdur Rahim, Md Sarower Hossen Shuvo, Indrajeet Barman, Hokyoung Kim, Jinhyeon An, Sukyung Kim, Ho-Yeon Song
Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2024; 54(4): 325. CrossRef
The gut and lung microbiota in pulmonary tuberculosis: susceptibility, function, and new insights into treatment
Qiqi Zhuo, Xianyi Zhang, Kehong Zhang, Chan Chen, Zhen Huang, Yuzhong Xu
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy.2023; 21(12): 1355. CrossRef
Host microbiome in tuberculosis: disease, treatment, and immunity perspectives
Archana Pant, Bhabatosh Das, Gopalakrishnan Aneeshkumar Arimbasseri
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Antibiotic Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Potential Use of Natural and Biological Products as Alternative Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
Roberto Arrigoni, Andrea Ballini, Skender Topi, Lucrezia Bottalico, Emilio Jirillo, Luigi Santacroce
Antibiotics.2022; 11(10): 1431. CrossRef
In Vivo Efficacy of Bacillus velezensis Isolated from Korean Gochang Bokbunja Vinegar against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections
Fatemeh Ghorbanian, Hoonhee Seo, Hanieh Tajdozian, Youngkyoung Lee, MD Abdur Rahim, Sukyung Kim, Il-Yun Jung, Saebim Lee, Ho-Yeon Song
Polish Journal of Microbiology.2022; 71(4): 553. CrossRef

Effects of digested Cheonggukjang on human microbiota assessed by in vitro fecal fermentation: Vineet Singh , Nakwon Hwang , Gwangpyo Ko , Unno Tatsuya; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(2):217-227. Published online February 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0525-x

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Abstract

In vitro fecal fermentation is an assay that uses fecal microbes to ferment foods, the results of which can be used to evaluate the potential of prebiotic candidates. To date, there have been various protocols used for in vitro fecal fermentation- based assessments of food substances. In this study, we investigated how personal gut microbiota differences and external factors affect the results of in vitro fecal fermentation assays. We used Cheonggukjang (CGJ), a Korean traditional fermented soybean soup that is acknowledged as healthy functional diet. CGJ was digested in vitro using acids and enzymes, and then fermented with human feces anaerobically. After fecal fermentation, the microbiota was analyzed using MiSeq, and the amount of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured using GC-MS. Our results suggest that CGJ was effectively metabolized by fecal bacteria to produce SCFAs, and this process resulted in an increase in the abundance of Coprococcus, Ruminococcus, and Bifidobacterium and a reduction in the growth of Sutterella, an opportunistic pathogen. The metabolic activities predicted from the microbiota shifts indicated enhanced metabolism linked to methionine biosynthesis and depleted chondroitin sulfate degradation. Moreover, the amount of SCFAs and microbiota shifts varied depending on personal microbiota differences. Our findings also suggest that in vitro fecal fermentation of CGJ for longer durations may partially affect certain fecal microbes. Overall, the study discusses the usability of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and fecal fermentation (GIDFF) to imitate the effects of diet-induced microbiome modulation and its impact on the host.

