Metabolic abnormalities are one of the main hallmarks of
cancer and are associated with chemoresistance. Therefore,
targeting the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells has
the potential to overcome chemoresistance. Probiotic-derived
extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in biological
function and intracellular communication. However, the inhibitory
effect of Lactobacillus plantarum-derived EVs (LpEVs)
on colorectal cancer (CRC) cells has not yet been elucidated.
This study clearly revealed that increased glycolysis in 5-fluorouracil
(5-FU)-resistant CRC cells (CRC/5FUR) is directly
related to chemoresistance and that the metabolic shift reversed
by LpEVs inhibits cancer cell proliferation and eventually
leads to apoptosis. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2
(PDK2), one of the crucial enzymes for enhancing glycolysis,
was upregulated in CRC/5FUR cells. In our study, LpEVs sensitized
CRC/5FUR cells to 5-FU by attenuating PDK2 expression
in p53-p21-dependent metabolic signaling, thereby
circumventing 5-FU resistance. We demonstrated the effect
of cellular responses to 5-FU by modifying the PDK2
expression level in both 5-FU-sensitive parental CRC and 5-
FU resistant CRC cell lines. Finally, we revealed that the PDK2
signaling pathway can potentially be targeted using LpEVs
treatment to overcome chemoresistant CRC, thereby providing
a potential strategy for CRC treatment by intervening in
tumor metabolism.
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Helicobacter pylori outer membrane inflammatory protein
A (OipA) was originally named for its role in inducing inflammation
in the host, as evidenced by high mucosal IL-8
levels. Expression of OipA is regulated by phase variation of
a CT dinucleotide-repeat located in the 5region of the gene.
However, little is known about OipA geographic diversity
across isolates. To address this gap, we conducted a large-scale
molecular epidemiologic analysis using H. pylori clinical isolates
obtained from two geographically distinct populations:
Korea and the United States (US). Most Korean isolates (98.7%)
possessed two copies of oipA located at two specific loci (A
and B) while all US isolates contained only one copy of oipA
at locus A. Furthermore, most Korean oipA (94.8%) possessed
three or less CT repeats while most US oipA (96.6%) contained
five or more CT repeats. Among the two copies, all Korean
H. pylori possessed at least one oipA ‘on’ phase variant while
the single copy of oipA in US isolates showed 56.2% ‘on’ and
43.8% ‘off.’ Thus, host differences seem to have driven geographic
diversification of H. pylori across these populations
such that OipA expression in US isolates is still regulated by
phase variation with 5 or more CT repeats, while Korean isolates
always express OipA; duplication of the oipA combined
with a reduction of CT repeats to three or less ensures continued
expression. En masse, these findings suggest that diversity
in the oipA gene copy number, CT repeats, and phase
variation among H. pylori from different populations may
confer a benefit in adaptation to particular host populations.
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A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming,
and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain CHu64-
6-1T, was isolated from a 67-cm-long sediment core collected
from the Daechung Reservoir at a water depth of 17-m in
Daejeon, Republic of Korea. Comparative 16S rRNA gene
sequence studies placed the new isolate in the class Sphingobacteriia,
and the isolate is notably most closely related to
Flavihumibacter sediminis CJ663T (98.1% similarity), Flavihumibacter
solisilvae 3-3T (97.8%), Flavihumibacter petaseus
T41T (97.5%), Flavihumibacter cheonanensis WS16T (97.4%),
and Flavihumibacter stibioxidans YS-17T (97.2%). The cells of
strain CHu64-6-1T formed yellow colonies on R2A agar and
contained MK-7 as the only menaquinone, phosphatidylethanolamine,
an unidentified phospholipid, and two unidentified
aminolipids as the major polar lipids, and C15:0
iso, C17:0 iso 3-OH, C15:1 iso G, and C16:1 ω5c as the major
fatty acids (> 5%). The DNA G + C content of the genome
was determined to be 46.5 mol%. The DNA-DNA hybridization
values of strain CHu64-6-1T with F. sediminis CJ663T,
F. solisilvae 3-3T, F. petaseus T41T, F. cheonanensis WS16T,
and F. stibioxidans YS-17T were 12.4–33.2%. Based on the
combined genotypic and phenotypic data, we propose that
strain CHu64-6-1T represents a novel species of the genus
Flavihumibacter, for which the name Flavihumibacter profundi
sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CHu64-6-1T
(= KCTC 62290T = CCTCC AB 2018060T).
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