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Seeds for Gut Health: Prebiotic potential of seed mucilages from Chia, Fenugreek, Basil, Mustard, and Flaxseed and their impact on adult and toddler's gut microbiome
Kanika Mahra, Vineet Singh, Justina Klingate, Jae-Ho Shin
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Plant Foods for Human Nutrition.2024; 79(1): 1. CrossRef
Fermented foods: Harnessing their potential to modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis for mental health
Ramya Balasubramanian, Elizabeth Schneider, Eoin Gunnigle, Paul D. Cotter, John F. Cryan
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.2024; 158: 105562. CrossRef
The nutrition and therapeutic potential of millets: an updated narrative review
Jinu Jacob, Veda Krishnan, Chris Antony, Masimukka Bhavyasri, C. Aruna, Kiran Mishra, Thirunavukkarasu Nepolean, Chellapilla Tara Satyavathi, Kurella B. R. S. Visarada
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Effects of OsomeFood Clean Label plant-based meals on the gut microbiome
Dwiyanto Jacky, Chia Bibi, Look Melvin Chee Meng, Fong Jason, Tan Gwendoline, Lim Jeremy, Chong Chun Wie
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Fermented soybean foods and diabetes
Yoshitaka Hashimoto, Masahide Hamaguchi, Michiaki Fukui
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2023; 14(12): 1329. CrossRef
Early response of the gut microbiome and serum metabolites to Cheonggukjang intake in healthy Korean subjects
Eun-Ji Song, Min Jung Kim, Chang Hwa Jung, Won-Hyong Chung, Young-Do Nam, Mi Young Lim
Journal of Functional Foods.2023; 101: 105420. CrossRef
Role, relevance, and possibilities of in vitro fermentation models in human dietary, and gut‐microbial studies
Vineet Singh, HyunWoo Son, GyuDae Lee, Sunwoo Lee, Tatsuya Unno, Jae‐Ho Shin
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Evaluation of Prebiotics through an In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion and Fecal Fermentation Experiment: Further Idea on the Implementation of Machine Learning Technique
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Anti-diabetic prospects of dietary bio-actives of millets and the significance of the gut microbiota: A case of finger millet
Vineet Singh, GyuDae Lee, HyunWoo Son, Sliti Amani, Mamta Baunthiyal, Jae-Ho Shin
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Current Perspectives on the Physiological Activities of Fermented Soybean-Derived Cheonggukjang
Il-Sup Kim, Cher-Won Hwang, Woong-Suk Yang, Cheorl-Ho Kim
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(11): 5746. CrossRef
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Ting Zhang, Myeong-Seon Ryu, Xuangao Wu, Hee-Jong Yang, Su Ji Jeong, Ji-Won Seo, Do-Yeon Jeong, Sunmin Park
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Changes in the microbial community of Litopenaeus vannamei larvae and rearing water during different growth stages after disinfection treatment of hatchery water: Yafei Duan , Yapeng Tang , Jianhua Huang , Jiasong Zhang , Heizhao Lin , Shigui Jiang , Ruixuan Wang , Guofu Wang; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(9):741-749. Published online July 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0053-0

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Abstract

Microbial communities greatly affect rearing water quality and the larvae health during shrimp hatchery periods. In this study, we investigated the microbial communities of rearing water and larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei after treating hatchery water with different kinds of chemical disinfectants: no disinfectants (Con), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), formaldehyde solution (HCHO), bleach powder (CaClO), and iodine (I2). The water and larval samples were collected from nauplius 6 (N6), zoea 1 (Z1), mysis 1 (M1), and postlarvae 1 (P1) shrimp growth periods. 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing revealed that the bacterial composition of the rearing water was more complex than that of the larvae, and the bacterial community of the rearing water and the larvae fluctuated significantly at the P1 and Z1 periods, respectively. Disinfectants altered the bacterial diversity and composition of the rearing water and larvae. Specifically, in the rearing water of the P1 period, Proteobacteria abundance was increased in the HCHO group; while Bacteroidetes abundance was decreased in the ClO2, HCHO, and I2 groups but increased in the CaClO group. In the larvae of the Z1 period, Firmicutes (especially Bacillus class) abundance was increased in the CaClO group, but decreased in the ClO2, HCHO, and I2 groups. Network analyses revealed that the genera Donghicola, Roseibacterium, Candidatus-Cquiluna, and Nautella were enriched in the rearing water, while Halomonas, Vibrio, and Flavirhabdus had high abundance in the larvae. The survival of shrimp was influenced by disinfectants that were inconsistent with the bacterial community changes. These results will be helpful for using microbial characteristics to facilitate healthy shrimp nursery.

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Reviews

[Minireview]Recent advances in genetic engineering tools based on synthetic biology: Jun Ren , Jingyu Lee , Dokyun Na; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(1):1-10. Published online January 2, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9334-x

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Abstract

Genome-scale engineering is a crucial methodology to rationally regulate microbiological system operations, leading to expected biological behaviors or enhanced bioproduct yields. Over the past decade, innovative genome modification technologies have been developed for effectively regulating and manipulating genes at the genome level. Here, we discuss the current genome-scale engineering technologies used for microbial engineering. Recently developed strategies, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9, multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE), promoter engineering, CRISPR-based regulations, and synthetic small regulatory RNA (sRNA)-based knockdown, are considered as powerful tools for genome-scale engineering in microbiological systems. MAGE, which modifies specific nucleotides of the genome sequence, is utilized as a genome-editing tool. Contrastingly, synthetic sRNA, CRISPRi, and CRISPRa are mainly used to regulate gene expression without modifying the genome sequence. This review introduces the recent genome-scale editing and regulating technologies and their applications in metabolic engineering.

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Functional interplay between the oxidative stress response and DNA damage checkpoint signaling for genome maintenance in aerobic organisms: Ji Eun Choi , Woo-Hyun Chung; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(2):81-91. Published online December 23, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9520-x

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Abstract

The DNA damage checkpoint signaling pathway is a highly conserved surveillance mechanism that ensures genome integrity by sequential activation of protein kinase cascades. In mammals, the main pathway is orchestrated by two central sensor kinases, ATM and ATR, that are activated in response to DNA damage and DNA replication stress. Patients lacking functional ATM or ATR suffer from ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) or Seckel syndrome, respectively, with pleiotropic degenerative phenotypes. In addition to DNA strand breaks, ATM and ATR also respond to oxidative DNA damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting an unconventional function as regulators of intracellular redox status. Here, we summarize the multiple roles of ATM and ATR, and of their orthologs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Tel1 and Mec1, in DNA damage checkpoint signaling and the oxidative stress response, and discuss emerging ideas regarding the possible mechanisms underlying the elaborate crosstalk between those pathways. This review may provide new insights into the integrated cellular strategies responsible for maintaining genome stability in eukaryotes with a focus on the yeast model organism.

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DSB-induced oxidative stress: Uncovering crosstalk between DNA damage response and cellular metabolism
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MINIREVIEW] Synthetic lethal interaction between oxidative stress response and DNA damage repair in the budding yeast and its application to targeted anticancer therapy: Ji Eun Choi , Woo-Hyun Chung; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(1):9-17. Published online December 29, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8475-2

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Abstract

Synthetic lethality is an extreme form of negative genetic epistasis that arises when a combination of functional deficiency in two or more genes results in cell death, whereas none of the single genetic perturbations are lethal by themselves. This unconventional genetic interaction is a modification of the concept of essentiality that can be exploited for the purpose of targeted cancer therapy. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been pivotally used for early large-scale synthetic lethal screens due to its experimental advantages, but recent advances in gene silencing technology have now made direct high-throughput analysis possible in higher organisms. Identification of tumor-specific alterations and characterization of the mechanistic principles underlying synthetic lethal interaction are the key to applying synthetic lethality to clinical cancer treatment by enabling genome-driven oncological research. Here, we provide emerging ideas on the synthetic lethal interactions in budding yeast, particularly between cellular processes responsible for oxidative stress response and DNA damage repair, and discuss how they can be appropriately utilized for context-dependent cancer therapeutics.

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Journal Article

Hydrogen sulfide inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli through oxidative damage: Liu-Hui Fu , Zeng-Zheng Wei , Kang-Di Hu , Lan-Ying Hu , Yan-Hong Li , Xiao-Yan Chen , Zhuo Han , Gai-Fang Yao , Hua Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(4):238-245. Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-7537-1

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Abstract

Many studies have shown that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is both detrimental and beneficial to animals and plants, whereas its effect on bacteria is not fully understood. Here, we report that H2S, released by sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), significantly inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli in a dose-dependent manner. Further studies have shown that H2S treatment stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreases glutathione (GSH) levels in E. coli, resulting in lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. H2S also inhibits the antioxidative enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) and induces the response of the SoxRS and OxyR regulons in E. coli. Moreover, pretreatment with the antioxidant ascorbic acid (AsA) could effectively prevent H2S-induced toxicity in E. coli. Taken together, our results indicate that H2S exhibits an antibacterial effect on E. coli through oxidative damage and suggest a possible application for H2S in water and food processing.

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Review

Minireview] Microbial radiation-resistance mechanisms: Kwang-Woo Jung , Sangyong Lim , Yong-Sun Bahn; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(7):499-507. Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7242-5

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Abstract

Organisms living in extreme environments have evolved a wide range of survival strategies by changing biochemical and physiological features depending on their biological niches. Interestingly, organisms exhibiting high radiation resistance have been discovered in the three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya), even though a naturally radiationintensive environment has not been found. To counteract the deleterious effects caused by radiation exposure, radiation- resistant organisms employ a series of defensive systems, such as changes in intracellular cation concentration, excellent DNA repair systems, and efficient enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. Here, we overview past and recent findings about radiation-resistance mechanisms in the three domains of life for potential usage of such radiationresistant microbes in the biotechnology industry.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cmr1 Protein Preferentially Binds to UV-Damaged DNA In Vitro: Do-Hee Choi , Sung-Hun Kwon , Joon-Ho Kim , Sung-Ho Bae; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):112-118. Published online February 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1597-4

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13 Scopus

Abstract: DNA metabolic processes such as DNA replication, recombination, and repair are fundamentally important for the maintenance of genome integrity and cell viability. Although a large number of proteins involved in these pathways have been extensively studied, many proteins still remain to be identified. In this study, we isolated DNA-binding proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae using DNA-cellulose columns. By analyzing the proteins using mass spectrometry, an uncharacterized protein, Cmr1/YDL156W, was identified. Cmr1 showed sequence homology to human Damaged-DNA binding protein 2 in its C-terminal WD40 repeats. Consistent with this finding, the purified recombinant Cmr1 protein was found to be intrinsically associated with DNA-binding activity and exhibited higher affinity to UV-damaged DNA substrates. Chromatin isolation experiments revealed that Cmr1 localized in both the chromatin and supernatant fractions, and the level of Cmr1 in the chromatin fraction increased when yeast cells were irradiated with UV. These
results
suggest that Cmr1 may be involved in DNA-damage responses in yeast.

Role of RNA Polymerase II Carboxy Terminal Domain Phosphorylation in DNA Damage Response: Su-Jin Jeong , Hye-Jin Kim , Yong-Jin Yang , Ja-Hwan Seol , Bo-Young Jung , Jeong-Whan Han , Hyang-Woo Lee , Eun-Jung Cho; J. Microbiol. 2005;43(6):516-522.; DOI: https://doi.org/2296 [pii]

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Abstract: The phosphorylation of C-terminal domain (CTD) of Rpb1p, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II plays an important role in transcription and the coupling of various cellular events to transcription. In this study, its role in DNA damage response is closely examined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, focusing specifically on several transcription factors that mediate or respond to the phosphorylation of the CTD. CTDK-1, the pol II CTD kinase, FCP1, the CTD phosphatase, ESS1, the CTD phosphorylation dependent cis-trans isomerase, and RSP5, the phosphorylation dependent pol II ubiquitinating enzyme, were chosen for the study. We determined that the CTD phosphorylation of CTD, which occurred predominantly at serine 2 within a heptapeptide repeat, was enhanced in response to a variety of sources of DNA damage. This modification was shown to be mediated by CTDK-1. Although mutations in ESS1 or FCP1 caused cells to become quite sensitive to DNA damage, the characteristic pattern of CTD phosphorylation remained unaltered, thereby implying that ESS1 and FCP1 play roles downstream of CTD phosphorylation in response to DNA damage. Our data suggest that the location or extent of CTD phosphorylation might be altered in response to DNA damage, and that the modified CTD, ESS1, and FCP1 all contribute to cellular survival in such conditions.

Image analysis of bacterial cell size by diurnal changes in lake Soyang, Korea: Choi, Seung Ik , Ahn, Tae Seok , Kato, Kenji; J. Microbiol. 1996;34(4):300-304.

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Abstract: To define the effects of zooplankton and phytoplankton to bacteria, bacterial numbers, frequency of dividing cells (FDC) and size distribution were performed with image analysis in the surface layer of Lake Soyang. In August 1992, when Anabaena was blooming, the bacterial number increased at daytime. Bacterial numbers and FDC value had a negative correlation (r = 0.83, P < 0.01). Bacterial size spectrums were dynamically changed during the day and night, especially the small bacteria less than 0.5 ㎛^3. Meanwhile, in October, after the bloom, the bacterial number was only one third of that in August, even though the FDC was higher than that in August. The bacterial numbers of small size class dropped at 13.00. But the size spectrums were relatively constant during the night time. These results suggest that the bacterial growth was tightly coupled with phytoplankton during Anabaena bloom. And after the bloom, the bacterial number was controlled grazing activity of zooplankton at daytime.

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